This document provides standards for drafting drawings of bevel and hypoid gears. It establishes formats, terminology and minimum data requirements for gear drawings, including examples of gear configurations and guidelines for dimensioning. Manufacturing and inspection information may be included if necessary to control special situations. The purpose is to provide uniformity in engineering gear drawings and their technical specifications.
This document discusses riveted joints, including their applications, materials used, types of joints, and failure modes. Riveted joints are used in pressure vessels, boilers, tanks, bridges, ships, airplanes, cranes, buildings, and machinery. Common materials for rivets include steel, nickel steel, brass, and aluminum. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. Potential failure modes are bending of rivets or plates, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, rupture of plates, and tearing or shearing of margins. The document provides equations to calculate the load capacities of riveted joints based on these failure modes.
There are four main types of vices: bench vices, pipe vices, pin vices, and hand vices. Bench vices are used in workshops and come in either a swivel base or fixed base model. Pipe vices are used for holding pipes and have a fixed jaw and a movable jaw that slides through a screw and nut. Pin vices are used by watchmakers to hold small wires and have a chuck that uses jaws to grip the wire. Hand vices are used by key makers and have two pivoted jaws, one fixed and one movable, that are brought together using a bolt and wing nut.
The document discusses riveted joints. It describes the different types of rivets and rivet heads. The key types of riveted joints are lap joints and butt joints. Important terms used in riveted joints are also defined, such as pitch and margin. Guidelines for the proportions of dimensions for riveted joints are provided. Examples of different double and single riveted lap and butt joints are shown.
Machining is an essential process for finishing workpieces to desired dimensions and surface finish. A lathe allows precise machining of cylindrical workpieces through various operations like turning, grooving, chamfering, parting, and facing. Key parts of a lathe include the headstock, which holds the workpiece, and the carriage, which supports the cutting tool. Common lathe accessories include centers, chucks, and rests, which provide workpiece support during machining operations.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and technical drawing basics. It discusses different types of drawings, orthographic projections, scales, drawing tools like compasses and mini drafters, layout of drawing sheets, title blocks, and guidelines for labeling, dimensioning, line types and arrowheads. Key topics covered include the purpose of technical drawings in engineering, basic drawing terminology, and how to set up a drawing for clarity and accuracy.
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. They are held in a chuck and rotate to provide torque and force. Specialized bits can create non-cylindrical holes. Common drilling operations include reaming to enlarge holes, tapping to cut internal threads, counterboring, and countersinking. Twist drill bits are the most commonly used type and have a cylindrical shaft and helical flutes.
Screw Thread measurement: Two wire
Screw Thread measurement: Three wire
Screw Thread measurement: Floating Carriage
Gear measurement: Gear tooth comparator
Gear measurement: Master Gear
Gear measurement: Using Rollers and Parkinson Gear Tester
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Tool Maker’s microscope,
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Profile Projector
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using 3D CMM
This document discusses riveted joints and provides information on:
1. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. A lap joint has one plate overlapping the other, while a butt joint has plates aligned and touching with a cover plate riveted on one or both sides.
2. Important terms for riveted joints include pitch (distance between rivet centers), transverse pitch, diagonal pitch, and margin (distance from rivet hole to plate edge).
3. Dimensions for riveted joints include rivet diameter, hole diameter 1.5 times rivet diameter, longitudinal pitch 3 times rivet diameter, and transverse/zigzag pitch as a ratio of longitudinal pitch.
This document discusses riveted joints, including their applications, materials used, types of joints, and failure modes. Riveted joints are used in pressure vessels, boilers, tanks, bridges, ships, airplanes, cranes, buildings, and machinery. Common materials for rivets include steel, nickel steel, brass, and aluminum. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. Potential failure modes are bending of rivets or plates, shearing of rivets, crushing of rivets or plates, rupture of plates, and tearing or shearing of margins. The document provides equations to calculate the load capacities of riveted joints based on these failure modes.
There are four main types of vices: bench vices, pipe vices, pin vices, and hand vices. Bench vices are used in workshops and come in either a swivel base or fixed base model. Pipe vices are used for holding pipes and have a fixed jaw and a movable jaw that slides through a screw and nut. Pin vices are used by watchmakers to hold small wires and have a chuck that uses jaws to grip the wire. Hand vices are used by key makers and have two pivoted jaws, one fixed and one movable, that are brought together using a bolt and wing nut.
The document discusses riveted joints. It describes the different types of rivets and rivet heads. The key types of riveted joints are lap joints and butt joints. Important terms used in riveted joints are also defined, such as pitch and margin. Guidelines for the proportions of dimensions for riveted joints are provided. Examples of different double and single riveted lap and butt joints are shown.
Machining is an essential process for finishing workpieces to desired dimensions and surface finish. A lathe allows precise machining of cylindrical workpieces through various operations like turning, grooving, chamfering, parting, and facing. Key parts of a lathe include the headstock, which holds the workpiece, and the carriage, which supports the cutting tool. Common lathe accessories include centers, chucks, and rests, which provide workpiece support during machining operations.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and technical drawing basics. It discusses different types of drawings, orthographic projections, scales, drawing tools like compasses and mini drafters, layout of drawing sheets, title blocks, and guidelines for labeling, dimensioning, line types and arrowheads. Key topics covered include the purpose of technical drawings in engineering, basic drawing terminology, and how to set up a drawing for clarity and accuracy.
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. They are held in a chuck and rotate to provide torque and force. Specialized bits can create non-cylindrical holes. Common drilling operations include reaming to enlarge holes, tapping to cut internal threads, counterboring, and countersinking. Twist drill bits are the most commonly used type and have a cylindrical shaft and helical flutes.
Screw Thread measurement: Two wire
Screw Thread measurement: Three wire
Screw Thread measurement: Floating Carriage
Gear measurement: Gear tooth comparator
Gear measurement: Master Gear
Gear measurement: Using Rollers and Parkinson Gear Tester
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Tool Maker’s microscope,
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Profile Projector
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using 3D CMM
This document discusses riveted joints and provides information on:
1. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. A lap joint has one plate overlapping the other, while a butt joint has plates aligned and touching with a cover plate riveted on one or both sides.
2. Important terms for riveted joints include pitch (distance between rivet centers), transverse pitch, diagonal pitch, and margin (distance from rivet hole to plate edge).
3. Dimensions for riveted joints include rivet diameter, hole diameter 1.5 times rivet diameter, longitudinal pitch 3 times rivet diameter, and transverse/zigzag pitch as a ratio of longitudinal pitch.
This document provides an overview of bolted joints, including:
1. Definitions of bolted joints and their design objectives to avoid slipping or disconnection of parts.
2. Methods for assembling bolted joints, including torque control, torque with angle, yield control, and bolt tensioning.
3. Factors that influence bolted joints, such as plating, tools, relaxation, and workloads.
4. Quality controls and failure analysis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining sufficient residual clamp load.
5. A patented technology for analyzing torque-angle curves to measure clamp loads and friction coefficients.
presentation is divided into three parts,
1)spur gears failure
2)Beam Strength while designing spur gears
3)Wear Strength while designing spur gears
this is not all for spur gears,just a part of design
This document discusses different types of bevel protractors and their uses. It describes a vernier bevel protractor as having a main scale graduated in degrees from 0 to 90 in both directions, with an adjustable blade that can rotate and lock at any position. The vernier scale allows measurements to an accuracy of 5 minutes. Bevel protractors can be used to measure acute angles and check V-blocks and beveled surfaces. The document also briefly explains how a sine bar, used with slip gauges, can precisely measure and locate workpieces at given angles through the use of parallel cylinders of equal diameter attached to its ends.
This document discusses marking out and measuring equipment, tools, and techniques. It aims to enable trainees to choose, maintain, and use suitable marking out and measuring equipment. It describes various tools like rulers, tapes, calipers, micrometers, gauges, and their uses. It also discusses marking out processes and tools used for transferring designs to workpieces like dividers and odd leg calipers.
metal cutting,manufacturing processes,Production TechnologyProf.Mayur Modi
The document discusses principles of metal cutting, classification of metal cutting processes, types of chips formed, chip thickness, velocity relationships, forces acting on the chip during orthogonal cutting according to Merchant's analysis, tool force dynamometers, cutting tool materials, tool coatings, and types of tool wear like crater wear. It provides information on the mechanics and physics involved in different metal cutting processes.
(1) The document discusses power screws, which are screw and nut systems that convert rotational motion to linear motion.
(2) Power screws have advantages like high efficiency in transmitting power but limitations like lower strength than V-threads.
(3) Common forms of threads for power screws include square, ACME, trapezoidal, and buttress threads, which vary in properties like strength, efficiency, and direction of power transmission.
This document discusses hydraulic circuits and systems. It describes different types of gas loaded accumulators including non-separator, separator, piston, diaphragm, and bladder types. It lists several applications of accumulators such as damping pulsations and shocks, increasing operational circuit speed, clamping devices, standby power supplies, surge reduction, and vehicle suspension. The document also discusses pressure intensifiers which are used to boost hydraulic system pressure above the pump discharge pressure, finding application where high pressure liquid is needed from a low pressure source, such as hydraulic presses.
1. The document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including bolts, nuts, screws, and studs. It covers thread terminology, types of threads, and how to draw and dimension threaded parts.
2. Methods for cutting external and internal threads are described. Metric and imperial thread standards are also outlined.
3. Detailed steps are provided for drawing bolts, nuts, studs, cap screws, and set screws including terminology, applications, and dimensional conventions.
Fitting Definition: Fitting is the process of assembling various parts manufactured in the machine shop. The various types of tools used in Engineering Workshop are as follows.
For more, Click https://mechanicalstudents.com/fitting-workshop/
This document provides information on measuring various geometric properties of screws, gears, and surfaces. It discusses measuring the thread properties like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and flank angle using tools like micrometers, thread gauges, and optical projectors. Gear measurement techniques are described for properties such as runout, pitch, profile, backlash, and tooth thickness. Methods for measuring radii, roundness, flatness, and surface finish are also summarized. The document aims to outline the different measurement techniques and terminology used for dimensional inspection of screws, gears, and surface geometry.
- A fastener is a device used to hold parts together or in place. As a technician, skills include removing, repairing, replacing, and installing fasteners. It is important to learn how to remove stuck fasteners without breaking them.
- To remove a stuck fastener, spray it with penetrating oil, let it soak in, then use a six-point socket or wrench with a breaker bar to apply torque and loosen the fastener. Heating can also help loosen fasteners if done carefully.
- When replacing a fastener, always use a new one that matches the original in length, diameter, thread pitch, plating/material, grade, and weight to
This document provides an overview of various hand tools used in construction, including cutting tools, planning tools, and smoothing tools. It describes different types of saws such as crosscut saws, rip saws, backsaws, hacksaws, and drywall saws. It also discusses cutting tools like tin snips and utility knives. For planning and smoothing tools, it outlines hand planes and describes how they shape wood, and defines rasps, files, and chisels used for additional woodworking.
This document defines various terms used in gear terminology. It describes key geometric elements of gears like the pitch circle, which defines the size of a gear, pitch point and surface. It also defines angles like the pressure or angle of obliquity. Dimensions from the pitch circle are described, including addendum, dedendum, circles and total depth. Other terms covered include circular pitch, module, clearance, face and flank of a tooth, profile and fillet radius. The document was prepared to define standard gear terminology.
This document summarizes key considerations for designing shafts and shaft components. It discusses material selection, geometric layout, stress and strength analysis, deflection, and vibration due to natural frequency. Key steps in shaft design include considering the axial layout of components, supporting axial loads, providing for torque transmission, and enabling assembly and disassembly. Critical locations on shafts are evaluated for stress, and equations are provided to calculate stresses from bending, torsion, and combined loads. Deflection and critical speeds are also addressed. Examples demonstrate applying the summarized design methodology.
Design of transmission systems by A.Vinoth JebarajVinoth Jebaraj A
This document provides an overview of the design of transmission systems using gears. It discusses various gear types including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and their applications. Key points covered include:
- Gears are used to transmit power between shafts where exact velocity ratio is required. Different gear types are suitable for various center distances and power requirements.
- Proper design of parameters like module, face width, and center distance is important based on the material strength and induced stresses.
- Bevel and worm gears can change the direction of shaft rotation. Bevel gears maintain the axes in the same plane while worm gears provide high speed reduction.
- Gear failures like teeth break
This document provides specifications for various types of reamers including:
- Parallel hand reamers with dimensions ranging from 3mm to 19mm diameter and details on cutting edge length and overall length.
- Long flute machine reamers with dimensions from 3mm to 26mm diameter, cutting edge length, overall length, and Morse taper shank number.
- Machine jig reamers with dimensions from 6mm to 24mm diameter, cutting edge length, overall length, and Morse taper shank number.
The document discusses key terminology used in limits, fits, and tolerances including:
- Basic size, actual size, limits of size, deviations, tolerance, fundamental deviations, and fundamental tolerances.
- Holes and shafts refer to internal and external features, respectively.
- Fits include clearance, interference, and transition fits depending on how the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft overlap.
- Mass production aims to reduce costs and time through standardized parts, tools, and measurements while ensuring interchangeability.
Gears are used to transmit power between two shafts. Spur gears have parallel teeth and are used to connect parallel shafts. Helical gears have teeth inclined to the axis which increases load capacity and reduces noise compared to spur gears. Bevel gears are used for intersecting shafts with teeth formed along truncated cones. Worm gears consist of a worm and wheel used to connect non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts and can provide high speed ratios up to 300:1. Different gear materials, manufacturing methods, and potential failure modes are discussed.
The Evolution and Impact of OTT Platforms: A Deep Dive into the Future of Ent...ABHILASH DUTTA
This presentation provides a thorough examination of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, focusing on their development and substantial influence on the entertainment industry, with a particular emphasis on the Indian market.We begin with an introduction to OTT platforms, defining them as streaming services that deliver content directly over the internet, bypassing traditional broadcast channels. These platforms offer a variety of content, including movies, TV shows, and original productions, allowing users to access content on-demand across multiple devices.The historical context covers the early days of streaming, starting with Netflix's inception in 1997 as a DVD rental service and its transition to streaming in 2007. The presentation also highlights India's television journey, from the launch of Doordarshan in 1959 to the introduction of Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television in 2000, which expanded viewing choices and set the stage for the rise of OTT platforms like Big Flix, Ditto TV, Sony LIV, Hotstar, and Netflix. The business models of OTT platforms are explored in detail. Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) models, exemplified by Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, offer unlimited content access for a monthly fee. Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD) models, like iTunes and Sky Box Office, allow users to pay for individual pieces of content. Advertising-Based Video on Demand (AVOD) models, such as YouTube and Facebook Watch, provide free content supported by advertisements. Hybrid models combine elements of SVOD and AVOD, offering flexibility to cater to diverse audience preferences.
Content acquisition strategies are also discussed, highlighting the dual approach of purchasing broadcasting rights for existing films and TV shows and investing in original content production. This section underscores the importance of a robust content library in attracting and retaining subscribers.The presentation addresses the challenges faced by OTT platforms, including the unpredictability of content acquisition and audience preferences. It emphasizes the difficulty of balancing content investment with returns in a competitive market, the high costs associated with marketing, and the need for continuous innovation and adaptation to stay relevant.
The impact of OTT platforms on the Bollywood film industry is significant. The competition for viewers has led to a decrease in cinema ticket sales, affecting the revenue of Bollywood films that traditionally rely on theatrical releases. Additionally, OTT platforms now pay less for film rights due to the uncertain success of films in cinemas.
Looking ahead, the future of OTT in India appears promising. The market is expected to grow by 20% annually, reaching a value of ₹1200 billion by the end of the decade. The increasing availability of affordable smartphones and internet access will drive this growth, making OTT platforms a primary source of entertainment for many viewers.
This document provides an overview of bolted joints, including:
1. Definitions of bolted joints and their design objectives to avoid slipping or disconnection of parts.
2. Methods for assembling bolted joints, including torque control, torque with angle, yield control, and bolt tensioning.
3. Factors that influence bolted joints, such as plating, tools, relaxation, and workloads.
4. Quality controls and failure analysis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining sufficient residual clamp load.
5. A patented technology for analyzing torque-angle curves to measure clamp loads and friction coefficients.
presentation is divided into three parts,
1)spur gears failure
2)Beam Strength while designing spur gears
3)Wear Strength while designing spur gears
this is not all for spur gears,just a part of design
This document discusses different types of bevel protractors and their uses. It describes a vernier bevel protractor as having a main scale graduated in degrees from 0 to 90 in both directions, with an adjustable blade that can rotate and lock at any position. The vernier scale allows measurements to an accuracy of 5 minutes. Bevel protractors can be used to measure acute angles and check V-blocks and beveled surfaces. The document also briefly explains how a sine bar, used with slip gauges, can precisely measure and locate workpieces at given angles through the use of parallel cylinders of equal diameter attached to its ends.
This document discusses marking out and measuring equipment, tools, and techniques. It aims to enable trainees to choose, maintain, and use suitable marking out and measuring equipment. It describes various tools like rulers, tapes, calipers, micrometers, gauges, and their uses. It also discusses marking out processes and tools used for transferring designs to workpieces like dividers and odd leg calipers.
metal cutting,manufacturing processes,Production TechnologyProf.Mayur Modi
The document discusses principles of metal cutting, classification of metal cutting processes, types of chips formed, chip thickness, velocity relationships, forces acting on the chip during orthogonal cutting according to Merchant's analysis, tool force dynamometers, cutting tool materials, tool coatings, and types of tool wear like crater wear. It provides information on the mechanics and physics involved in different metal cutting processes.
(1) The document discusses power screws, which are screw and nut systems that convert rotational motion to linear motion.
(2) Power screws have advantages like high efficiency in transmitting power but limitations like lower strength than V-threads.
(3) Common forms of threads for power screws include square, ACME, trapezoidal, and buttress threads, which vary in properties like strength, efficiency, and direction of power transmission.
This document discusses hydraulic circuits and systems. It describes different types of gas loaded accumulators including non-separator, separator, piston, diaphragm, and bladder types. It lists several applications of accumulators such as damping pulsations and shocks, increasing operational circuit speed, clamping devices, standby power supplies, surge reduction, and vehicle suspension. The document also discusses pressure intensifiers which are used to boost hydraulic system pressure above the pump discharge pressure, finding application where high pressure liquid is needed from a low pressure source, such as hydraulic presses.
1. The document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including bolts, nuts, screws, and studs. It covers thread terminology, types of threads, and how to draw and dimension threaded parts.
2. Methods for cutting external and internal threads are described. Metric and imperial thread standards are also outlined.
3. Detailed steps are provided for drawing bolts, nuts, studs, cap screws, and set screws including terminology, applications, and dimensional conventions.
Fitting Definition: Fitting is the process of assembling various parts manufactured in the machine shop. The various types of tools used in Engineering Workshop are as follows.
For more, Click https://mechanicalstudents.com/fitting-workshop/
This document provides information on measuring various geometric properties of screws, gears, and surfaces. It discusses measuring the thread properties like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and flank angle using tools like micrometers, thread gauges, and optical projectors. Gear measurement techniques are described for properties such as runout, pitch, profile, backlash, and tooth thickness. Methods for measuring radii, roundness, flatness, and surface finish are also summarized. The document aims to outline the different measurement techniques and terminology used for dimensional inspection of screws, gears, and surface geometry.
- A fastener is a device used to hold parts together or in place. As a technician, skills include removing, repairing, replacing, and installing fasteners. It is important to learn how to remove stuck fasteners without breaking them.
- To remove a stuck fastener, spray it with penetrating oil, let it soak in, then use a six-point socket or wrench with a breaker bar to apply torque and loosen the fastener. Heating can also help loosen fasteners if done carefully.
- When replacing a fastener, always use a new one that matches the original in length, diameter, thread pitch, plating/material, grade, and weight to
This document provides an overview of various hand tools used in construction, including cutting tools, planning tools, and smoothing tools. It describes different types of saws such as crosscut saws, rip saws, backsaws, hacksaws, and drywall saws. It also discusses cutting tools like tin snips and utility knives. For planning and smoothing tools, it outlines hand planes and describes how they shape wood, and defines rasps, files, and chisels used for additional woodworking.
This document defines various terms used in gear terminology. It describes key geometric elements of gears like the pitch circle, which defines the size of a gear, pitch point and surface. It also defines angles like the pressure or angle of obliquity. Dimensions from the pitch circle are described, including addendum, dedendum, circles and total depth. Other terms covered include circular pitch, module, clearance, face and flank of a tooth, profile and fillet radius. The document was prepared to define standard gear terminology.
This document summarizes key considerations for designing shafts and shaft components. It discusses material selection, geometric layout, stress and strength analysis, deflection, and vibration due to natural frequency. Key steps in shaft design include considering the axial layout of components, supporting axial loads, providing for torque transmission, and enabling assembly and disassembly. Critical locations on shafts are evaluated for stress, and equations are provided to calculate stresses from bending, torsion, and combined loads. Deflection and critical speeds are also addressed. Examples demonstrate applying the summarized design methodology.
Design of transmission systems by A.Vinoth JebarajVinoth Jebaraj A
This document provides an overview of the design of transmission systems using gears. It discusses various gear types including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and their applications. Key points covered include:
- Gears are used to transmit power between shafts where exact velocity ratio is required. Different gear types are suitable for various center distances and power requirements.
- Proper design of parameters like module, face width, and center distance is important based on the material strength and induced stresses.
- Bevel and worm gears can change the direction of shaft rotation. Bevel gears maintain the axes in the same plane while worm gears provide high speed reduction.
- Gear failures like teeth break
This document provides specifications for various types of reamers including:
- Parallel hand reamers with dimensions ranging from 3mm to 19mm diameter and details on cutting edge length and overall length.
- Long flute machine reamers with dimensions from 3mm to 26mm diameter, cutting edge length, overall length, and Morse taper shank number.
- Machine jig reamers with dimensions from 6mm to 24mm diameter, cutting edge length, overall length, and Morse taper shank number.
The document discusses key terminology used in limits, fits, and tolerances including:
- Basic size, actual size, limits of size, deviations, tolerance, fundamental deviations, and fundamental tolerances.
- Holes and shafts refer to internal and external features, respectively.
- Fits include clearance, interference, and transition fits depending on how the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft overlap.
- Mass production aims to reduce costs and time through standardized parts, tools, and measurements while ensuring interchangeability.
Gears are used to transmit power between two shafts. Spur gears have parallel teeth and are used to connect parallel shafts. Helical gears have teeth inclined to the axis which increases load capacity and reduces noise compared to spur gears. Bevel gears are used for intersecting shafts with teeth formed along truncated cones. Worm gears consist of a worm and wheel used to connect non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts and can provide high speed ratios up to 300:1. Different gear materials, manufacturing methods, and potential failure modes are discussed.
The Evolution and Impact of OTT Platforms: A Deep Dive into the Future of Ent...ABHILASH DUTTA
This presentation provides a thorough examination of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, focusing on their development and substantial influence on the entertainment industry, with a particular emphasis on the Indian market.We begin with an introduction to OTT platforms, defining them as streaming services that deliver content directly over the internet, bypassing traditional broadcast channels. These platforms offer a variety of content, including movies, TV shows, and original productions, allowing users to access content on-demand across multiple devices.The historical context covers the early days of streaming, starting with Netflix's inception in 1997 as a DVD rental service and its transition to streaming in 2007. The presentation also highlights India's television journey, from the launch of Doordarshan in 1959 to the introduction of Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television in 2000, which expanded viewing choices and set the stage for the rise of OTT platforms like Big Flix, Ditto TV, Sony LIV, Hotstar, and Netflix. The business models of OTT platforms are explored in detail. Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) models, exemplified by Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, offer unlimited content access for a monthly fee. Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD) models, like iTunes and Sky Box Office, allow users to pay for individual pieces of content. Advertising-Based Video on Demand (AVOD) models, such as YouTube and Facebook Watch, provide free content supported by advertisements. Hybrid models combine elements of SVOD and AVOD, offering flexibility to cater to diverse audience preferences.
Content acquisition strategies are also discussed, highlighting the dual approach of purchasing broadcasting rights for existing films and TV shows and investing in original content production. This section underscores the importance of a robust content library in attracting and retaining subscribers.The presentation addresses the challenges faced by OTT platforms, including the unpredictability of content acquisition and audience preferences. It emphasizes the difficulty of balancing content investment with returns in a competitive market, the high costs associated with marketing, and the need for continuous innovation and adaptation to stay relevant.
The impact of OTT platforms on the Bollywood film industry is significant. The competition for viewers has led to a decrease in cinema ticket sales, affecting the revenue of Bollywood films that traditionally rely on theatrical releases. Additionally, OTT platforms now pay less for film rights due to the uncertain success of films in cinemas.
Looking ahead, the future of OTT in India appears promising. The market is expected to grow by 20% annually, reaching a value of ₹1200 billion by the end of the decade. The increasing availability of affordable smartphones and internet access will drive this growth, making OTT platforms a primary source of entertainment for many viewers.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSS
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
1. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 1
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
1.0 General
This section provides the basis for uniformity in engineering gears drawings and their technical data for gears
with intersecting axes (bevel gears), and nonparallel, nonintersecting axes (hypoid gears). It also discusses the
method of specifying matched sets on a gear drawing.
2.0 Purpose
It is the purpose of this section to provide formats, nomenclature, and definitions. The minimum data for the
various gear types are defined. Where additional data are required, methods for specifying these data are shown.
Slight deviations for critical applications are allowed, provided general formats are maintained.
2.1 Examples - Various types of gears are illustrated by sample drawings.
2.2 Dimensioning and Notes - Illustrations show only those dimensions which control the gear teeth and their
relation to the specified mounting. All other dimensions and specifications shall conform to recommended
drafting practice. Dimensional values show the number of decimal places recommended in each instance.
Where required to assure calculations, such as for pin measurement or master gears, accurate to the fourth place to
the right of the decimal point, it is necessary to specify the base diameter, pitch diameter, helix angle, and non-
whole number diametral pitch to eight or seven significant places.
2.2.1 Angular Dimensions - All angular dimensions shall be expressed in degrees and decimal portions thereof.
(Where desired, the angle may be given in degrees, minutes and seconds.)
3.0 Applicable Documents
The following reference documents contain additional information and should be used when applicable.
ASME Y14.38 Abbreviations and Acronyms
ASME Y14.1 Decimal Inch. Drawing Sheet Sizes and Format
ASME Y14.1M Metric Drawing Sheet Sizes and Format
ASME Y14.2M Line Conventions and Lettering
ASME Y14.3M Multiview and Sectional View Drawings
ASME Y14.5M Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ASME Y14.36M Surface Texture Symbols
AGMA 112.04 Gear Nomenclature - Terms, Definitions, Symbols, and Abbreviations
Genium Publishing Corporation
2. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 2
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
4.0 Gear Drawing Practices
4.1 Arrangement - The gear drawing shall clearly illustrate the general configuration. The method of
manufacture, the quantities involved and the desired inspection method may influence the method of
dimensioning. Illustrations of various gear configurations are provided for guidance only and are not mandatory.
4.1.1 Gear Data - Gear data shall be grouped as illustrated and shall be presented in the order shown. The location
of the gear data on the drawing is optional.
4.1.2 Specifying a Diameter – For external gears only, the major diameter is specified as the outside diameter and
the minor diameter is specified as the root diameter. For internal gears the major diameter is specified as the root
diameter and the minor diameter is specified as the inside diameter. This is in keeping with present usage in some
segments of the gear industry.
4.2 Manufacturing Method - The drawing shall clearly depict the product without reference to a manufacturing
or inspection method. This rule may be disregarded only where special situations are involved which do not lend
themselves to exact specifications and tool inspection information is necessary for control.
4.3 Drawing Title - For identification purposes, the title should include the word pinion or gear as applicable.
4.4 Straight Bevel Gear Teeth
4.4.1 Straight bevel gear and pinion teeth are drawn as shown in Figure 1. The mounting distance shown on the
drawing is an assembly dimension and is specified as a reference dimension.
Genium Publishing Corporation
3. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 3
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
(X.XXX)
XX.XX˚ XX.XX˚
XX.XX˚ XX.XX˚
See note 1
X.XXX
X.XXX
See note 1
XX.XX˚
XX.XX˚
See note 1
A
FACE APEX
X.XXXX X.XXX
X.XXXX X.XXX
AXIS OF
MATING
MEMBER
X.XXX
X.XXX
See note 1
.XXX A
.XXX
.XXX
(.XXX)
(X.XXXX)
Mounting Distance
Note 1: When face angle distance and back angle distance (See Figure 9) are
used for dimensioning the gear blank, the face angle and the back angle should
be given as reference dimensions on the drawing without a tolerance.
Figure 1. Straight Bevel Gear/Pinion
4.4.2 Gear data not included in Figure 1 are tabulated on the drawing as shown in Figure 2. The drawing must
also show material and heat treatment specifications.
NUMBER OF TEETH XX
DIAMETRAL PITCH (See note 1) (XX.XXX)
PRESSURE ANGLE (XX.XX°)
PITCH DIAMETER (X.XXXX)
Genium Publishing Corporation
4. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 4
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
ADDENDUM (.XXX) (See note 2)
WORKING DEPTH (.XXX) (See note 2)
WHOLE DEPTH .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
THEORETICAL OUTSIDE DIAMETER (X.XXX) (See note 2)
THEORETICAL CROWN TO BACK (X.XXX) (See note 2)
PITCH ANGLE (XX.XX°) (See note 2)
ROOT ANGLE (XX.XX°)
CIRCULAR THICKNESS (.XXXX) (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING ADDENDUM .XXX (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING THICKNESS .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
NORMAL BACKLASH WITH MATE .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
BACKLASH VARIATION TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
SHAFT ANGLE (XX.XX°)
FILLET RADIUS .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
RUNOUT TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
PITCH TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
INDEX TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
TOOTH SURFACE TEXTURE XX AA OR Ra
AGMA QUALITY CLASS XX
TOOTH FORM CONIFLEX® OR REVACYCLE®
DRIVING MEMBER PINION OR GEAR
DIRECTION OF ROTATION CW AND/OR CCW
MFG SUMMARY NUMBER XXXXXX
PART NUMBER OF MATE XXXXXXXX-X
NUMBER OF TEETH IN MATE XX
Notes 1. For metric drawings, specify module in place of diametral pitch.
2. For metric drawings, reduce by one the number of decimal places to the right.
3. See 5.18.3, 5.23 – 5.26 for when to specify these values on the gear drawing.
Figure 2. Data Specifications For Straight Bevel Gears
Genium Publishing Corporation
5. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 5
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
4.5 Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
4.5.1 Spiral bevel gear and pinion teeth are drawn as shown in Figure 3.
(X.XXX)
XX.XX˚ XX.XX˚
XX.XX˚ XX.XX˚
See note 1
X.XXX
X.XXX
See note 1
XX.XX˚
XX.XX˚
See note 1
FACE APEX
X.XXXX
X.XXXX X.XXX
.XXX M A X.XXX
AXIS OF
MATING
MEMBER
.XXX
.XXX
.XXX X.XXX
(.XXX)
X.XXX
See note 1
(.XXX)
(X.XXXX)
A Mounting Distance
Note 1: When face angle distance and back angle distance (See Figure 9) are
used for dimensioning the gear blank, the face angle and the back angle should
be given as reference dimensions on the drawing without a tolerance.
Figure 3. Spiral Bevel Gear/Pinion
Genium Publishing Corporation
6. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 6
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
4.5.2 Gear data not illustrated in Figure 3 are tabulated on the drawing as shown in Figure 4. The drawing must
also show material and heat treatment specifications.
NUMBER OF TEETH XX
DIAMETRAL PITCH (See note 1) (XX.XXX)
NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE (XX.XX°)
MEAN SPIRAL ANGLE (XX.XX°)
PITCH DIAMETER (X.XXXX)
ADDENDUM (.XXX) (See note 2)
WORKING DEPTH (.XXX) (See note 2)
WHOLE DEPTH (.XXX) (See note 2)
THEORETICAL OUTSIDE DIAMETER (X.XXX) (See note 2)
THEORETICAL CROWN TO BACK (X.XXX) (See note 2)
PITCH ANGLE (XX.XX°)
ROOT ANGLE (XX.XX°)
CIRCULAR THICKNESS (.XXXX) (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING ADDENDUM .XXX (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING THICKNESS .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING DEPTH .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
NORMAL BACKLASH WITH MATE .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
BACKLASH VARIATION TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX (See note 2)
SHAFT ANGLE (XX.XX°)
FILLET RADIUS .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
RUNOUT TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
PITCH TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
INDEX TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
TOOTH SURFACE TEXTURE XX AA OR Ra
AGMA QUALITY CLASS XX
TOOTH FORM GENERATED OR FORMATE® OR
HELIXFORM®
DRIVING MEMBER PINION OR GEAR
DIRECTION OF ROTATION CW AND/OR CCW
MFG SUMMARY NUMBER XXXXXX
Genium Publishing Corporation
7. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 7
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
PART NUMBER OF MATE XXXXXXXX-X
NUMBER OF TEETH IN MATE XX
V AND H CHECK IN THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH (OR HUNDREDTHS OF A MILLIMETER) FOR
FINISHED GEARS (See note 4).
Gear Convex Toe Heel Total
V XX XX XX
H XX XX XX
Gear Concave Toe Heel Total
V XX XX XX
H XX XX XX
Notes 1. For metric drawings, specify module in place of diametral pitch.
2. For metric drawings, reduce by one the number of decimal places to the right.
3. See 5.18.3, 5.23 – 5.26 when to specify these values on the gear drawing.
4. May be specify on matched set drawing. (See Figure 8)
Figure 4. Data Specifications For Straight Bevel Gears
Genium Publishing Corporation
8. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 8
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
4.6 Hypoid Gear Teeth
4.6.1 Hypoid pinion and gear teeth are drawn as shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.
XX.XX˚
XX.XX˚
See note 1 (.XXX)
XX.XX˚
X.XXX XX.XX˚
X.XXX See note 1
A B See note 1
CROSSING POINT
FACE APEX
X.XXX X.XXX
X.XXX X.XXX
ROOT APEX
.XXX
.XXX
See note 1
X.XXXX AXIS OF
X.XXXX .XXX MATING
.XXX MEMBER
(.XXX)
.XXX A - B
(X.XXXX)
Mounting Distance
Note 1: When face angle distance and back angle distance (See Figure 9) are
used for dimensioning the gear blank, the face angle and the back angle should
be given as reference dimensions on the drawing without a tolerance.
Figure 5. Hypoid Pinion
Genium Publishing Corporation
9. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 9
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
X.XXX
X.XXX
See note 1
XX.XX∞
XX.XX∞
See note 1
XX.XX∞
XX.XX∞
See note 1
X.XXX
X.XXX FACE APEX
See note 1
X.XXXX PITCH APEX
X.XXXX
.XXX M A CROSSING POINT
ROOT APEX
X.XXX
X.XXX
AXIS OF
MATING
MEMBER
XX.XX∞
XX.XX∞
.XXX
.XXX
.XXX
(.XXX)
A
(.XXX)
.XXX
.XXX
(X.XXXX)
Mounting Distance
Note 1: When face angle distance and back angle distance (See Figure 9) are
used for dimensioning the gear blank, the face angle and the back angle should
be given as reference dimensions on the drawing without a tolerance.
Figure 6. Hypoid Gear
4.6.2 Gear data not included in Figures 5 and 6 are tabulated on the drawing as shown in Figure 7. The drawing
must also show material and heat treatment specifications. Distances from the pitch apex for the gear member
only, face apex, and root apex to the crossing point (centerline of the mating member) are included as reference
Genium Publishing Corporation
10. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 10
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
dimensions. Values are positive when the apex is beyond the crossing point and negative when the apex lies
between the gear and crossing point. The pitch diameter and pitch angle are specified on the gear member only.
NUMBER OF TEETH XX
DIAMETRAL PITCH (See note 1) (XX.XXX)
NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE – GEAR CONVEX (XX.XX°)
NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE – GEAR CONCAVE (XX.XX°)
MEAN SPIRAL ANGLE (XX.XX°)
HAND OF SPIRAL LH OR RH
PINION OFFSET (XX.XX°)
DIRECTION OF OFFSET AC OR BC
PITCH DIAMETER (GEAR ONLY) (X.XXXX)
ADDENDUM (GEAR ONLY) (.XXX) (See note 2)
WORKING DEPTH (.XXX) (See note 2)
WHOLE DEPTH (.XXX) (See note 2)
THEORETICAL OUTSIDE DIAMETER (X.XXX) (See note 2)
THEORETICAL CROWN TO BACK (X.XXX) (See note 2)
PITCH ANGLE (GEAR ONLY) (XX.XX°)
ROOT ANGLE (XX.XX°)
FACE APEX TO CROSSING POINT (.XXX) (See note 2)
PITCH APEX TO CROSSING POINT (GEAR ONLY) (.XXX) (See note 2)
ROOT APEX TO CROSSING POINT (.XXX) (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING ADDENDUM .XXX (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING THICKNESS .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
MEAN MEASURING DEPTH .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
NORMAL BACKLASH WITH MATE .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
BACKLASH VARIATION TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX (See note 2)
SHAFT ANGLE (XX.XX°)
FILLET RADIUS .XXX-.XXX (See note 2)
RUNOUT TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
PITCH TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
INDEX TOLERANCE (See note 3) .XXXX
TOOTH SURFACE TEXTURE XX AA OR Ra
Genium Publishing Corporation
11. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 11
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
AGMA QUALITY CLASS XX
TOOTH FORM GENERATED OR FORMATE® OR
HELIXFORM®
DRIVING MEMBER PINION OR GEAR
DIRECTION OF ROTATION CW AND/OR CCW
MFG SUMMARY NUMBER XXXXXX
PART NUMBER OF MATE XXXXXXXX-X
NUMBER OF TEETH IN MATE XX
V AND H CHECK IN THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH (OR HUNDREDTHS OF A MILLIMETER) FOR
FINISHED GEARS (See note 4).
Gear Convex Toe Heel Total
V XX XX XX
H XX XX XX
Gear Concave Toe Heel Total
V XX XX XX
H XX XX XX
Notes 1. For metric drawings, specify module in place of diametral pitch.
2. For metric drawings, reduce by one the number of decimal places to the right.
3. See 5.18.3, 5.23 – 5.26 when to specify these values on the gear drawing.
4. May be specify on matched set drawing. (See Figure 8)
Figure 7 – Data Specifications For Hypoid Gears
4.7 Matched Sets
4.7.1 Bevel and hypoid gears are frequently maintained as a matched set in assembly. See Figure 8.
4.7.2 Gear sets that have a common factor, should have a specific marking on mating teeth to assure reassembly
of the gears as originally matched. See Figure 8.
4.7.3 Matched set drawings shall contain the following note:
THIS GEAR IS PART OF A MATCHED SET WITH MATE NO. XXXXXX. EACH MATCHED SET IS TO
BE MAINTAINED AS A SET AFTER IDENTITY IS DETERMINED. MARKED TEETH (NON-HUNTING)
MUST BE ASSEMBLED AS SHOWN.
Genium Publishing Corporation
12. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 12
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
pinion
Pinion and Gear to be matched in pairs
for proper tooth contact and backlash
and measured mounting distance on
these surfaces. See note 1.
(X.XXXX)
GEAR MOUNTING DISTANCE
gear
(X.XXXX)
PINION MOUNTING DISTANCE
DRIVING MEMBER PINION OR GEAR
DIRECTION OF ROTATION CW AND / OR CCW
MFG SUMMARY NUMBER XXXXXX
PART NUMBER OF DRIVER XXXXXX
PART NUMBER OF DRIVEN XXXXXX
V AND H CHECK IN THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH (OR HUNDREDTHS OF A MILLIMETER) FOR
FINISHED GEAR SET
GEAR CONVEX TOE HEEL TOTAL GEAR CONCAVE TOE HEEL TOTAL
V XX XX XX V XX XX XX
H XX XX XX H XX XX XX
X
X X
MARKED TEETH MUST BE ASSEMBLED AS SHOWN
NOTES:
1. On even or multiple ratios, a pair of meshing teeth should be etched ìXî when in mesh in order that they may be
assembled in the same running position as when manufactured. See paragraph 4.8.2.
2. For metric drawings, the number of places to the right of the decimal point should be reduced by one.
Figure 8. Data Specifications for Bevel gear Matched Set
5.0 Gear Tooth Nomenclature
The following nomenclature is general terms used on the gear drawing. A more complete explanation of terms,
definitions and illustrations is given in American Standard for Gear Nomenclature, ANSI/AGMA 112.05,
published by the American Gear Manufacturers Association.
Genium Publishing Corporation
13. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 13
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
5.1 Axial Plane - A plane that contains the gear axis. Figure 9 is an illustration of the axial plane of a bevel gear.
Figure 10 (lower view) is an illustration of the axial plane of a hypoid gear.
Genium Publishing Corporation
14. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 14
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
Mounting Distance
Crown to Crossing Point Crown to
Back
Front Crown
Angle
Heel
Toe
Mounting
Surface
Outer Cone Distance Crossing
point
Mean Cone Distance See note 1
Face Width Uniform
Clearance
Dedendum
Angle
PINION
Face Angle Face Apex
of Blank
Root Angle Shaft Angle
A See note 2
Transverse
Back Angle Plane
GEAR
Pitch Element
A
Face Angle Distance Pitch
Angle
Pitch Diameter
Outside
Diameter
Back Cone
Distance
Back Angle
Distance
Back Cone
NOTE:
1. The pitch apex and the root apex may or may not coincide depending on individual gear design.
2. See Figure 10 for developed view of A-A.
Figure 9. Bevel Gear Nomenclature – Axial Plane
Genium Publishing Corporation
15. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 15
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
Addendum Dedendum
Back Cone Distance
Circular Thickness
Backlash
Tooth Profile
Clearance
Top Land
Circular Pitch
Working
Depth
Whole Depth
Root Land
Tooth Fillet
SECTION A-A
Figure 10. Bevel Gear Nomenclature – Transverse Plane at Outside Diameter
5.2 Pitch Plane - A plane tangent to the gear pitch surface. For bevel gears, the pitch plane is tangent to the pitch
cone.
5.3 Transverse Plane - A plane perpendicular to both the axial plane and the pitch plane. Figure 11 illustrates the
gear nomenclature in the transverse plane of a bevel gear.
5.4 Normal Plane - A plane perpendicular to the pitch plane and containing a line normal to the tooth surface at
the pitch point. On bevel gears, it usually refers to the plane that passes through the mean point (the section at the
center of the face width). Figure 12 illustrates the gear nomenclature in the normal plane of a bevel gear.
5.5 Tangent Plane - A plane tangent to the tooth surface at a point of contact. As used in the standard, the tangent
plane is taken at the mean point.
5.6 Mean Point - The point on the intersection of the tooth surface with the pitch surface at the middle of the
theoretical face width of a bevel or hypoid gear. See Figures 9 and 13.
Genium Publishing Corporation
16. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 16
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
Back Angle Distance
Root Apex to
Crossing Point
Root Angle
Face Apex Offset
to Crossing
Point
Outside
Diameter
Crossing
Point
Face Angle Face Angle Distance
Face Width
Back Angle
Front Crown to Crossing Point
Crown to Crossing Point
nce
ista
o ne D
er C Crossing
Out Crossing
Point Point
Face Angle
Face Width
Shaft Angle Pinion Crown to
Crossing Point
Root Angle Gear
Back Angle Pitch Angle Mounting
Distance
Gear
Face Angle Distance ance
gle Dist
k An
Bac
Pitch Diameter
Outside Diameter
Figure 11. Hypoid Gear Nomenclature – Axial Plane
Genium Publishing Corporation
17. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 17
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
Normal
Backlash
Measuring
Thickness
Measuring
Addendum
Measured Whole
Depth
Figure 12. Bevel Gear Nomenclature – Normal Plane at the Mean Point
Genium Publishing Corporation
18. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 18
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
5.7 Tooth Trace - The curve of intersection between the pitch surface and tooth surface. See Figure 13.
Mean Point of Tooth
Convex Side of Tooth
Tooth Trace
Pitch Apex
Mean Spiral Angle
Element of
Pitch Cone
Concave Side of Tooth
Section Through Tooth
on Pitch Cone
Figure 13. Mean Spiral Angle
5.8 Diametral Pitch - The ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter in inches. Unless otherwise specified,
the transverse diametral pitch (specified in the transverse plane) is implied. For hypoid gears, it is the transverse
diametral pitch of the gear member.
5.9 Module (Metric) - The ratio of the pitch diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. Unless otherwise
specified, the transverse module (specified in the transverse plane) is implied. For hypoid gears, it is the
transverse module of the gear member.
5.10 Pressure Angle - The angle at the pitch point between a line normal to the tooth profile and the pitch plane.
See Figure 14. Unless otherwise specified for bevel and hypoid gears, the normal pressure angle (measured in the
normal plane at the mean point) is implied. The normal pressure angle is that angle in the normal plane at the
pitch point between the tangent plane and a radial line to the gear center. On most types of gears the pressure
angles on both sides of the gear tooth profile are equal. An exception to this is in designs of gears with buttress
Genium Publishing Corporation
19. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 19
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
teeth, such as hypoids. Hypoid gear teeth, because of their asymmetric relationship, do not naturally have equal
pressure angles on their two sides. With spiral bevel gears, the designer may deliberately unbalance the pressure
angles to produce a buttressed tooth. On spiral bevel and hypoid gears, the teeth are cut with lengthwise curvature.
One tooth surface is concave; the other is convex. These two terms are used to identify the two sides of the gear
teeth. See Figure 13.
Radial Line
Through
Pitch Point Trace of
Tangent Plane
Pressure Angle
Pitch Plane
Pitch Point
Figure 14. Pressure Angle
5.11 Spiral Angle - The angle between the tooth trace and an element of the pitch cone. See Figure 13. The spiral
angle is at the mean point, unless otherwise specified. On hypoid gears, the spiral angles on gear and mating
pinion are unequal.
5.12 Hand of Spiral - The direction of inclination of the teeth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the
gear. A left-hand spiral is one in which the outer half of the teeth are inclined in a counterclockwise direction. A
right-hand spiral is one in which the outer half of the teeth are inclined in a clockwise direction. See Figure 15.
With the exception of a few relatively rare hypoid gear designs, a gear and mating pinion have opposite hands of
spiral.
Genium Publishing Corporation
20. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 20
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
Offset
Offset
(a) (b)
Offset Below Center LH Pinion RH Gear
Offset
Offset
(c) (d)
Offset Above Center RH Pinion LH Gear
Figure 15. Hand of Spiral and Pinion Offset
5.13 Hypoid Pinion Offset - The perpendicular distance between the axes of a hypoid gear set. Hypoid gears and
pinions, shown in Figure 15(a) and (b), are referred to as having a pinion offset “below center,” while those
shown in Figure 15(c) and (d) have a pinion offset “above center.” The direction of pinion offset is determined by
viewing the face of the gear with the pinion at the right.
5.14 Direction of Rotation - The direction of rotation is determined by viewing the gear or pinion from its back.
The direction of rotation of gear and mating pinion are either clockwise or counterclockwise and always opposite
to each other.
5.15 Tooth Form - The shape of the tooth profile. Since bevel and hypoid gears are manufactured with a variety
of tooth forms, it is essential to specify the desired form on the gear drawing.
Genium Publishing Corporation
21. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 21
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
5.15.1 Generated - A tooth form where both members have tooth profiles produced with a relative motion
between the cutting tool and the work in addition to the cutting action.
5.15.2 Non-Generated - A tooth form where the gear tooth profile is produced without a generating motion
between the cutting tool and the work. The mating pinion must be generated.
5.15.3 CONIFLEX® - A trade name applied to generated straight bevel gears whose teeth have lengthwise
crowning.
5.15.4 REVACYCLE® - A trade name applied to straight bevel gears produced with circular arc tooth profiles.
5.15.5 FORMATE® - A trade name applied to non-generated spiral and hypoid gears in which the tooth profiles
are straight. The mating pinions are generated to be conjugate to the gears.
5.15.6 HELIXFORM® - A trade name applied to non-generated spiral bevel and hypoid gears in which the tooth
surfaces are heicoidal in form.
5.15.7 ZEROL® - A trade name applied to spiral bevel gears with zero spiral angle at some point along the tooth
length.
5.16 Depthwise Tooth Taper - The difference in tooth depth at the inner and outer ends of the teeth. Standard
depthwise tooth taper refers to gears in which the tooth depth is proptiena1 to the distance from the pitch apex.
Zero depthwise taper refers to teeth with constant depth. Frequently conical gears are designed with “tilted root
lines”. This generally refers to a depthwise tooth taper which is deeper at the outer end of the tooth and shallower
at the inner end of the tooth than that resulting from standard taper. Tilting the root lines is done to improve the
point width of the cutting tools.
5.17 Clearance - The space between the top land of the tooth of one gear and the root land of the mating gear.
See Figures 11 and 12.
5.18 Backlash - The space between mating tooth surfaces. For purposes of measurement and calculation,
backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of an engaging tooth. Numerical
values of backlash on bevel and hypoid gears are measured at the tightest point of mesh on the pitch circle at the
outer end of the tooth with gears assembled at their specified mounting distances. See Figure 12. Unless otherwise
specified, the term backlash denotes normal backlash; that is, backlash measured in a direction perpendicular to
the tooth surface.
5.18.1 Backlash Tolerance - The allowable variation in the backlash measured at the tightest point of mesh
among all pairs of gears of a given population as a result of tooth size variation. Backlash tolerance is used as a
control of tooth size in production and is specified on the drawing.
Genium Publishing Corporation
22. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 22
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
5.18.2 Backlash Variation - The difference in backlash between the tightest and loosest points of mesh in one
pair of gears as a result of runout, index variation, and profile variation.
5.18.3 Backlash Variation Tolerance - The allowable variation in backlash in a single pair of gears. Backlash
variation tolerance is only specified if backlash variation is critical.
5.19 Circular Thickness - The length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth on the pitch circle. It is the
transverse circular thickness at the outer ends of the teeth. See Figure 11.
5.20 Measuring Addendum - The height from the top of the tooth to the chord subtending the circular-thickness
arc in the normal plane. The mean measuring addendum is the value at the center of the tooth length.
5.21 Measuring Thickness - The length of the chord subtending a circular-thickness arc in the normal plane. The
mean measuring thickness is the value used at the center of the tooth length.
5.22 Mean Measuring Depth - The depth of the tooth at the center of the tooth length.
5.23 Runout Tolerance - The total allowable variation of the distance between a surface of revolution and an
indicated surface measured perpendicular to the surface of revolution. Unless otherwise specified, it refers to
radial runout of the gear teeth; that is, in a direction perpendicular to the axis of gear rotation. This value is
specified on the drawing when AGMA quality class numbers are not available.
5.24 Pitch Tolerance - The difference between the pitch and the measured distance between any two adjacent
teeth. This value is specified on the drawing for gears requiring high accuracy.
5.25 Index Tolerance - The displacement of any tooth from its theoretical angular or linear position relative to a
datum tooth. This value is specified on the drawing for gears used for accurate positioning, such as index drives.
5.26 Composite Tolerance - Tooth-to-tooth composite tolerance and total composite tolerance may be specified
in place of runout tolerance and pitch tolerance for gears of 20 diametral pitch and finer. These values are
specified on the drawing when AGMA quality class numbers are not available.
5.27 Tooth Surface Texture - The texture of the finish on the working tooth surface of a gear tooth; expressed
either as an arithmetical average deviation (AA) or an arithmetical mean deviation (Ra).
5.28 AGMA Quality Class - The classification number established by the American Gear Manufacturers
Association to designate the quality requirements of a gear. See AGMA 390.03 - AGMA Gear Handbook,
Volume 1, Gear Classification, Materials and Measuring Methods For Unassembled Gears.
5.29 V and H Check - A check used for production control of the tooth contact pattern on gears after sample
gears have been established which are known to function properly. The V and H check gives the relative vertical
(V) and horizontal (H) displacements on a testing machine to position the tooth contact pattern at both the inner
Genium Publishing Corporation
23. DRAFTING MANUAL
Section 4.9.1
Update 69 Gears (Bevel and Hypoid) Page 23
Gary Whitmire Drafting Practice August, 2003
(toe) and outer (heel) end of the tooth while maintaining the contact pattern in the middle of the tooth profile. For
control purposes, the tooth contact pattern should duplicate the pattern on the sample pair of gears when similarly
positioned in the testing machine. These data are optional on a gear drawing and specified when a satisfactory
development has been achieved. See Figures 4 and 7.
5.30 Face Angle Distance - The perpendicular distance from the intersection of the gear axis with the locating
surface at the back of a bevel or hypoid gear to the face cone element. See Figures 9 and 10.
5.31 Back Angle Distance - The perpendicular distance from the intersection of the gear axis with the locating
surface at the back of a bevel or hypoid gear to the back cone element. See Figures 9 and 10.
Genium Publishing Corporation