This document provides an overview of neoplasia and tumor biology, including: 1) It describes the nomenclature used for benign and malignant tumors, and differentiates between tumors of epithelial, connective tissue, and mixed cell origins. 2) It outlines key properties of benign and malignant tumors such as growth rate, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and effects on the host. 3) It discusses genes involved in carcinogenesis including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. It also covers chemical, microbial, and radiation carcinogens.

1. NEOPLASIA REVIEW Fe A. Bartolome, MD, FPASMAP Department of Pathology Our Lady of Fatima University

31. Microbial Carcinogenesis

40. Cancer Effects on Host Syndrome Associated cancer Comment Acanthosis nigricans Stomach carcinoma Black verrucoid-appearing lesion Eaton –Lambert synd. Small cell CA of lung Myasthenia gravis-like symptoms Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy Bronchogenic CA Periosteal reaction of distal phalanx Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Mucus-secreting pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas Sterile vegetations on mitral valve Seborrheic keratosis Stomach carcinoma Sudden appearance of numerous pigmented seborrheic keratoses (Leser-Trelat sign) Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis Pancreatic carcinoma Release of pro-coagulants (Trosseau sign)

41. Cancer Effects on Host Disorder Associated cancer Ectopic hormone Cushing syndrome Small cell CA of lung, medullary thyroid CA ACTH Gynecomastia Choriocarcinoma (testis) hCG Hypercalcemia Renal cell CA, primary SCCA lung, breast CA PTH-related protein Hypocalcemia Medullary thyroid CA Calcitonin Hypoglycemia Hepatocellular CA Insulin-like factor Hyponatremia Small cell CA of lung ADH Secondary polycythemia Renal cell and hepato-cellular CA erythropoietin

43. Tumor Markers Tumor marker Associated cancer AFP Hepatocellular CA, yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) of ovary or testis Bence Jones protein Multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (represent light chains in urine) CA 15-3 Breast carcinoma CA 19-9 Pancreatic carcinoma CA 125 Surface-derived ovarian cancer (e.g. Serous cystadenocarcinoma) CEA Colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas PSA Prostate carcinoma (also increased in prostate hyperplasia)