Drug addiction is a brain disorder caused by psychoactive drugs that affect processes related to perception, emotion, and motivation. It is diagnosed when three or more of the following occur within a year: increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, impaired control over drug use. Psychoactive drugs like depressants, hallucinogens, opiates, and stimulants disrupt neurotransmitter function in the brain, altering mood and behavior. Long term effects include physical and mental health problems, while withdrawal can be life threatening for heavy users of depressants.
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AllCEUs provides counseling education and CEUs for LPCs, LMHCs, LMFTs and LCSWs as well as addiction counselor precertification training and continuing education.
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Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists. Reviews types of hallucinogens, side effects and effects on sports performance
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
AllCEUs provides counseling education and CEUs for LPCs, LMHCs, LMFTs and LCSWs as well as addiction counselor precertification training and continuing education.
Live, Interactive Webinars ($5): https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
Unlimited on-demand CEUs ($59): https://allceus.com
Specialty Certificate Tracks ($89): https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Addiction Counselor Certification Training ($149): https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/addictions-counselor-certification-training/
Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists. Reviews types of hallucinogens, side effects and effects on sports performance
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
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Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
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Pinterest: drsnipes
Identify the signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal as well as the neurobiological effects of stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CounselorToolbox
Pinterest: drsnipes
Identify the signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal as well as the neurobiological effects of stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens.
This is a presentation made for the teaching of the danger of drug abuse, it is expository teaching that reprimands the youth on the need to keep away from drugs (illegal drugs).
Their sanity and mental health should be prioritized more than any other thing.
It is a most read for every youth out there.
ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN (TYPES/EFFECTS/HOW TO OVERCOME DRUGS)czarinaCervo
this is all about drugs and on how to avoid or stop drug abuse, through this slideshow, viewers can be aware about the effects and the negative things that drugs can do to our body.
Understanding drugs and addiction By Mzwandile Mashinini mzwandile mashinini
the presentation is based on drugs and addiction, we first start of by defining the terms drug and addiction, then discus the different kinds of drugs available to humans and finally we highlight some of the consequences of addiction together with a treatment plan . all the sources consulted that have been consulted are sited on the reference section
KAILANGGAN KO TONG GAWIN PARA SA GRADES KO UPANG PUMASA AKO DAHIL; KUNG HINDI KO ITO GAGAWIN BABAGSAK AKO. SANA AKO NA LANG ANG PINAKAMATAAS NA GRADES KASI AKO YUNG NAGPAKA HIRAP CHOS! HAHAHA! KASI YUNG IBA KONG KAKLASE TAMAD GUMAWA :) HAHAHAH!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. What is drug addiction?
Drug addiction, also referred to as drug dependence, is
a disorder of the brain brought on by the use of
psychoactive drugs. These drugs affect some of the
normal processes in the brain related to perception,
emotion, and motivation, thus affecting behaviour and
thoughts.
People are diagnosed as drug dependent if they have
shown or experienced three or more of the following,
at some time during the previous year:
4. Psychoactive drugs are those that work on the brain to
alter mood, behavior, thinking, and perception. Using
these drugs is probably the most common way
individuals alter their states of consciousness. There
are four major classifications of psychoactive drugs:
depressants, hallucinogens, opiates, and stimulants.
Let's take a closer look at each of these and their
effects on the individual.
12. First, stimuli from the external or internal
environment are received by the appropriate sensory
receptor such as the eyes or the ears. Once sensed,
these stimuli are converted into electrical impulses.
these impulses are then directed along the neuron’s
dendrite, through the cell body, and along the axon
toward the synaptic junction near an adjacent neuron.
13. Upon arrival at the synapse, the electrical impulses
stimulate the production and release of chemical
messages called neurotransmitters. The
neurotransmitters transmit the electrical impulses
from one neuron to the dendrites of adjoining
neurons. The neurons function in a coordinated
fashion to send information to the brain for
interpretation and to relay appropriate response
commands outward to the tissues of the body.
14. The role of the neurotransmitters is critically
important to relay of information within the system. A
substance that has ability to alter some aspects to
transmitter function has the potential to seriously
disrupt the otherwise normally functioning system.
Psychoactive drugs are capable of exerting these
disruptive influences on the neurotransmitters.
15. It is truly viral to understand the body’s reactions to
psychoactive drugs. Many of us Filipinos would deny
it but the truth is we really are a drug-oriented people.
We may not be aware of it but the fact that we take
pills for an ordinary headache, muscle pains, colds and
cough is a very clear manifestation. Many of our
elderly are also alarmed when adolescents use street-
drugs but never did they acknowledge their own
consumption of alcohol and cigarettes.
16. The major dangers of drugs are associated with their
classification. The following descriptions will gave you
a short background:
17. Stimulants
Stimulants are the opposite of depressants. They speed
up the activity in the central nervous system.
Stimulants include, but are not limited to, cocaine,
methamphetamine hydrochloride (speed), and
amphetamines (uppers). Because they speed up
mental and physical activity, they often create a feeling
of excitement, higher energy levels, and confidence.
However, large doses can create anxiety and
hallucinations, and can even cause convulsions and
death.
25. Side Effects of Stimulants
When used in conservative doses, stimulants do not usually cause significant
side effects in children. However, clinicians and parents should be alert for the
following potential negative effects. Side effects rarely are sufficiently severe to
require discontinuation of medications; many are alleviated by changes in
time of administration or dosage reduction.
Common side-effects
Appetite suppression is the most common side effect, affecting 50-60% of
children. Although minor in most cases, growth should be monitored at least
every 3 months early in treatment. Significant decreases in weight gain can
often be managed by giving medications with or after meals and by
maximizing caloric intake when children are "off" meds (e.g., breakfast, supper
and bedtime snack).
Sleep disturbances may occur in a small percentage of children, but are
typically transient. Sometimes children actually sleep better on treatment, for
they can finally "turn off the off-switch and go to sleep." If parents give the
medication too late in the day, surely the stimulant effect will keep the child
from going to sleep, but this is not really 'insomnia as a side effect."
Abdominal pain is reported in 30-40% of children; it seems more common in
children who take the medications on empty stomachs and may improve with
changes in time of administration relative to meals.
Headache has been reported in 20-40%; as with abdominal pain, this may
improve when medication are given after meals rather than before.
26. Depressants
Sometimes called “downers,” these drugs come in
multicolored tablets and capsules or in liquid form.
Some drugs in this category, such as Zyprexa, Seroquel
and Haldol, are known as “major tranquilizers” or
“antipsychotics,” as they are supposed to reduce the
symptoms of mental illness. Depressants such as
Xanax, Klonopin, Halcion and Librium are often
referred to as “benzos” (short for benzodiazepines1).
Other depressants, such as Amytal, Numbutal and
Seconal, are classed as barbiturates—drugs that are
used as sedatives and sleeping pills. Some of the well-
known brand and street names can be found
29. Depressants Long-TermEffects
Tolerance to many depressants can develop rapidly, with larger doses needed to
achieve the same effect. The user, trying to reach the same high, may raise the
dose to a level that results in coma or death by overdose.
Long-term use of depressants can produce depression, chronic fatigue,
breathing difficulties, sexual problems and sleep problems. As a dependency
on the drug increases, cravings, anxiety or panic are common if the user is
unable to get more.
Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, weakness and nausea. For continual
and high-dose users, agitation, high body temperature, delirium,
hallucinations and convulsions can occur. Unlike withdrawal from most drugs,
withdrawal from depressants can be life-threatening.
These drugs can also increase the risk of high blood sugar, diabetes, and weight
gain (instances of up to 100 pounds have been reported).
In a study conducted by USA Today, based on Food and Drug Administration
data over a four-year period, antipsychotics (a type of depressant) were the
prime suspects in forty-five deaths caused by heart problems, choking, liver
failure and suicide.
“I have overdosed twice off of prescription pills (Zyprexa) and had a close friend
die of the same drug....There is no worse feeling than knowing that your friend is
dead because you gave him pills you knew relatively little about.” —Linda
31. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens interfere with your normal thought
processes, altering your perceptions and affecting your
senses. Popular hallucinogens include lysergic acid
diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (mushrooms), and
mescaline (peyote). The effects of hallucinogens vary from
person to person, and also vary with each use. When a
person uses hallucinogens, he is often said to be “tripping.”
This trip could range anywhere from a pleasant period of
enlightenment to the most hellish of nightmares.
Hallucinogens can cause sensory hallucinations (hence the
name), the most common being visual hallucinations.
32.
33. Inhalants
“Inhalants” refers to the vapors from toxic substances which are inhaled to reach a quick
high. Of more than 1,000 household and other common products that could be abused as
inhalants, most often used are shoe polish, glue, toluene,1 gasoline, lighter fluid, nitrous
oxide2 or “whippets,” spray paint, correction fluid, cleaning fluid, amyl nitrite3 or
“poppers,” locker room deodorizers or “rush,” and lacquer thinner or other paint solvents.
Most of these produce effects similar to anesthetics, which slow down the body’s
functions. After an initial high and loss of inhibition comes drowsiness, light-headedness
and agitation.
The chemicals are rapidly absorbed through the lungs into the bloodstream and quickly
reach the brain and other organs, sometimes causing irreversible physical and mental
damage.
Users inhale the chemical vapors directly from open containers (“sniffing”) or breathe the
fumes from rags soaked in chemicals (“huffing”). Some spray the substance directly into
the nose or mouth, or pour it onto their collar, sleeves or cuffs and sniff them periodically.
In “bagging,” the user may inhale fumes from substances inside a paper or plastic bag.
Bagging in a closed area greatly increases the chances of suffocation.
“Poppers” and “whippets,” sold at concerts and dance clubs, are composed of poisonous
chemicals that can permanently damage the body and brain.
34.
35. HOW DO INHALANTS AFFECT YOUR
BODY?
Inhalants starve the body of oxygen and force the heart to
beat irregularly and more rapidly.
Users can experience nausea and nosebleeds and lose their
sense of hearing or smell. Chronic use can lead to muscle
wasting and reduced muscle tone, and the poisonous
chemicals gradually damage the lungs and the immune
system.
An inhalant user risks Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome.
Death can occur the first time or the hundredth time an
inhalant is used.
36. INHALANTS’ EFFECTS
Most inhalants act directly on the nervous system to produce mind-
altering effects. Within seconds, the user experiences intoxication and
other effects similar to those from alcohol. There are a variety of effects
that may be experienced during or shortly after use, including:
Slurred speech
Drunk, dizzy or dazed appearance
Inability to coordinate movement
Hallucinations and delusions
Hostility
Apathy
Impaired judgment
Unconsciousness
Severe headaches
37. Drug Misuse
The term misuse in this document refers to the illegal or
illicit drug taking or alcohol consumption which leads a
person to experience social, psychological, physical or legal
problems related to intoxication or regular excessive
consumption and/or dependence.
Drug misuse is therefore drug taking which causes harm to
the individual, their significant others or the wider
community. By definition those requiring drug treatment
are drug misusers.
38.
39.
40.
41. Drugs of abuse alter the way people think,
feel, and behave by disrupting
neurotransmission, the process of
communication between brain cells. Over
the past few decades, studies have
established that drug dependence and
addiction are features of an organic brain
disease caused by drugs' cumulative impacts
on neurotransmission. Scientists continue to
build on this essential understanding with
experiments to further elucidate the
physiological bases for drug abuse
vulnerability as well as the full dimensions
and progression of the disease. The findings
provide powerful leads to new medications
and behavioral treatments.