This document defines and explains common terminology used in the pharmaceutical field. It discusses terms like drug, medicine, classifications of drugs and medicines. It also defines other key terms including monograms, patents, brand names, generic names, over-the-counter drugs, narcotic drugs, biological drugs, and the nature of drugs. Traditional and herbal medicines are also described. The document provides references for each terminology defined.
Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs. The term drug nomenclature implies that there are several names that can be used to identify a drug. Normally drugs have three names: the chemical name, the generic name, and the trade name (brand name).
It is essential because it allows several thousand of drugs to be reduced to a manageable number of group.
There is no uniform or homogeneous system of classifying drugs that suits all purposes.
Drugs are classified according to the convenience of the person discussing them Chemist, Pharmacist, Pharmacologist and Clinician.
Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs. The term drug nomenclature implies that there are several names that can be used to identify a drug. Normally drugs have three names: the chemical name, the generic name, and the trade name (brand name).
It is essential because it allows several thousand of drugs to be reduced to a manageable number of group.
There is no uniform or homogeneous system of classifying drugs that suits all purposes.
Drugs are classified according to the convenience of the person discussing them Chemist, Pharmacist, Pharmacologist and Clinician.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on introduction to Pharmacology by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
This is to deal with UG Pharmacology entry label practical To know what are the various sources of drug information.
To select the appropriate source depending on the information.
To discuss briefly the role of electronic media in medicine.
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
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the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
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5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Drug medicine pharmaceuticals
1. Topic :Some terminology frequently used in
pharmaceutical field specially Drug, Medicine ,
pharmaceutical
FACULTY:MRS SONIA ZAMAN
2. Contents
DRUG
MEDICINE
CLASSIFICATIONOF DRUG
CLASSIFICATIONOF MEDICINE
NATURE OF DRUG
MONOGRAM
PATENT
BRAND NAME
CHEMICAL NAME
GENERIC NAME
3. What is Terminology ?
Term is a word group of words with particular meaning &
Terminology is the noun from of term.
Terminology in pharmaceutical field means a word or group which
use for specific meaning.
REFERENCE : Oxford dictionary & Fundamentals of computer by M.A..Mazid
4. Some terminology in pharmacy
There are some terminology in pharmacy namely
1. Drug
2. Medicine
3. Pharmaceuticals & so on
Reference : Fundamentals of Pharmacy by M.A Majid
5. What is Drug ?
A Drug as any Substances that are
used to modify physical state or
pathological system for the
benefit of recipient.
There are four types of drug namely
1. Crude drugs
2. Non-Official drug,
3. Official drug,
4. Un-Official drug.
Reference : Fundamentals of computer by
M.A..Mazid
6. What is Medicine ?
Medicine is any drug which
has definite dose & dosage
form & is used to treat disease
in man or human. Medicine is
two types,
1. Traditional medicine.
2. Herbal medicine.
Reference: Introduction to pharmacy by Dr.
Md. Shah Amran
7. What is Herbal Medicine?
A Herbal medicine is a drug which
manipulate from plants. For this
reason many people called it
Botanical Drug.
Herbal Drug is three types. which is
1. Homeopathic Drug
2. Unani Drug
3. Ayorbedic Drug.
Reference: Fundamentals of pharmacy by M.A.Mazid
8. What is Traditional Medicine?
Traditional Medicine is the sum
total of the knowledge, skills, &
practice based on the theories
,beliefs,& experience used in the
maintains of health as well as in
the prevention ,diagnosis,
improvement, or treatment of
physical & mental illness.
Traditional medicine is two types.
Namely
1:Counterfeit medicine,
2:Essential medicine.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A. Mazid
9. What’s Essential medicine?
Essential medicine are those
whose satisfy the Priority
health care needs of the
Population. From huge
Essential medicine one is
Dopamin.
Dopamine is an organic
chemical which play several
rule against brain.The
molecular formula of Dopamine
is C8H11NO2.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A. MAZID
10. Another types of drug
Without these there are
another types of drug namely
1. OTC Drug
2. Me-too drug
3. Legend drug
4. Misbranded drug
5. Narcotic drug
6. Dangerous drug
7. Thermolabile drug
8. Biological drug
9. Non biological drug.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
11. OTC Drug
OTC means over the counter.
Drugs which can be take
without any prescription are
called OTC Drug.They have
excellent safety for patients.
Example :paracetamol, antacid,
aspirin.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
12. Me-too drug
A drug Structurally very similar
to already known drug with
only minor Pharmaceutical
difference is called Me-too
drug.This drug also known as
follow –on. Example
:omeprazole.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid.
13. Narcotic drug
Drugs which act on CNS to
relieve pain but produce
Narcosis & addiction are called
narcotic drug. Example
:Morphine.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
14. Thermolabile drug
Drugs which are destroyed or
degraded by heat or light are
calledThermolabile drug.
Example :Insulin .
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
15. Biological drug
Drugs which are obtained from
biological sources, are termed
as biological drug.This drug is
normally protein or peptide in
nature & aren’t suitable for oral
use. Example : Injection.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
16. Non-biological Drugs
Drugs which are obtained by
synthesis are termed as non-
biological Drugs. Example
:paracetamol.
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
17. Nature of drug
Drugs are chemical substances.
All of the drug are either weakly
acidic nor weakly basic. For
Example Aspirin(weakly acidic )
Morphine(Weakly basic).
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.
Mazid
18. MONOGRAM
The descriptive material pertaining to any drugs or preparation in the
pharmacopeia and the national formulary is known as Monogram.
A monogram is generally includes the name of ingredient or
preparation includes the definition, packaging, storing and labeling.
This specification consists of a series of test procedure for the test
and acceptor for the test.
Reference: Fundamentals of pharmacy by M.A. Mazid .
19. PATENT
A patent for an invention is
granted by the Govtment to
the inventor, giving the right
for a limited period to stops
others from making, selling
and marketing or using the
invention without the
permission of the inventor .
Reference: Fundamentals of pharmacy by
M.A.Mazid
20. BRAND NAME
The name that is privately owned by Manufacturer or distributor
and used to distinguish the from competitors product is called brand
name.
Several companies may make the same generic medicine ,each with
their own brand name.
Example: Parecetamle is the Generic name of Panadol, NAPA, Ace
Plus , Calpol etc
Reference: Fundamentals of pharmacy by M.A.Mazid
21. GENERIC NAME
The established or common name of the active drug in a drug
product is known as the Generic name. Each medicine has an
approved Generic name.
Example: Salicylic acid.
Reference: Fundamentals of pharmacy by M.A.Mazid
22. REMEMBER
The attributes of the drug
Those of the patient receiving the drug
Those of the person prescribing the drug
The setting in which the drug is administrated
Reference: Fundamental of pharmacy by M.A.Mazid