This document summarizes a symposium on freeway and tollway operations that discussed speed limits from planning, driver attitude, and research perspectives in Greece. It presented data on drivers' self-reported and observed speeds on Greek motorways, which found most drivers exceed the 120 km/h limit. Surveys found safety is the main reason drivers comply with limits, while being in a hurry is the top reason for exceeding limits. Researchers recommended considering engineering, economic, and drivers' choice factors when setting reliable speed limits.
John Njord and Carlos Braceras gave the this presentation to the Infrastructure and General Government Appropriations Subcommittee on January 31, 2012.
Wisdom of crowds business intelligence market study findings overviewYellowfin
The latest edition – based on 859 responses from professionals with first-hand experience using vendor products and services – analyzes market place trends throughout 2011 and assess user perceptions towards BI for the coming year. The study also compares and ranks 17 of the world’s foremost BI vendors, their solution and associated services. Yellowfin achieved the equal highest overall ranking (4.57 out of five), as well as best outright score in the study’s “Emerging Business Intelligence Vendors” sub-group.
Yellowfin outscored traditional big name players, including Microsoft, IBM, SAP Business Objects, MicroStrategy, SAS Institute and Oracle. Yellowfin also outperformed other high profile vendors, including Information Builders, Actuate, Qliktech, Tibco Spotfire, Dimensional Insight, Arcplan, Pentaho and Jaspersoft.
Vendors are ranked on a five-point scale, across 33 different criteria, based on seven categories, including: Sales experience, value, quality and usefulness of product, quality of technical support, quality and value of consulting services, integrity and whether existing clients would recommend the vendor and its product to others.
BMW – A Future Vision for Sustainable Electric Mobility (http://bit.ly/Join-E...Paul Stith
Presentation given to attendees at the Electric Vehicle Business & Career Network A Future Vision for Sustainable Electric Mobility – Presented by Peter Dempster – EV Business Social, Silicon Valley Edition - April 2013. Join us on LinkedIn (http://bit.ly/Join-EVBCN)
John Njord and Carlos Braceras gave the this presentation to the Infrastructure and General Government Appropriations Subcommittee on January 31, 2012.
Wisdom of crowds business intelligence market study findings overviewYellowfin
The latest edition – based on 859 responses from professionals with first-hand experience using vendor products and services – analyzes market place trends throughout 2011 and assess user perceptions towards BI for the coming year. The study also compares and ranks 17 of the world’s foremost BI vendors, their solution and associated services. Yellowfin achieved the equal highest overall ranking (4.57 out of five), as well as best outright score in the study’s “Emerging Business Intelligence Vendors” sub-group.
Yellowfin outscored traditional big name players, including Microsoft, IBM, SAP Business Objects, MicroStrategy, SAS Institute and Oracle. Yellowfin also outperformed other high profile vendors, including Information Builders, Actuate, Qliktech, Tibco Spotfire, Dimensional Insight, Arcplan, Pentaho and Jaspersoft.
Vendors are ranked on a five-point scale, across 33 different criteria, based on seven categories, including: Sales experience, value, quality and usefulness of product, quality of technical support, quality and value of consulting services, integrity and whether existing clients would recommend the vendor and its product to others.
BMW – A Future Vision for Sustainable Electric Mobility (http://bit.ly/Join-E...Paul Stith
Presentation given to attendees at the Electric Vehicle Business & Career Network A Future Vision for Sustainable Electric Mobility – Presented by Peter Dempster – EV Business Social, Silicon Valley Edition - April 2013. Join us on LinkedIn (http://bit.ly/Join-EVBCN)
Symantec’s 2010 Global SMB Information Protection Survey found that small and midsized businesses (SMBs with 10 to 499 employees) are now making protecting their information their highest IT priority, as opposed to 15 months ago when a high percentage had failed to enact even the most basic safeguards. This shift makes sense as SMBs are facing increased threats from cyber attacks, lost devices and loss of confidential or proprietary data.
SLRG's annual consumer outlook for the golf market was culled from a survey of over 1,100 avid golfer respondents. It was presented by Sports and Leisure Research Group President Jon Last, on January 28 to invited guests of Sports Illustrated Golf Group at the 2011 PGA Merchandise Show in Orlando, Florida.
Google Automotive provides this data and presentation to automotive marketing professionals.
The ADM Professional Community is a living example of the compelling value proposition for online communities that serve the automotive industry. ADM serves as proof that the impact of Social Media on the automotive vertical is more significant than widely understood. Be sure to visit the ADM Professional Community at http://www.AutomotiveDigitalMarketing.com or the acronym URL at http://www.ADMPC.com or the Twitter URL at http://ADM.fm today, and don't just be a Lurker... Join!
You get an OutOfMemoryError because your program requires more memory than the JVM has available. There is nothing you can specifically do at run time to help this.
Symantec’s 2010 Global SMB Information Protection Survey found that small and midsized businesses (SMBs with 10 to 499 employees) are now making protecting their information their highest IT priority, as opposed to 15 months ago when a high percentage had failed to enact even the most basic safeguards. This shift makes sense as SMBs are facing increased threats from cyber attacks, lost devices and loss of confidential or proprietary data.
SLRG's annual consumer outlook for the golf market was culled from a survey of over 1,100 avid golfer respondents. It was presented by Sports and Leisure Research Group President Jon Last, on January 28 to invited guests of Sports Illustrated Golf Group at the 2011 PGA Merchandise Show in Orlando, Florida.
Google Automotive provides this data and presentation to automotive marketing professionals.
The ADM Professional Community is a living example of the compelling value proposition for online communities that serve the automotive industry. ADM serves as proof that the impact of Social Media on the automotive vertical is more significant than widely understood. Be sure to visit the ADM Professional Community at http://www.AutomotiveDigitalMarketing.com or the acronym URL at http://www.ADMPC.com or the Twitter URL at http://ADM.fm today, and don't just be a Lurker... Join!
You get an OutOfMemoryError because your program requires more memory than the JVM has available. There is nothing you can specifically do at run time to help this.
Want to learn how to create partnerships with local schools to help shape healthier and more safe communities? This presentation takes you step-by-step through the process of implementing a Shared Use campaign in your community to help keep schools open as centers of activity for families from all walks of life.
In January 2009, I conducted a practice management survey of IMCA members. The results of that survey were published in a paper I wrote called, From Pain to Gain: How To Capitalize On the Opportunity of A Lifetime, which appeared in the Spring 2009 issue of the IMCA Monitor. This slide presentation summarizes the results. You can access the article at http://www.stevesaenz.com/from-pain-to-gain-how-to-capitalize-on-a-once-in-a-lifetime-opportunity.html
Analytical 3-D calculation of sight distances that prove to mitigate the resulting sight distance calculation errors based on the conventional 2-D calculation approach.
Presented at the Road Safety & Simulation Conference in Rome 2013
Presentation of traffic forecasting Irregularities found in the Athens metropolitan area in conjuction with the construction of the main motorway of Athens
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
Whether you’re looking to create a guest house, a rental unit, or a private retreat, our experienced team will design a space that complements your existing home and maximizes your investment. We provide personalized, comprehensive expert accessory dwelling unit (ADU)drafting solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring a seamless process from concept to completion.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
1. 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
FREEWAY AND TOLLWAY OPERATIONS
TRB Freeway Operations Committee
Athens 2006
SPEED LIMITS: planning perspectives
and drivers’ attitudes in Greece
Petros Vythoulkas
Basil Psarianos
Pavlos Chorianopoulos
Faculty of Rural and Surveying Engineering
National Technical University of Athens
Eva Kasapi
Ministry of Environment, Regional Planning and Public Works
2. Setting speed limits: a complex trade-off
safety,
environmental mobility
and and
economic
energy costs
costs
speed
• Speed may affect the severity and risk of accidents.
• But unreasonably low speed limits increase drivers’ violation
of the speed limits
3. Objectives
• Investigate drivers’ speed choice behaviour and
their attitudes towards speed limits
• Review the current practices in setting speed
limits.
• Directions for future research
4. Drivers’ speed choice
Most drivers select a reasonably safe speed for the conditions
under which they travel
They select their self-optimum speed primarily on the basis of
Travel time minimisation
Accident risk minimisation
Minimisation of the Risk of being caught speeding
Fuel economy
The self-optimum speed is related to driver’s
Personal characteristics age, income, driving experience,
risk behaviour, environmental awareness
Journey characteristics
5. Driver speeds in the trunk road network in Greece
Surveys in the context of the research project
“Method for Setting Reliable Speed Limits in Greece”
funded by the Ministry of Environment, Regional Planning
and Planning Works.
Speed choices are analysed based :
a) on actual speed data collected through the use of radar
meters at 15 stations along the rural highway network of
Greece.
b) on a dataset collected through a questionnaire survey
that was conducted at 5 motorway toll plazas in Greece.
9. Probability distribution of observed speeds in motorway
Cumulative probability distribution of observed speeds in the left
with general speed limit 120 km/h
and right lane of motorway with speed limit 120 km/h
120%
100%
85%
80%
Left lane
60%
Right lane
both lanes
40%
31,7%
19,3%
20%
5,6%
0%
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Speed limit 140 152 157 Speed (km/h)
10. Roadside surveys
• Self reported speed and relation to drivers’
characteristics
• Drivers’ attitudes towards speed limits
11. Self reported speeds in motorways with general
Histogram and cumulative probabality distribution of self reported speeds in
speed limit 120km/h
motorways with with speed limit 120 km/h
Histogram Cumulative probability distribution
35% 120%
cumulative probability distribution
30%
100%
29% 26%
25%
80%
20%
60%
15%
40%
10% 12%
8% 5% 20%
5% 6% 6% 3%
1% 1% 1% 1%
0% 0%
0% 0%
70 80 90 100 110 120 125 130 135 140 150 155 160 170 180 190 200 220
V85 = 140 ~150 km/h self reported speed (km/h)
12. Self reported speed and driver’s age
in motorways with general speed limit 120 km/h
= < 80istribution of self reported speed in-motorways with speed limit 120 km/h101 -age
D km/h 81 100 km/h by driver's
120 km/h
121 - 130 km/h 131 - 140 km/h > = 141 km/h
50%
46%
42%
41%
45%
37%
40%
34%
34%
32%
35%
31%
27%
30%
25%
25%
24%
24%
23%
25%
18%
17%
16%
20%
15%
14%
13%
14%
13%
11%
11%
15%
10%
9%
10%
5%
5%
0%
18 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64 > 65 Sample
driver's age
13. Self reported speed and vehicle engine’s power
in motorwaysreported speed in motorways with speed limit120 km/h
Distribution of self with general speed limit (120 km/h)
by vehicle engine size
= < 80 km/h 81 - 100 km/h 101 - 120 km/h
121 - 130 km/h 131 - 140 km/h > = 141 km/h
70%
64%
60%
50%
50%
43%
40%
34%
29%
30%
25% 26%
20% 21%
20% 17%
10% 7% 8% 9% 7% 7% 8%
0%
<= 1100 1101 - 1400 1401 - 1800 1801 - 2300 > 2300 sample
14. Self reported speed and frequency of use
in motorways with general speed limit 120 km/h
Distribution of self reported speed in motorway and trip frequency
< 110 km/h 110 - 130 km/h > 130 km/h
80%
70% 67%
63%
60% 57%
53%
49% 46%
50% 42% 44%
43% 41% 44%
40% 36%
30%
30%
20%
20% 14% 16% 13%
7% 10%
10% 5% 3%
0%
almost 1 - 2 days/ once in a once a several 1 - 3 times Sample
every day week fortnight month times a a year
year
15. Relationship between self reported speed and personal
characteristics of drivers
Reference values: Linear regression coefficients
- Age > 65 Coef value t
(Constant) 109,94 13,19
- Engine =< 1100 cc
AGE 18 - 24 29,961 5,22
- Frequency 1- 3 /year
AGE 25 - 34 27,864 5,85
- Gender male AGE 35 - 44 19,266 4,04
- Not involved in accident AGE 45 - 54 21,596 4,56
AGE 55 - 64 20,229 4,10
- No speeding ticket
ENGINE > 2300 cc 24,926 3,61
- Do not consider safety
Frequency: Almost every day 6,593 1,82
as a reason for
GENDER -6,011 -1,93
conforming with speed
limit Involvement in an accident -5,214 -1,95
Speeding ticket in the last 5 years 6,529 2,75
Safety is a reason for conforming with
speed limit -11,127 -4,01
16. Exceeding the motorway speed limit:
Factors affecting driver choices
Binary logit coefficients
β Sig.
AGE 18 - 24 1,551 0,005
AGE 25 - 34 1,3 0
GENDER (0:male, 1:female) -0,826 0,033
ENGINE > 2300 cc 2,64 0,014
ENGINE 1801 – 2300 cc 0,946 0,014
ENGINE 1401 – 1800 cc 0,601 0,023
SPEEDING TICKET 0,967 0,001
SAFETY is a reason for
conforming with the speed limit -1,002 0
17. Reasons that car drivers conform with the
motorway general speed limit (120km/h)
Driver’s speed
Reasons for conforming with % of Drivers who
speed limit drivers Conform with Others F sig
speed limit
Safety 76,2% 128 142 23,4 0
Risk of getting a speeding
ticket 25,5% 130 136 4,929 0,02
Legislation 14,3% 131 131 0,005 0,94
Fuel cost 4,4% 127 131 0,573 0,45
Driver is not in a hurry 4,1% 121 132 3,059 0,81
Environmental 1,4% 122 131 0,695 0,40
Other reasons 1,4% 127 131 0,128 0,72
Drivers who stated that
they do not conform with
the 120km/h speed limit in
motorways 3,4% 160 130 20,26 0
18. Reasons that drivers exceed the motorway general
speed limit (120km/h)
Drivers who
Reasons for exceeding the % of exceed the Others F sig.
speed limit drivers speed limit
Being in a hurry 42,9% 131 131 0,01 0,91
The limit for safe driving is higher
than 120km/h in motorways 31,3% 138 128 13,1 0
Other reasons 24,5% 134 131 0,36 0,55
Adjusting to the speed of other
vehicles 5,1% 132 131 0,02 0,89
Enjoy speeding 4,8% 149 130 10,1 0,00
Being bored driving at low speed 4,8% 147 131 8,1 0,01
No specific reason 3,4% 133 131 0,11 0,74
Never/rarely exceed the speed
limit 24,5% 116 136 56,5 0
19. Drivers’ views on the 120km/h general speed limit on
motorways
Drivers' views on the level of speed limit in motorways (120km/h)
70% 65% 150
60%
mean speed (km/h)
138 140
% of drivers
50%
40% 130
31%
30% 120
112 120
20%
110
10% 5%
0% 100
It's very high and It's about right It's very low and
should be decreased should be increased
20. Should drivers exceed speed limits?
Speed limits should never be
Speed limits should never be exceeded
exceeded
45% 160
42%
40% 152
35% 150
35%
mean speed (km/h)
30%
%Drivers
139
140
25%
131
20%
126 130
15%
10% 10%
8% 120
5% 114 5%
0% 110
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree agree not Disagree
disagree
21. Should drivers exceed speed limits?
Current Speed limits are lower than the limit
for safe driving andkm/h or more 10 thus could be exceeded
Speed limits are lower than the speed limit for safe driving, and thus they could be exceeded by
by 10 km/h or even more
60% 151 160
50% 150
46%
137 138
mean speed (km/h)
140
40%
% of Drivers
36%
124 130
30%
120
20%
110
14% 100
10% 100
2% 2%
0% 90
Strongly Agree Neither agree Disagree Strongly
Agree not disagree Disagree
22. Should drivers exceed speed limits?
Speed limits are inaccurate
Drivers can judge forare inaccurate
Speed limits themselves whether
Drivers can judge whether they can drive slowly or fast .
they should drive slowly or fast
70% 160
60% 150 59%
150
mean speed (km/h)
50%
% of drivers
137 140
40% 134
130
30% 130
123
20% 18%
12% 120
10% 9%
2%
0% 110
Strongly Agree Neither agree Disagree Strongly
Agree not disagree Disagree
23. Main findings from surveys
Current speed limits are exceeded by the vast majority
of drivers.
Speed limit offenders are mostly Young drivers,
Frequent users and drivers of high engine power cars.
Safety is the main reason for conforming with speed
limits.
Being in a hurry is the main reason for exceeding speed
limits.
~40% of drivers consider current speed limits as lower
than the limit for safe driving, and believe that speed
limits could be exceeded by 10km/h or more.
24. Reasons for regulating drivers’ speed
Self optimum speed : Driver tries to minimise
travel time,
perceived risk of accident
perceived risk of being caught
fuel cost
drivers can impose significant risks
Social optimum
and uncompensated costs on others
Different drivers have different risk Cost of travel time
tolerances Accident costs
May have inadequate information
and/or misjudge roadway conditions, Environmental costs
and own and vehicle capabilities Energy costs
May misjudge the effect speed on
Enforcement cost
accident probability and severity
25. Different approaches in setting speed limits
(Fildes et al. for Austroads 2005)
Engineering
Road geometry, Traffic speeds, Accident data, Traffic
volumes, Roadside development.
Drivers’ Choice
Drivers select a reasonable and safe travel speed.
The posted speed limit is the 85th percentile driving speed.
Economic Optimisation
All costs (travel time, injury, death, environmental, energy)
associated with travel are expressed in monetary terms.
The posted speed limit is the speed that results in the lowest cost.
Harm Minimisation
Life and health cannot be measured in monetary terms.
Fatalities or serious casualties is not considered as an
inevitable cost of increased mobility.
27. Road accident costs
AccC = Σi NiA * VAcci
where
NA the number of accidents of category i
Vacc the cost of an accident
Estimation of a fatal accident cost is a controversial issue
Different methods
Human Capital Approach
Willingness to Pay
can lead to significantly different costs of accidents
28. The number of Road accidents
(Nilsson (1984)
NA = (VA/VB)p * NB
NA = number of accidents After the speed change
NB = number of accidents Before the speed change
VA = mean or median speed After
VB = mean or median speed Before
p = 4 for fatal accidents
3 for serious injury accidents
2 for minor injury accidents
Poor estimates of NB can result in highly inaccurate estimates of
NA, particularly in the case of fatal accidents where p = 4
Speed variance is also considered as an important factor
29. Travel time costs
TimC = Traffic Volume * Travel Time * VoT
requires reliable estimates of the value of time
Vehicle operating costs
OpC = Traffic Volume * distance
* Fuel Consumption * fuel cost
- Reliable Fuel consumption functions are available for different
types of vehicles
- Fleet composition data should be available
30. Traffic emissions costs
Atmospheric emission pollutants which are normally regarded as
the ones of most concern include:
Euro III_< 1.4 l Euro III_1.4 - 2.0 l Euro III_> 2.0 l
• Hydrocarbons and other
organic compounds (VOC), Euro IV_< 1.4 l Euro IV_1.4 - 2.0 l Euro IV_> 2.0 l
benzene, 1,3-butadiene 0,8
NOx emissions rates
• Carbon monoxide CO 0,7
• Nitrogen Oxides NOx 0,6
• Particular Matter (PM) –
Ν Ο x e m i s s i o n s (g r / k m )
0,5
particles emitted from the
0,4
exhaust
0,3
• CO2: is a main contributor
to global warming. 0,2
0,1
Extensive database of vehicle
Emission functions is provided by 0,0
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80 100 120 140 160 180
80 100 120 140 160 180
the UK Dept of Environment Speed (km/h)
speed (km/h))
31. Traffic emissions costs
EmisC = Σi Volume Pollutanti * CoPi
where
CoPi the cost of pollutant i.
Traffic emission impact depends on
• the size of the population living in the vicinity of the
road, and who are exposed to emissions, and
• the emission concentration which the population is
exposed to.
Pollutant concentrations at the road side receptors
should be estimated by taking into account the
dispersion and dilution of the pollutants.
Vehicle fleet composition
Cost of different pollutants has not been estimated in Greece
32. Noise pollution impact
Depends on the size of the population living in the vicinity
of the road, and who are exposed to noise.
Noise level depends on speed, traffic volume and form of
roadside development - Estimation of noise level is a
complex problem often requiring specialised SW
Cost and effectiveness of noise barriers should be
compared to cost of reduced mobility due to speed
reduction
Cost of noise pollution – hedonic pricing applied in urban
areas, WTP approaches
Noise pollution cost has not been estimated in Greece
33. Speed limits, speed distribution and
speed enforcement
Low/moderate
All relationships for estimating
enforcement
safety, environmental, energy and
mobility implications are based on
driver speeds - not speed limits.
Nonlinear relationships imply that
speed distributions rather than
mean speed values should be
used.
f( E[v] ) ≠ E[ f(v) ] Intense
Accident frequency is related to enforcement
speed variance.
Intensity of speed enforcement
affects speed distribution
But cost of intensive enforcement
can incur high costs Speed limit
34. Future research
Further research in
• Effect of level of enforcement on speed distribution
• Speed – accident relationships
• Reliable estimates of accident, pollution costs
Complexities and uncertainties related to the estimation of the
monetary values of the various benefits and disbenefits from
speed changes dictate that alternative options that could
improve accident rate should always be considered before
proceeding to speed limit changes.