Autoimmune endocrinopathies
Prof. Khaled el Hadidy, UEDA, Beni-Suef University
First Lupus day 16 October 2018 immunology unit, faculty of medicine, Beni-Suef University
Systemic lupus and its cardiovascular effects either on vessels or heart ( pericardium, myocardium, endocardium)
First lupus day, Beni-Suef Immunology Unit, internal medicine department
Prof hanan anti phospholipid syndrome with highlights on criteria and seronegative antiphospholipid
Head of internal medicine, faculty of medicine, Beni-Suef University
First lupus day October 2018
Autoimmune endocrinopathies
Prof. Khaled el Hadidy, UEDA, Beni-Suef University
First Lupus day 16 October 2018 immunology unit, faculty of medicine, Beni-Suef University
Systemic lupus and its cardiovascular effects either on vessels or heart ( pericardium, myocardium, endocardium)
First lupus day, Beni-Suef Immunology Unit, internal medicine department
Prof hanan anti phospholipid syndrome with highlights on criteria and seronegative antiphospholipid
Head of internal medicine, faculty of medicine, Beni-Suef University
First lupus day October 2018
A case study on anemia with congestive heart failuremartinshaji
a case dealing with a patient having anemia with congestive heart failure, this gives a clear idea about management, diagnosis, treatment , patient counselling, pharmacist interventions etc
please comment
thank u
A case study on anemia with congestive heart failuremartinshaji
a case dealing with a patient having anemia with congestive heart failure, this gives a clear idea about management, diagnosis, treatment , patient counselling, pharmacist interventions etc
please comment
thank u
The cardio-metabolic continuum.
Hypertension and global cardio-metabolic risk
Hypertension Continuum Stages
What is the total cardiovascular risk?
What is the residual cardiovascular risk?
Global “Cardio-metabolic” Residual Risk Reduction
Residual CV risk rising from obesity.Metabolic syndrome.From NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)
to MAFLD (Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease)
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. B Y
M O U S T A F A M O K A R R A B ; M D
A L A Z H A R F A C U L T Y O F M E D I C I N E
C A I R O - E G Y P T
Dyslipidaemia
highlights
3. CVD prevention
CVD kills >4million people in europe .
It kills more women than men , although CV death
before the age of 65 ys are mor common in men.
Prevention is defined as a coordinated set of
actions, at the population level or targeted
at an individual, aimed at eradicating,
eliminating or minimizing the impact of CV
diseases and their related disability.
4. The importance of CVD prevention remains undisputed
and should be delivered at different levels: (i) in the
general population by promoting healthy lifestyle
behaviour and (ii) at the individual level, in those at
moderate to high risk of CVD or patients with established
CVD, by tackling an unhealthy lifestyle (e.g. poor-quality
diet, physical inactivity, smoking) and by reducing
increased levels of CV risk factors such as increased lipid
or blood pressure levels.
Prevention is effective in reducing the impact of CVD;
the elimination of health risk behaviors would make it
possible to prevent at least 80% of CVD and even 40% of
cancers, thus providing added value for other chronic
diseases.
5.
6. Defining ASCVD
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is
defined as:
An acute coronary syndrome
History of myocardial infarction
Stable or unstable angina
Coronary or other arterial revascularization
Stroke, transient ischemic attack
Or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
7.
8. Major Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Risk Factors
Major risk factors Additional risk factors
Nontraditional risk
factors
Advancing age
⇧ Total serum cholesterol level
⇧ Non–HDL-C
⇧ LDL-C
Low HDL-C
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease
Cigarette smoking
Family history of ASCVD
Obesity, abdominal obesity
Family history of hyperlipidemia
⇧ Small, dense LDL-C
⇧ Apo B
⇧ LDL particle concentration
Fasting/postprandial
hypertriglyceridemia
PCOS
Dyslipidemic triad
⇧ Lipoprotein (a)
⇧ Clotting factors
⇧ Inflammation markers
(hsCRP; Lp-PLA2)
⇧ Homocysteine levels
Apo E4 isoform
⇧ Uric acid
⇧ TG-rich remnants
Abbreviations: apo, apolipoprotein; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
hsCRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp-PLA2,
lipoprotein-associated phospholipase; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.
AACE POSWC. Endocr Pract. 2005;11:126-134; ADA. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S1-S135; Brunzell JD, et al. Diabetes Care.
2008;31:811-822; Cromwell WC, et al. J Clin Lipidol. 2007;1:583-592; Einhorn D, et al. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:237-252; Grundy SM, et
al. Circulation. 1998;97:1876-1887; Jellinger P, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit P, et al. Endocr Practice. 2017;23(4):479-497.; Kastelein JJ, et al.
Circulation. 2008;117:3002-3009; NCEP. NIH Publication No. 02-5215. September 2002; Neaton JD, et al. Arch Intern Med.
1992;152:1490-1500; NHLBI. NIH Publication No. 04-5230. August 2004; Stamler J, el al. JAMA. 1986;256:2823-2828; Weiner DE, et
al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(5):1307-1315; Yusuf S, et al. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937-952.
9. Secondary Prevention ACC/AHH
All patients with ASCVD
All patients 40-75 with diabetes
LDL greater or equal to 190 LDL
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. ASCVD Risk Categories and LDL-C Treatment
Goals
Risk
category
Risk factors/10-year risk
Treatment goals
LDL-C
(mg/dL)
Non-HDL-C
(mg/dL)
Apo B
(mg/dL)
Extreme
risk
– Progressive ASCVD including unstable angina in individuals
after achieving an LDL-C <70 mg/dL
– Established clinical cardiovascular disease in individuals
with DM, stage 3 or 4 CKD, or HeFH
– History of premature ASCVD (<55 male, <65 female)
<55 <80 <70
Very high
risk
– Established or recent hospitalization for ACS, coronary,
carotid or peripheral vascular disease, 10-year risk >20%
– DM or stage 3 or 4 CKD with 1 or more risk factor(s)
– HeFH
<70 <100 <80
High risk
– ≥2 risk factors and 10-year risk 10%-20%
– DM or stage 3 or 4 CKD with no other risk factors <100 <130 <90
Moderate
risk
≤2 risk factors and 10-year risk <10%
<100 <130 <90
Low risk
0 risk factors
<130 <160 NR
15.
16. Question: What are lipid treatment goals?
R35. Treatment goals for dyslipidemia should be
personalized according to levels of risk (Grade A; BEL 1).
R36. For individuals at low risk (i.e., with no risk factors),
an LDL-C goal of less than 130 mg/dL is recommended
(Grade A; BEL 1).
R37. For individuals at moderate risk (i.e., with 2 or fewer
risk factors and a calculated 10-year risk of less than 10%), an
LDL-C goal of less than 100 mg/dL is recommended (Grade
A; BEL 1).
R38. For individuals at high risk (i.e., with an ASCVD equivalent
including diabetes or stage 3 or 4 CKD with no other risk factors, or
individuals with 2 or more risk factors and a 10-year risk of 10%-
20%), an LDL-C goal of less than 100 mg/dL is recommended
(Grade A; BEL 1).
Recommendationsassociatedwiththis
question:
Jellinger P, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit P, et al. Endocr Practice. 2017;23(4):479-497.
Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
17. Question: What are lipid treatment goals?
R39. For individuals at very high risk (i.e., with established or recent
hospitalization for ACS; coronary, carotid or peripheral vascular disease;
diabetes or stage 3 or 4 CKD with 1 or more risk factors; a calculated 10-
year risk greater than 20%; or HeFH), an LDL-C goal of less than 70 mg/dL
is recommended (Grade A; BEL 1).
R40. For individuals at extreme risk (i.e., with progressive ASCVD, including
unstable angina that persists after achieving an LDL-C less than 70 mg/dL, or
established clinical ASCVD in individuals with diabetes, stage 3 or 4 CKD,
and/or HeFH, or in individuals with a history of premature ASCVD (<55 years
of age for males or <65 years of age for females), an LDL-C goal of less than 55
mg/dL is recommended (Grade A; BEL 1).
R41. An LDL-C goal of <100 mg/dL is considered “acceptable” for children
and adolescents, with 100 to 129 mg/dL considered “borderline” and 130
mg/dL or greater considered “high” (based on recommendations from the
American Academy of Pediatrics) (Grade D).
Recommendationsassociatedwiththis
question:
Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HeFH. heterozygous
familial hypercholesterolemia; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Jellinger P, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit P, et al. Endocr Practice. 2017;23(4):479-497.
18. Question: What are lipid treatment goals?
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
• R42. HDL-C should be greater than 40 mg/dL, but also as high as possible, primarily through
the use of lifestyle interventions (e.g., weight loss, physical activity, and tobacco cessation),
and if risk factors are present (e.g., borderline elevated LDL-C levels, a family history of
premature ASCVD, or a personal history of ASCVD), also through the use of pharmacotherapy
primarily focused on reducing LDL-C (Grade A; BEL 1).
Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
• R43. For most individuals, a non–HDL-C goal (total cholesterol minus HDL-C) 30 mg/dL
higher than the individual’s specific LDL-C goal is recommended (Grade D).
• R44. For individuals at extreme risk, a non-HDL-C goal 25 mg/dL higher than the individual-
specific LDL-C goal is recommended (Grade A; BEL 1).
Apolipoproteins
• R45. For individuals at increased risk of ASCVD, including those with diabetes, an optimal
apo B goal is less than 90 mg/dL, while for individuals with established ASCVD or diabetes
plus 1 or more additional risk factor(s), an optimal apo B goal is less than 80 mg/dL, and for
individuals at extreme risk, an optimal apo B goal is less than 70 mg/dL (Grade A; BEL 1).
Triglycerides
• R46. TG goals of less than 150mg/dL are recommended (Grade A; BEL 1).
Abbreviations: apo, apolipoprotein; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.
Jellinger P, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit P, et al. Endocr Practice. 2017;23(4):479-497.
19. Stop smoking, do physical activity, maintain or reduce
body Wight and adjust your BP
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Primary Prevention Benefit with Statins 0.4%
absolute risk reduction for all cause mortality and
.43 % of cardiovascular mortality
244 patients treated for 5 years to prevent one death
Absolute risk reduction will be proportional to the
20-30 % relative risk reduction with statin in
primary prevention
Shared decision making is key to appropriate care
34. Primary Prevention in Older Adults
ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations will always exceed 7.5%.
No adjustment for quality adjusted life expectancy
Data limited in over 75 years of age.
PROSPER trial: pravastatin use 70-82 year old patients,
Showed no benefit on CVD outcomes.
JUPITER: Justification of Use of Statins in Prevention: An
Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin)( high CRP)
Showed primary protection over 70 years of age.
HOPE-3: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Showed
use pravastatin was protective.
Again- Shared decision making is key for primary prevention
in the elderly as well
35. Compliance is key
Patients who take less than 80% of their statin dosed
have a 45% relative increase in total mortality
compared with more adherent patients
Greater mortality than that observed with poor
adherence to other cardiac drugs including
antihypertensive and B –adrenergic blocking
agents.
36. Reported Side Effects of Statins: Myths and Data
Diabetes
Hemorrhagic stroke
Cognitive decline
Tendon rupture
Hepatic injury
Muscle related symptoms
37. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal
dominant disorder that causes severe elevations in
total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (LDLc).
Xanthomas are noted commonly on the Achilles
tendons and metacarpal phalangeal extensor
tendons of the hands of patients with untreated FH.
38.
39. History
Children with homozygous FH
These patients may have symptoms consistent with
ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease,
cerebrovascular disease, or aortic stenosis. Such
symptoms may be confused with conditions that are
more benign unless the diagnosis of homozygous FH is
considered.
Patients may have articular symptoms such as tendonitis
or arthralgias.
Patients have a history of unusual skin lesions.
Parents mostly have Premature CAD and high LDLc
40. Adults with homozygous FH
Most patients do not survive beyond age 30 years
unless treated with unusual methods, such as liver
transplantation, LDL apheresis, or ileal bypass
surgery to dramatically lower their LDLc levels.
Their family history should be positive for severe
hypercholesterolemia and premature CAD in both
parental family lines.
41. Children with heterozygous FH
Children with heterozygous FH do not have
symptoms related to CHD.
One parent will have severe hypercholesterolemia
and will probably have either a personal or family
history for early CAD.
Statistically, because the gene for FH is dominant,
50% of the patient’s siblings will also have
heterozygous FH.
42. Adults with heterozygous FH
These patients have a long-standing history of severe
hypercholesterolemia dating back to childhood.
If an acute coronary event has not already occurred,
symptoms consistent with ischemic heart disease are not
uncommon, especially if other cardiovascular risk factors
(especially smoking) are present.
Past or present symptoms of recurrent Achilles
tendonitis or arthritic complaints may be present.
Premature CAD and severe hypercholesterolemia are
present in one or more first-degree relatives.
If carefully questioned, patients with either homozygous
or heterozygous FH may describe first-degree relatives
who had visible tendon xanthomas on their hands.
43. Ferquency
Based on extrapolations from available data, the
frequency of HeFH can be estimated to be between
1/200 and 1/250, putting the total number of cases
at between 14 and 34 million worldwide.
The frequency of HoFH is estimated to be 1/160
000–1/300 000.
44. Signs and symptoms
Homozygous FH
Signs and symptoms of homozygous FH in children include the
following:
Symptoms consistent with ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular
disease, cerebrovascular disease, or aortic stenosis
Articular symptoms such as tendonitis or arthralgias
Unusual skin lesions, such as cutaneous xanthomas at birth or by early
childhood (eg, planar xanthomas, tuberous xanthomas; later, tendon
xanthomas)
Corneal arcus may be present and is sometimes circumferential
Murmur of aortic stenosis may be present
Most patients with homozygous FH do not survive adulthood beyond
age 30 years unless treated with unusual methods, such as liver
transplantation, LDL apheresis, or ileal bypass surgery to dramatically
lower their LDLc levels.
45. Heterozygous FH
Children with heterozygous FH do not have
symptoms related to coronary heart disease (CHD),
and most do not develop tendon xanthomas or
corneal arcus. However, one parent will have severe
hypercholesterolemia and will also probably have
either a personal or family history for premature
CAD.
Signs and symptoms of heterozygous FH in adults
include the following:
Long-standing history of severe
hypercholesterolemia dating back to childhood
46. If no previous acute coronary event, symptoms
consistent with ischemic heart disease, especially in
the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors
(especially smoking)
Past or present symptoms of recurrent Achilles
tendonitis or arthritic complaints
If heterozygous FH is left untreated, tendon
xanthomas (Achilles tendons, metacarpophalangeal
[MCP] extensor tendons) will occur by third decade
of life in more than 60% of patients
Xanthelasmas
47. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of both homozygous and heterozygous FH
is based primarily on the finding of severe LDLc
elevations in the absence of secondary causes of
hypercholesterolemia.
A probable diagnosis of heterozygous FH can be made if
the LDLc level is greater than 330 mg/dL or if tendon
xanthomas are present in a patient with an LDLc level
above the 95th percentile. Definitive diagnosis can be
made only with gene or receptor analysis. However, a
substantial increase in serum triglyceride levels should
raise the possibility of another lipid disorder
48. Testing
Findings on lipid analysis in patients with FH include the following:
Homozygous FH: Severely elevated cholesterol levels (total cholesterol
and LDLc levels >600 mg/dL); triglyceride levels within the reference
range
Heterozygous FH: Elevated LDLc levels commonly greater than 250
mg/dL; in patients younger than 20 years, an LDLc level higher than
200 mg/dL is highly suggestive of heterozygous FH or, possibly,
familial ligand defective apoB-100; in adults, LDLc levels higher than
290-300 mg/dL suggest heterozygous FH
LDL receptor analysis can be used to identify the specific LDL receptor
defect, and LDL receptor or apoB-100 studies can help distinguish
heterozygous FH from the similar syndrome of familial defective apoB-
100
49. In August 2013, the European Atherosclerosis Society
(EAS) published a consensus statement for screening and
treatment of heterozygous FH. The recommendations for
screening for heterozygous FH include patients with :
A family member presenting with diagnosed FH;
Plasma cholesterol in an adult ≥8mmol/L (≥310 mg/dL);
Plasma cholesterol in a child ≥6mmol/L (≥230 mg/dL);
Premature CHD;
Tendon xanthomas; or
Sudden premature cardiac death.
50. Management
The goal of FH treatment is to reduce the risk of
CHD or risk of a CHD-equivalent condition (eg,
carotid artery disease, diabetes, peripheral arterial
disease).
51. Homozygous FH
Lifestyle changes: Recommended for cardiovascular
benefits .
High doses of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
combined with bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, and
niacin.
Anti–proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (anti-
PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies (specifically, evolocumab
and alirocumab) can be used as an adjunct to diet and
maximally tolerated statin therapy,
Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
LDL apheresis for selective removal of lipoproteins that
contain apo-B (when the LDL receptors are absent or
nonfunctional)
52. The following are procedures used in the treatment
of homozygous FH
Portacaval anastomosis
Liver transplantation (rarely)
Investigative therapies for homozygous and
heterozygous FH include probucol, which causes
regression of cutaneous and tendon xanthomas in
patients with both homozygous and heterozygous FH
but no long-term benefits for reduced coronary
atherosclerosis, and gene therapy.
53. Heterozygous FH
The following are used in the management of heterozygous FH:
Lifestyle modification, including diet (limited saturated fats, trans fats, and
cholesterol); weight management; aerobic/toning exercises
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) (eg, simvastatin, atorvastatin, or
rosuvastatin), and one or more other LDL lowering medications, or
Bile acid sequestrants, or
Ezetimibe, or
Niacin
Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
Consider LDL apheresis for the following patients:
Those with documented CHD whose LDLc level cannot be lowered below 200
mg/dL by conventional therapy
Those without CHD but who have an LDLc level greater than 300 mg/dL
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. Main references
ESC 2016
EAS_Consensus_on_HoFH.
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
and American College of Endocrinology
Guidelines for Management of
Dyslipidemiaand Prevention of
Cardiovascular Disease