Presentation by Danghan Xie, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, at the Delft3D and XBeach User Day: Coastal morphodynamics, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Wednesday, 13 November 2019, Delft.
Seagrass under nutrient load and grazingguestb538ca
The document discusses seagrass systems under the pressures of increasing nutrient loads and grazing. It presents the hypothesis that seagrass meadows can shift between different stable states in response to these pressures. Specifically, it hypothesizes that direct nitrogen toxicity, grazing protection from epiphyte overgrowth, and iron deficiency from organic sediment loading can each trigger positive feedback loops pushing the system towards alternative stable states. The document outlines field and mesocosm experiments designed to test these hypotheses by provoking state shifts through nutrient additions, shade, and the removal of grazers. The results will be used to determine thresholds for state shifts and inform seagrass management and restoration efforts.
The Three Gorges Dam project in China began implementation in 1994 with a proposed completion date of 2009. Its main purposes were to control floods, generate hydropower, and boost shipping. However, the project also carried several risks, such as the social stability risks associated with resettling residents and problems finding suitable jobs and adapting to new environments. Suggestions to address these risks included paying attention to the actual needs of residents and using fuzzy models to find solutions with the lowest risks.
Four environmental researchers and analysts - Erle Ellis, Barry Brook, Linus Blomqvist, Ruth DeFries - offer a critique of an updated analysis of "planetary boundaries" for human activities offered in a new Science paper.
The document summarizes threats to peatlands in the Congo Basin, which were recently discovered to be the largest tropical peatland complex globally. Climate change is identified as a major threat given its potential to destabilize the entire area's large carbon stocks. Socioeconomic development is increasing risks like hydrocarbon exploration, logging, and plantations. While conservation designations cover much of the area, threats could significantly damage the peatland ecosystems. Immediate action is needed to protect the largely intact peatlands and their carbon while improving local livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study on microplastics found in fish caught in the Agulhas current large marine ecosystem off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study aimed to quantify microplastic particles in fish from different regions, including an eddy in the Kwazulu-Natal Bight, and determine if there were differences between fish from epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Microplastics were found in 34% of fish studied. The most common shapes of microplastics found were broken pieces of larger plastic items (56%) and thread-like pieces resembling fishing line (29%). Some fish contained up to 6 microplastic particles. The study acknowledges contributions from fund
This document discusses microplastic pollution and its potential threat to marine invertebrates and the food web. It defines microplastics and explains how they enter the marine environment. Studies found microplastics present in sediment samples from beaches around the world. Microplastics can be ingested by small organisms and transferred up the food chain, as demonstrated by studies showing zooplankton ingesting microplastics that were then found in mysid shrimp that ate the zooplankton. The document also discusses how microplastics can be taken up by blue mussels and transferred to shore crabs that eat the mussels, entering the intertidal food web.
International Biodiversity Conferencer 2012 AbstractD Kannan
This document contains summaries of two studies presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity & Sustainable Energy Development in Hyderabad, India in September 2012. The first study examined the community structure and distribution of mesozooplankton in the coastal waters of the Indian Sundarban mangrove wetland over time. Copepods dominated the zooplankton and correlation and regression analyses identified factors influencing their distribution. The second study analyzed water quality and macro vegetation diversity in two springs in Madurai, India impacted by different levels of human activity to determine the effects on ecological health. Water quality was poorer and diversity lower in the spring with greater human influence.
Mekong Mollusc Biodiversity, Fisheries and their Relations to Climatic and Ph...Mekong Fish Network
Molluscs are a key component of freshwater ecosystems. The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is a hotspot zone that supports a high diversity of molluscs, including ~121 species of gastropods and ~39 species of bivalves. At least 111 gastropods and 5 bivalves are endemic. In the Tonle Sap Lake and River systems, molluscs are the second fishery production after fishes.
Seagrass under nutrient load and grazingguestb538ca
The document discusses seagrass systems under the pressures of increasing nutrient loads and grazing. It presents the hypothesis that seagrass meadows can shift between different stable states in response to these pressures. Specifically, it hypothesizes that direct nitrogen toxicity, grazing protection from epiphyte overgrowth, and iron deficiency from organic sediment loading can each trigger positive feedback loops pushing the system towards alternative stable states. The document outlines field and mesocosm experiments designed to test these hypotheses by provoking state shifts through nutrient additions, shade, and the removal of grazers. The results will be used to determine thresholds for state shifts and inform seagrass management and restoration efforts.
The Three Gorges Dam project in China began implementation in 1994 with a proposed completion date of 2009. Its main purposes were to control floods, generate hydropower, and boost shipping. However, the project also carried several risks, such as the social stability risks associated with resettling residents and problems finding suitable jobs and adapting to new environments. Suggestions to address these risks included paying attention to the actual needs of residents and using fuzzy models to find solutions with the lowest risks.
Four environmental researchers and analysts - Erle Ellis, Barry Brook, Linus Blomqvist, Ruth DeFries - offer a critique of an updated analysis of "planetary boundaries" for human activities offered in a new Science paper.
The document summarizes threats to peatlands in the Congo Basin, which were recently discovered to be the largest tropical peatland complex globally. Climate change is identified as a major threat given its potential to destabilize the entire area's large carbon stocks. Socioeconomic development is increasing risks like hydrocarbon exploration, logging, and plantations. While conservation designations cover much of the area, threats could significantly damage the peatland ecosystems. Immediate action is needed to protect the largely intact peatlands and their carbon while improving local livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study on microplastics found in fish caught in the Agulhas current large marine ecosystem off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study aimed to quantify microplastic particles in fish from different regions, including an eddy in the Kwazulu-Natal Bight, and determine if there were differences between fish from epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Microplastics were found in 34% of fish studied. The most common shapes of microplastics found were broken pieces of larger plastic items (56%) and thread-like pieces resembling fishing line (29%). Some fish contained up to 6 microplastic particles. The study acknowledges contributions from fund
This document discusses microplastic pollution and its potential threat to marine invertebrates and the food web. It defines microplastics and explains how they enter the marine environment. Studies found microplastics present in sediment samples from beaches around the world. Microplastics can be ingested by small organisms and transferred up the food chain, as demonstrated by studies showing zooplankton ingesting microplastics that were then found in mysid shrimp that ate the zooplankton. The document also discusses how microplastics can be taken up by blue mussels and transferred to shore crabs that eat the mussels, entering the intertidal food web.
International Biodiversity Conferencer 2012 AbstractD Kannan
This document contains summaries of two studies presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity & Sustainable Energy Development in Hyderabad, India in September 2012. The first study examined the community structure and distribution of mesozooplankton in the coastal waters of the Indian Sundarban mangrove wetland over time. Copepods dominated the zooplankton and correlation and regression analyses identified factors influencing their distribution. The second study analyzed water quality and macro vegetation diversity in two springs in Madurai, India impacted by different levels of human activity to determine the effects on ecological health. Water quality was poorer and diversity lower in the spring with greater human influence.
Mekong Mollusc Biodiversity, Fisheries and their Relations to Climatic and Ph...Mekong Fish Network
Molluscs are a key component of freshwater ecosystems. The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is a hotspot zone that supports a high diversity of molluscs, including ~121 species of gastropods and ~39 species of bivalves. At least 111 gastropods and 5 bivalves are endemic. In the Tonle Sap Lake and River systems, molluscs are the second fishery production after fishes.
This study examined abiotic and biotic factors in mangrove creeks on Eleuthera, Bahamas to determine ideal nursery habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas. Fish abundance and diversity were used to assess nursery quality. Larger creek mouth widths correlated with higher fish diversity but lower abundance, possibly due to increased predation. Contrary to hypotheses, prop root density did not affect nursery quality. All creeks provided similar nursery functions due to limited disturbances. Protecting these critical habitats is important for sustaining fish populations.
This document summarizes the objectives and approach of Melanie Davis' research on developing dynamic habitat models for estuary-dependent species. The objectives are to: 1) Model changes in restoring habitat mosaics over time, 2) Determine prey availability in each habitat type, 3) Identify prey consumed by juvenile Chinook salmon, and 4) Use a bioenergetics model to estimate habitat quality as the mosaic shifts. The research involves modeling different restoration and climate change scenarios to understand their impacts on salt marsh habitats and prey availability/consumption. Field studies are being conducted to understand prey use by salmon in different habitat types to parameterize the bioenergetics model. The goal is to provide tools to help restoration planning under
This document summarizes a speech about biodiversity and the future given by Zakri Abdul Hamid. Some key points:
- Biodiversity loss is currently at the sixth major extinction event, driven by human impacts on the planet. More than two-thirds of biomes have been converted by human activity since 1950.
- Biodiversity is crucial for sustainable development and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. However, many species are heading towards extinction and forests are disappearing rapidly.
- There is a need for science-policy platforms like the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) to bridge the gap between biodiversity knowledge and real-world action and
Sustainable Design Through Oyster Reef RestorationKayla Kernich
Oyster reefs are important for coastal ecosystems but have declined globally by 85% due to overharvesting. This document details a project that designed and tested biologically compatible structures made of crab trap wire to provide substrate for oyster spat attachment and reef restoration. The objectives were to design configurations of crab trap wire, implement prototypes, and study their ecological compatibility and stability. Prototypes included cylinders, mobius strips, sloped rectangles, and permeable pavement treatments. The structures aim to rebuild oyster reef populations and protect coastal shorelines in the ACE Basin region.
DSD-INT 2019 DANUBIUS-RI the Scientific Agenda-BradleyDeltares
Presentation by Chris Bradley (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom), at the DANUBIUS Modelling Workshop, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Friday, 8 November 2019, Delft.
This document discusses ways to reduce the ecological footprint of fish feed used in aquaculture. Currently, fish meal is a major protein source in fish feed due to its balanced nutrients. However, overfishing to meet demand for fish meal puts pressure on small pelagic fish populations. The document explores alternatives to fish meal such as terrestrial plant proteins, insects, terrestrial animal byproducts, and algae. These alternatives can help reduce the environmental impacts of aquaculture while still providing balanced nutrition to farmed fish. In conclusion, promoting omnivorous and herbivorous fish species that can eat plant-based diets, along with sustainable production of plant proteins, can help aquaculture be produced with less ecological impact.
Toward Integrated Analysis of Socio- Ecological Data for Improved Targeting o...CIAT
Long-term soil experiments provide key insights into managing rapidly changing ecosystems over decades. Such experiments directly observe soil changes under different management practices over time, helping understand sustainability and soil-environment interactions. They inform efforts to double food production while reducing environmental impacts. However, long-term experiments require many years, face loss risks, and lack comprehensive networking. Strengthening this research base could help address challenges of food security, the carbon cycle, and nutrient management control.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the humeri of Kemp's ridley sea turtles that stranded after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The study aimed to better understand how oil spills impact sea turtle growth rates, survival, and reproduction. Skeletochronology was used to analyze growth marks on the humeri, which can provide insights into annual growth rates and the age at which turtles stranded. Comparing within-turtle and between-turtle growth rates before and after the spill may provide clues about how environmental factors like oil spills affect sea turtle growth. Previous modeling predicted the spill could degrade habitat and food sources, leading to population declines, so gathering data on growth is important for
Introduced alien species can become invasive when they escape into local ecosystems, outcompeting and reducing numbers of endemic species by competitive exclusion in the absence of predators. Pollutants become more concentrated at higher trophic levels through biomagnification. Large macroplastic and small microplastic debris have accumulated in marine environments and are ingested by many species, entering the food chain. Case studies show how introduced cane toads in Australia and marine plastic affect Laysan albatrosses through stomach blockage and starvation.
A Novel Methodology for the Separation of Known Suspended Microplastics (<...MACE Lab
This document presents a novel methodology for separating microplastics (<500μm) from particulate organic matter (POM) in water samples. Current separation methods are inefficient at separating suspended microplastics and POM due to similarities in size and density. The developed method uses a two-phase separation where a non-polar solvent is added to draw microplastics into a separate immiscible layer, allowing removal without POM. Testing recovered over 90% of fluorescent polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene microplastics added but only 1% of denser polyethylene terephthalate microbeads. This accurate separation method can be applied to experimental studies examining microplastic ingestion and effects in marine organisms.
PPT is a file extension for a presentation file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint, the popular presentation software commonly used for office and educational slide shows. All text images, sound and video used in the presentation are contained in the PPT file.
Wetlands mainly encompass any land which is saturated or covered with water for all or throughout the year and doesn’t fall under into grassland, cropland, or forest land (Zedler et al. 2). As in the case of any other ecosystem, the overall carbon IV oxide and methane flux are due to the balance between the release of carbon by decomposition and carbon absorption from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Both the rates of carbon absorption and decay losses are mainly influenced by nutrient, climate, water saturation, and oxygen availability (Inglett 1)
Nevertheless, aerobic conditions that are plenty in a large percentage of the upland ecosystems results to the releasing of carbon IV oxide (CO2) while methane (CH4) emissions remain prevalent in the anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the establishment of the wetlands via flooding end up altering the pattern of the greenhouse gas production and emissions towards the greater CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions (Hong-Suk 13). Depending on the characteristics of the reservoir and the climate, both CH4 and CO2 can be released from the decaying of the submerged biomass as well as the general decomposition of the inundated of the dissolved organic materials and soil organic matter.
This literature review examines microplastics found in Hilsa fish from the Northern Bay of Bengal. It defines microplastics as plastic particles less than 5mm in size that originate from various sources like plastic waste, clothing fibers, and cosmetic products. Microplastics are hazardous as they can accumulate in marine organisms and food webs, causing physiological harm. Studies have found microplastics in many fish species worldwide, including mesopelagic fish that ingest plastic fibers and films. Once consumed, microplastics may block feeding appendages or the digestive system of fish.
Otoliths are bony structures in fish that record chemical signatures from the surrounding environment over time. Analysis of otolith microchemistry can be used to identify fish stocks, determine habitat use and migration patterns. Elements like strontium and barium deposited in otoliths vary between freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This allows distinguishing anadromous fish that migrate between habitats and tracking their movements. Studies have used this technique to study life histories of species in Amazonian rivers and identify nursery areas of herring. Otolith microchemistry is a valuable tool for answering ecological questions about fish.
This document discusses the importance of freshwater ecosystems, concerns about impacts of climate change, and ways climate change may affect freshwater species and ecosystems. It notes that freshwater species are more vulnerable to changes from invasive species and land use than direct climate impacts. Key concerns include increased water temperatures, reduced ice cover and snowpack, altered stream flows, and increased water storage and transportation. These changes could facilitate invasions and displace native cold-water species. The document also reviews models used to study current and projected future river discharge and impacts on global fish species richness.
This document discusses marine biodiversity in the Indian context. It defines key terms like ecosystem and biodiversity. It outlines some of India's marine fauna and flora as well as ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves. It also discusses the benefits of biodiversity and issues that lead to loss of biodiversity like pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. Finally, it mentions how the Convention on Biological Diversity and laws in India like the Wildlife Protection Act aim to regulate coastal activities and protect marine biodiversity through marine protected areas.
OSJ 2019 : Practical Resilience Index for Coral Reef Assessmentanbiocore
This document proposes a new index for assessing coral reef resilience based on data collected from line-intercept transects. The index was modified from an existing soil resilience index. Six variables were statistically selected as resilience indicators: coral functional group, coral habitat quality, sand-silt cover, coral cover, coral small-size number, and algae-other-fauna cover. Maximum values of five variables were determined as the best state, while the maximum value of coral small-size number was determined from 1240 data sets of Indonesian reefs. The resilience index performed well in relation to changes in coral cover, algae-other-fauna cover, and sand-silt cover. Managers can use this tool to
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
This document outlines a proposed study examining the effects of increased temperature and changes to hydroperiod on California vernal pool communities. The study will use mesocosms to simulate vernal pools under different temperature and hydroperiod treatments. It is hypothesized that increased temperature and shorter/later hydroperiods will decrease macroinvertebrate and zooplankton diversity. The experimental design involves warming mesocosms and manipulating hydroperiod timing and duration. Communities will be sampled biweekly and analyzed to understand impacts of climate change on these temporary freshwater ecosystems.
The document discusses biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable waste such as green waste, food waste, and paper can be broken down by microorganisms, while non-biodegradable materials like plastics, metal, and glass break down very slowly or not at all. Some examples of non-biodegradable waste provided are plastic grocery bags and Styrofoam.
Big Idea Biodiversity
Biological Diversity Essay
Bio Diversity Lab
Biological Diversity
Biodiversity and Land Quality Essay
Essay about The Importance of Biodiversity
biodiversity Essay
Essay On Endangered Plants
Biodiversity
Biodiversity Worsheet Bio 280 Essay
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Population and Energy Resources module. It outlines the major topics to be covered, including human population, renewable and non-renewable resources, water resources, forest resources, and energy resources. It also provides sample exam questions from previous years on these topics, such as questions about population growth and control, overpopulation, resource exploitation and conservation, and various energy sources and sustainability issues. The syllabus aims to equip students with an understanding of these important environmental subjects.
This study examined abiotic and biotic factors in mangrove creeks on Eleuthera, Bahamas to determine ideal nursery habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas. Fish abundance and diversity were used to assess nursery quality. Larger creek mouth widths correlated with higher fish diversity but lower abundance, possibly due to increased predation. Contrary to hypotheses, prop root density did not affect nursery quality. All creeks provided similar nursery functions due to limited disturbances. Protecting these critical habitats is important for sustaining fish populations.
This document summarizes the objectives and approach of Melanie Davis' research on developing dynamic habitat models for estuary-dependent species. The objectives are to: 1) Model changes in restoring habitat mosaics over time, 2) Determine prey availability in each habitat type, 3) Identify prey consumed by juvenile Chinook salmon, and 4) Use a bioenergetics model to estimate habitat quality as the mosaic shifts. The research involves modeling different restoration and climate change scenarios to understand their impacts on salt marsh habitats and prey availability/consumption. Field studies are being conducted to understand prey use by salmon in different habitat types to parameterize the bioenergetics model. The goal is to provide tools to help restoration planning under
This document summarizes a speech about biodiversity and the future given by Zakri Abdul Hamid. Some key points:
- Biodiversity loss is currently at the sixth major extinction event, driven by human impacts on the planet. More than two-thirds of biomes have been converted by human activity since 1950.
- Biodiversity is crucial for sustainable development and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. However, many species are heading towards extinction and forests are disappearing rapidly.
- There is a need for science-policy platforms like the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) to bridge the gap between biodiversity knowledge and real-world action and
Sustainable Design Through Oyster Reef RestorationKayla Kernich
Oyster reefs are important for coastal ecosystems but have declined globally by 85% due to overharvesting. This document details a project that designed and tested biologically compatible structures made of crab trap wire to provide substrate for oyster spat attachment and reef restoration. The objectives were to design configurations of crab trap wire, implement prototypes, and study their ecological compatibility and stability. Prototypes included cylinders, mobius strips, sloped rectangles, and permeable pavement treatments. The structures aim to rebuild oyster reef populations and protect coastal shorelines in the ACE Basin region.
DSD-INT 2019 DANUBIUS-RI the Scientific Agenda-BradleyDeltares
Presentation by Chris Bradley (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom), at the DANUBIUS Modelling Workshop, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Friday, 8 November 2019, Delft.
This document discusses ways to reduce the ecological footprint of fish feed used in aquaculture. Currently, fish meal is a major protein source in fish feed due to its balanced nutrients. However, overfishing to meet demand for fish meal puts pressure on small pelagic fish populations. The document explores alternatives to fish meal such as terrestrial plant proteins, insects, terrestrial animal byproducts, and algae. These alternatives can help reduce the environmental impacts of aquaculture while still providing balanced nutrition to farmed fish. In conclusion, promoting omnivorous and herbivorous fish species that can eat plant-based diets, along with sustainable production of plant proteins, can help aquaculture be produced with less ecological impact.
Toward Integrated Analysis of Socio- Ecological Data for Improved Targeting o...CIAT
Long-term soil experiments provide key insights into managing rapidly changing ecosystems over decades. Such experiments directly observe soil changes under different management practices over time, helping understand sustainability and soil-environment interactions. They inform efforts to double food production while reducing environmental impacts. However, long-term experiments require many years, face loss risks, and lack comprehensive networking. Strengthening this research base could help address challenges of food security, the carbon cycle, and nutrient management control.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the humeri of Kemp's ridley sea turtles that stranded after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The study aimed to better understand how oil spills impact sea turtle growth rates, survival, and reproduction. Skeletochronology was used to analyze growth marks on the humeri, which can provide insights into annual growth rates and the age at which turtles stranded. Comparing within-turtle and between-turtle growth rates before and after the spill may provide clues about how environmental factors like oil spills affect sea turtle growth. Previous modeling predicted the spill could degrade habitat and food sources, leading to population declines, so gathering data on growth is important for
Introduced alien species can become invasive when they escape into local ecosystems, outcompeting and reducing numbers of endemic species by competitive exclusion in the absence of predators. Pollutants become more concentrated at higher trophic levels through biomagnification. Large macroplastic and small microplastic debris have accumulated in marine environments and are ingested by many species, entering the food chain. Case studies show how introduced cane toads in Australia and marine plastic affect Laysan albatrosses through stomach blockage and starvation.
A Novel Methodology for the Separation of Known Suspended Microplastics (<...MACE Lab
This document presents a novel methodology for separating microplastics (<500μm) from particulate organic matter (POM) in water samples. Current separation methods are inefficient at separating suspended microplastics and POM due to similarities in size and density. The developed method uses a two-phase separation where a non-polar solvent is added to draw microplastics into a separate immiscible layer, allowing removal without POM. Testing recovered over 90% of fluorescent polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene microplastics added but only 1% of denser polyethylene terephthalate microbeads. This accurate separation method can be applied to experimental studies examining microplastic ingestion and effects in marine organisms.
PPT is a file extension for a presentation file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint, the popular presentation software commonly used for office and educational slide shows. All text images, sound and video used in the presentation are contained in the PPT file.
Wetlands mainly encompass any land which is saturated or covered with water for all or throughout the year and doesn’t fall under into grassland, cropland, or forest land (Zedler et al. 2). As in the case of any other ecosystem, the overall carbon IV oxide and methane flux are due to the balance between the release of carbon by decomposition and carbon absorption from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Both the rates of carbon absorption and decay losses are mainly influenced by nutrient, climate, water saturation, and oxygen availability (Inglett 1)
Nevertheless, aerobic conditions that are plenty in a large percentage of the upland ecosystems results to the releasing of carbon IV oxide (CO2) while methane (CH4) emissions remain prevalent in the anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the establishment of the wetlands via flooding end up altering the pattern of the greenhouse gas production and emissions towards the greater CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions (Hong-Suk 13). Depending on the characteristics of the reservoir and the climate, both CH4 and CO2 can be released from the decaying of the submerged biomass as well as the general decomposition of the inundated of the dissolved organic materials and soil organic matter.
This literature review examines microplastics found in Hilsa fish from the Northern Bay of Bengal. It defines microplastics as plastic particles less than 5mm in size that originate from various sources like plastic waste, clothing fibers, and cosmetic products. Microplastics are hazardous as they can accumulate in marine organisms and food webs, causing physiological harm. Studies have found microplastics in many fish species worldwide, including mesopelagic fish that ingest plastic fibers and films. Once consumed, microplastics may block feeding appendages or the digestive system of fish.
Otoliths are bony structures in fish that record chemical signatures from the surrounding environment over time. Analysis of otolith microchemistry can be used to identify fish stocks, determine habitat use and migration patterns. Elements like strontium and barium deposited in otoliths vary between freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This allows distinguishing anadromous fish that migrate between habitats and tracking their movements. Studies have used this technique to study life histories of species in Amazonian rivers and identify nursery areas of herring. Otolith microchemistry is a valuable tool for answering ecological questions about fish.
This document discusses the importance of freshwater ecosystems, concerns about impacts of climate change, and ways climate change may affect freshwater species and ecosystems. It notes that freshwater species are more vulnerable to changes from invasive species and land use than direct climate impacts. Key concerns include increased water temperatures, reduced ice cover and snowpack, altered stream flows, and increased water storage and transportation. These changes could facilitate invasions and displace native cold-water species. The document also reviews models used to study current and projected future river discharge and impacts on global fish species richness.
This document discusses marine biodiversity in the Indian context. It defines key terms like ecosystem and biodiversity. It outlines some of India's marine fauna and flora as well as ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves. It also discusses the benefits of biodiversity and issues that lead to loss of biodiversity like pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. Finally, it mentions how the Convention on Biological Diversity and laws in India like the Wildlife Protection Act aim to regulate coastal activities and protect marine biodiversity through marine protected areas.
OSJ 2019 : Practical Resilience Index for Coral Reef Assessmentanbiocore
This document proposes a new index for assessing coral reef resilience based on data collected from line-intercept transects. The index was modified from an existing soil resilience index. Six variables were statistically selected as resilience indicators: coral functional group, coral habitat quality, sand-silt cover, coral cover, coral small-size number, and algae-other-fauna cover. Maximum values of five variables were determined as the best state, while the maximum value of coral small-size number was determined from 1240 data sets of Indonesian reefs. The resilience index performed well in relation to changes in coral cover, algae-other-fauna cover, and sand-silt cover. Managers can use this tool to
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
This document outlines a proposed study examining the effects of increased temperature and changes to hydroperiod on California vernal pool communities. The study will use mesocosms to simulate vernal pools under different temperature and hydroperiod treatments. It is hypothesized that increased temperature and shorter/later hydroperiods will decrease macroinvertebrate and zooplankton diversity. The experimental design involves warming mesocosms and manipulating hydroperiod timing and duration. Communities will be sampled biweekly and analyzed to understand impacts of climate change on these temporary freshwater ecosystems.
The document discusses biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable waste such as green waste, food waste, and paper can be broken down by microorganisms, while non-biodegradable materials like plastics, metal, and glass break down very slowly or not at all. Some examples of non-biodegradable waste provided are plastic grocery bags and Styrofoam.
Big Idea Biodiversity
Biological Diversity Essay
Bio Diversity Lab
Biological Diversity
Biodiversity and Land Quality Essay
Essay about The Importance of Biodiversity
biodiversity Essay
Essay On Endangered Plants
Biodiversity
Biodiversity Worsheet Bio 280 Essay
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Population and Energy Resources module. It outlines the major topics to be covered, including human population, renewable and non-renewable resources, water resources, forest resources, and energy resources. It also provides sample exam questions from previous years on these topics, such as questions about population growth and control, overpopulation, resource exploitation and conservation, and various energy sources and sustainability issues. The syllabus aims to equip students with an understanding of these important environmental subjects.
The document summarizes a scientific paper that proposes a framework of "planetary boundaries" to define a "safe operating space for humanity" considering Earth's biophysical processes and systems. It identifies 9 boundaries related to climate change, biodiversity loss, land use change, freshwater use, biogeochemical flows, ocean acidification, ozone depletion, aerosol loading and chemical pollution. Each boundary represents a proposed threshold beyond which Earth System processes could be substantially and irreversibly altered at the planetary scale.
Mangroves provide important ecological functions as transitional zones, nurseries, and carbon sinks. However, they face threats from human activities like deforestation, development, and climate change impacts such as rising sea levels and temperatures. Mangroves help protect coastlines and support fisheries but over 20% have been lost in recent decades. While rising CO2 and temperatures may enhance mangrove growth, the current rapid rate of change leaves less time for adaptation and migration with the loss of coastal areas to development. Management is needed to balance human uses of mangroves with conservation to maintain their critical ecosystem services.
This document proposes a technical solution to improve fish passage, specifically for brown trout, at three weirs along the Caraş River in Romania. The solution involves modifying an existing concrete separator at one of the weirs to create a smoother slope. A concrete basin would then be built, connected to a narrow concrete channel running through the separator. This channel, supported by concrete pillars, would allow fish to safely pass over the weir at low water velocities. Testing is still needed, but the authors believe this low-cost solution could help restore connectivity for brown trout in the river system.
CARAŞ RIVER GORGE ASPECTS OF SALMONIDS’ COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT – TECHNICAL SO...Răzvan Voicu
This document proposes a technical solution to improve fish passage, specifically for brown trout, at three weirs along the Caraş River in Romania. The solution involves modifying an existing concrete separator at one of the weirs to create a smoother slope. A concrete basin would then be built, connected to a narrow concrete channel running through the separator. This channel, supported by concrete pillars, would allow fish to safely pass over the weir at low water velocities. Testing is still needed, but the authors believe this low-cost solution could help restore connectivity for brown trout in the river system.
The document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life on Earth at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It notes that biodiversity is highest in the tropics and along coasts with warm sea surface temperatures. Species diversity generally increases closer to the equator due to warm climates and high productivity. The document also defines several key terms related to biodiversity, such as genetic diversity, species diversity, species richness, ecosystem diversity, and community diversity.
Approaches To Conservation And Sustainable Use Of Biodiversity- A ReviewBrandi Gonzales
This document reviews different approaches for conserving biodiversity and maintaining its sustainable use. It discusses both in-situ conservation approaches, which focus on conserving species within their natural habitats through protected areas and reserves, as well as ex-situ approaches that involve conserving species outside their natural environments in facilities like zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, and field gene banks. The document concludes that while in-situ conservation has advantages in coverage and viability, ex-situ approaches are important backups when in-situ conservation is not sufficient. Of all the approaches discussed, ecosystem-based conservation is highlighted as having the most potential due to its holistic nature in mainstreaming conservation.
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Environmental science is a multi-disciplinary field that studies the interactions between the natural world and human activities. It includes aspects of chemistry, physics, biology and other disciplines. The document discusses key concepts in environmental science including the components of the environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It also discusses ecosystems, food chains and food webs, producers and consumers, and energy flow between trophic levels. The goal of environmental science is to understand how nature works and how human activities affect the environment.
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DSD-INT 2019 Mangrove diversity loss may be inevitable - Xie
1. Credit by Artist: Yuhau Fang, China, Age 9Credit by Artist: A. Basheer, India, 9th Grade
Danghan Xie(1), Christian Schwarz(1), Muriel Z.M. Brückner(1), Maarten G. Kleinhans(1), Dunia H. Urrego(2), Zeng Zhou(3) & Barend van Maanen(1,2)
(1) Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
(2) College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
(3) College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
under sea level rise and human pressure
Mangrove diversity loss may be inevitable
2. Mangroves – A multifunctional coastal ecosystem
• Biodiversity reserves and organisms’ habitats.
• Coastal protection from natural hazards
• Water and air purifier
• Carbon storage and sequestration
• Food production (fish, shell fish and algae)
• A source for food, medicine and fuelwood
• Tourist and recreation
Photo credit by: mangrove.at
`Photo credit by: ieyenews
2
4. Sea level rise
Phan et al. (2015)
Human infrastructure
• How do mangrove forests respond to
different combinations of sea level rise
rates, sediment supplies, and the presence
of barriers?
Climate change and human actions – 2 potential threats
Photo credit by: Qian Zhang
Sediment supply limitation
3
5. White mangrove
Black mangrove
SLR
Sediment
deposition/erosion
Multiple mangrove species
Sediment
supply
Sediment transport
MWL
Red mangrove
Schematic of 1D eco-morphodynamic model:
Comprehensive treatment of
sediment transport processes:
Erosion/deposition and transport of
sediment between regions
Multiple mangrove species:
Dynamic growth of red, black and
white mangroves
Human barriers:
Barriers are incorporated in the model,
restricting the upland movement of
water and vegetation
4
6. Coco et al. (2013)
Delft3D Matlab
Mangrove model from van Maanen et al. (2015)
Vegetation model from van Oorschot et al. (2016)
Saltmarsh model from Brückner et al (submitted)
Vegetation model based on:
Working structure of eco-morphodynamic model:
5
7. Coco et al. (2013)
Delft3D Matlab
Working structure of eco-morphodynamic model:
Vegetation life processes:
Colonization, growth and mortality
5
8. Coco et al. (2013)
Delft3D Matlab
Working structure of eco-morphodynamic model:
Vegetation life processes:
Colonization, growth and mortality
5
9. Coco et al. (2013)
Delft3D Matlab
Working structure of eco-morphodynamic model:
Fitness and competition
5
white black red
Mangrove:
Modified from Krauss et al. (2008) van Maanen et al. (2015)
10. Mangrove assemblage diversity index (ADI):
6
1. richness 2. evenness
𝐴𝐷𝐼 = −
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑝𝑖 ∙ ln 𝑝𝑖
where 𝑝𝑖 is the proportional extent
of species i relative to the total
forest extent.
11. Low SSC High SLR
All mangrove species shift to upland Mangroves expand to both seaward and landward
High SSC Low SLR
Year 30, 100, 200, 300
* SSC= Sediment supply concentration; SLR=sea level rise
Impacts of sediment supply concentration and sea level rise
time
7
12. Low SSC High SLR High SSC Low SLR
I am a dyke…
Extinction of white mangrove
All mangrove species shift to upland, extinction happens Mangroves expand to seaward but blocked on
upland
Impacts of human barriers
Loc.1
Loc.2
Loc.3
8
13. Bed level accumulation rate decreases while inundation period increases → species are linked!!! 9
Impacts of human barriers
High SSC Low SLR
14. Barriers play a role in promoting vertical accretion!
Movement of seaward forest edge averaged over 300 years
With barriersWithout barriers
Retreat
Expansion
Retreat
Expansion
10
Retreat Expansion
15. Movement of the seaward forest edge may reverse!
With barriersWithout barriers
Temporal evolution of the seaward forests edge
Continuous retreat
11
Continuous expansion
Continuous
retreat
Shifts
Continuous expansion
Shifts:
(Retreat to expansion
Expansion to retreat)
16. Losses in mangrove diversity with rising sea level might be inevitable!
With barriersWithout barriers
Changes of mangrove assemblage diversity in 300 years
12
Species loss
Species unevenness
17. Forest extent can increase under high SSC despite SLR, but it does not
necessarily mean an increase in diversity.
Questions?
Barriers may enhance sediment accretion but obstruct mangrove
landward migration, potentially causing extinction of species.
Mangrove species are linked through complex biophysical
interactions and play a critical role in defining forest structural changes.
Sediment accretion across the intertidal area may vary over time…
(historical/current accretion rates may be misleading).
Key messages
13
Danghan Xie | PhD Candidate | Utrecht
University | d.xie@uu.nl