The document discusses the basics of biomedical instrumentation. It covers several topics:
Unit I discusses the origin and propagation of bioelectric potentials, and different types of electrodes like surface, needle and micro electrodes. It also discusses problems with measuring biopotentials using two electrodes.
Unit II covers characteristics of different biopotentials like frequency and amplitude ranges. It discusses electrode configurations for ECG, EEG and EMG.
Unit III is about signal conditioning circuits needed for biopotential amplification and filtering, including bioamplifiers, isolation amplifiers and ECG amplifiers.
Later units discuss non-electrical parameter measurement, bio-chemical measurement and applications of biomedical instrumentation.
This document discusses biomedical systems and various types of biopotentials and electrodes. It covers resting potential, action potential, propagation of action potential, biological signals like ECG, EEG, EMG. It describes different types of electrodes - bio-potential electrodes, microelectrodes including etched metal, micropipette, and metal-film coated micropipette electrodes. It also discusses skin surface electrodes and their uses in ECG, EMG, EEG along with desirable electrode features.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
This document discusses different types of electrodes used in biomedical instrumentation. Electrodes are used to pick up electric signals from the body by converting ionic current into electronic current. Common types of electrodes include surface electrodes like metal plate electrodes and suction cup electrodes, needle electrodes, microelectrodes, depth electrodes, and chemical electrodes. The interface between the electrode and electrolyte allows measurement and recording of body potentials by providing a connection between the body and electronic measuring devices. Key characteristics of this interface include the transfer of electrons and ions across the barrier.
The document discusses different types of bioelectrodes used to measure bioelectric signals. It describes microelectrodes which can measure potentials within a single cell, body surface electrodes like skin electrodes and needle electrodes, and disposable electrodes. It explains how electrodes work and factors like half-cell potential. Electrodes can be polarizable or non-polarizable. The document also discusses materials used for electrodes and their properties.
This document discusses electrolyte analyzers and their components. It begins by introducing the presenters and supervisors before defining electrolytes and their roles in the body. It then discusses electrolyte imbalance disorders and measurement methods, focusing on flame photometry and ion-selective electrodes. The document explains the components and working principles of electrolyte analyzers, including reagents, electrode modules, peristaltic pumps, sample probes, and waste chambers. It concludes by noting some sources of error in electrolyte measurement techniques.
Bioelectric potentials are actually ionic voltages produced as a result of the electrochemical activity of certain special types of cells.
Through the use of transducers which are capable of converting ionic potentials into electrical voltages, these natural signals that are monitored can be measured and the results can be displayed in a meaningful way to aid the physician in his diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
This document provides an overview of transducers for biomedical applications. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another for measurement purposes. It classifies transducers as active or passive, analog or digital, and primary or secondary. It also discusses various transducer principles including capacitive, inductive, resistive, and piezoelectric. The document then focuses on specific biomedical applications, describing transducers used to measure electrical activity, blood pressure, blood flow, temperature, respiration, and pulse. Common transducer types for these applications include electrodes, strain gauges, inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, thermistors, and fiber optic sensors.
Biomedical Instrumentation introduction, BioamplifiersPoornima D
This document provides an introduction to medical instrumentation and bioamplifiers. It discusses how medical instrumentation measures and monitors physiological signals in the body using sensors. The key components of a biomedical instrumentation system are described including the measurand, sensor/transducer, signal conditioner, display, and data storage. It then focuses on bioamplifiers, explaining the types (differential, operational, instrumentation, isolation), their characteristics, and how they are used to amplify weak biopotential signals from the body while maintaining signal integrity.
This document discusses biomedical systems and various types of biopotentials and electrodes. It covers resting potential, action potential, propagation of action potential, biological signals like ECG, EEG, EMG. It describes different types of electrodes - bio-potential electrodes, microelectrodes including etched metal, micropipette, and metal-film coated micropipette electrodes. It also discusses skin surface electrodes and their uses in ECG, EMG, EEG along with desirable electrode features.
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
This document discusses different types of electrodes used in biomedical instrumentation. Electrodes are used to pick up electric signals from the body by converting ionic current into electronic current. Common types of electrodes include surface electrodes like metal plate electrodes and suction cup electrodes, needle electrodes, microelectrodes, depth electrodes, and chemical electrodes. The interface between the electrode and electrolyte allows measurement and recording of body potentials by providing a connection between the body and electronic measuring devices. Key characteristics of this interface include the transfer of electrons and ions across the barrier.
The document discusses different types of bioelectrodes used to measure bioelectric signals. It describes microelectrodes which can measure potentials within a single cell, body surface electrodes like skin electrodes and needle electrodes, and disposable electrodes. It explains how electrodes work and factors like half-cell potential. Electrodes can be polarizable or non-polarizable. The document also discusses materials used for electrodes and their properties.
This document discusses electrolyte analyzers and their components. It begins by introducing the presenters and supervisors before defining electrolytes and their roles in the body. It then discusses electrolyte imbalance disorders and measurement methods, focusing on flame photometry and ion-selective electrodes. The document explains the components and working principles of electrolyte analyzers, including reagents, electrode modules, peristaltic pumps, sample probes, and waste chambers. It concludes by noting some sources of error in electrolyte measurement techniques.
Bioelectric potentials are actually ionic voltages produced as a result of the electrochemical activity of certain special types of cells.
Through the use of transducers which are capable of converting ionic potentials into electrical voltages, these natural signals that are monitored can be measured and the results can be displayed in a meaningful way to aid the physician in his diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
This document provides an overview of transducers for biomedical applications. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another for measurement purposes. It classifies transducers as active or passive, analog or digital, and primary or secondary. It also discusses various transducer principles including capacitive, inductive, resistive, and piezoelectric. The document then focuses on specific biomedical applications, describing transducers used to measure electrical activity, blood pressure, blood flow, temperature, respiration, and pulse. Common transducer types for these applications include electrodes, strain gauges, inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, thermistors, and fiber optic sensors.
Biomedical Instrumentation introduction, BioamplifiersPoornima D
This document provides an introduction to medical instrumentation and bioamplifiers. It discusses how medical instrumentation measures and monitors physiological signals in the body using sensors. The key components of a biomedical instrumentation system are described including the measurand, sensor/transducer, signal conditioner, display, and data storage. It then focuses on bioamplifiers, explaining the types (differential, operational, instrumentation, isolation), their characteristics, and how they are used to amplify weak biopotential signals from the body while maintaining signal integrity.
This document provides an overview of the course "Biomedical signal processing". It includes information about the course title, code, credits, prerequisites and instructor. The document then summarizes the chapters to be covered, including introductions to biomedical signals, their nature and challenges, as well as introductions to biomedical signal processing and discrete time signals and systems. Key concepts from each chapter are highlighted at a high level, such as classifications of biomedical signals, common biomedical signals like ECG and EEG, challenges in signal acquisition, objectives of signal analysis, and representations of discrete time signals and systems.
This document provides information about biopotential electrodes used for measuring bioelectric signals from the body. It discusses the electrode-skin interface and equivalent circuit, sources of noise and offset voltages, and classifications of electrodes including microelectrodes for single-cell measurements, skin surface electrodes like limb electrodes and suction cups for ECG, and needle electrodes for acute internal measurements. It also covers topics like the stable silver-silver chloride electrode, effects of polarization, and ensuring high amplifier input impedance.
Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles in response to nerve stimulation. EMG is used to detect abnormalities in the neuromuscular system. The EMG process involves placing electrodes on the skin or inserting needles into muscles to pick up tiny electrical signals from contracting muscle fibers. The signals are amplified and processed before being visually displayed and analyzed. EMG can be diagnostic to study muscle and nerve diseases or kinesiological to examine muscle activity. It provides information about motor unit structure and function.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids based on their charge and size ratios. It involves applying an electric field to migrate molecules through a medium like gel or paper. Initially developed in the 1930s to separate serum proteins, it has since been used for applications like human genome sequencing and disease diagnosis. Improvements to the technique include capillary electrophoresis using narrow tubes, isoelectric focusing to separate molecules at their isoelectric point, and immuno electrophoresis to study antibody-antigen reactions. A variety of detectors can identify separated molecules based on properties like UV absorption or electric resistance. Electrophoresis has applications in areas like forensics, clinical testing, and proteomics.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids based on their charge and size ratios. It involves applying an electric field to migrate molecules through a medium like gel or paper. Initially developed in the 1930s to separate serum proteins, it has since been used for applications like human genome sequencing and disease diagnosis. Improvements to the technique include capillary electrophoresis using narrow tubes, isoelectric focusing based on a molecule's isoelectric point, and immuno electrophoresis to study antibody-antigen reactions.
The document discusses electron microscopy, including the basic components and functioning of transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. It explains that electron microscopes use a beam of electrons rather than light to view specimens and can achieve much higher magnifications. Key parts of electron microscopes are identified as the electron source, electromagnetic lens system, sample holder, imaging system, and vacuum system. Applications of electron microscopy in pathology and limitations are also summarized.
Bioelectrodes function as an interface between biological structures and electronic systems. They either sense or stimulate electrical activity in the biological structure. There are different types of bioelectrodes including surface electrodes, microelectrodes, and internal electrodes. Surface electrodes like metal plates are primarily used for ECG, EEG, and EMG applications and involve an electrolyte paste or jelly between the metal and skin. Bioelectrodes have various applications including cardiac monitoring, sleep encephalography, diagnostic muscle activity measurement, and more.
The Electrocardiogram document discusses:
1. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the skin and an ECG machine.
2. The ECG machine detects the electrical signals via electrodes and lead wires and displays or prints the output.
3. ECG leads combine electrodes in different positions to view the heart's electrical activity from different angles or planes.
This document provides an overview of the first unit of the Medical Electronics course. It discusses electrophysiology and biopotential recording. Some key topics covered include the sources of biomedical signals, bioelectric potentials, bioelectric electrodes, biological amplifiers, electrocardiograms (ECGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyography (EMG), phonocardiograms (PCGs), and typical signal waveforms and characteristics. It also discusses neurons, cell types, resting potentials, action potentials, and how bioelectric potentials are produced as a result of electrochemical activity in cells.
Methods in Electrochemical in chemistryKimEliakim1
This document discusses various electrochemical methods and their applications. It covers topics like potentiometry, types of electrochemical cells, reference electrodes, quantitative applications in clinical and environmental analysis, and potentiometric titrations. Ion selective electrodes are explained in detail, including how they work, types of analytes and electrodes, maintenance, and applications in various fields like analytical chemistry, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Different types of voltammetry techniques are also introduced.
This document discusses different types of electrodes used to measure electrical activity in the body. It describes various classifications of transducers including passive vs active, absolute vs relative, direct vs complex, analog vs digital, and primary vs secondary. It also explains different electrode principles such as capacitive, inductive, and resistive. The document outlines types of electrodes like surface electrodes, needle electrodes, and microelectrodes and provides examples of each. It discusses factors to consider when selecting a transducer and electrodes used to measure specific physiological variables.
Biomedical engineering applies engineering principles to improve healthcare by developing diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices. It combines engineering design with medical and biological sciences. Prominent applications include medical imaging equipment, prosthetics, pacemakers, and other devices. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records and monitors the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes placed on the limbs and chest. It provides information on heart rate and rhythm and can detect abnormalities.
Bio potential electrodes are transducers that convert ionic currents in the body into electronic currents that can be measured by electronic equipment. They provide an interface between the body and measuring devices. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, ions carry current in the body while electrons carry current in the electrode. Electrodes change ionic current into electronic current to allow for measurement. Motion artifacts can occur when electrodes are disturbed, but can be reduced by using non-polarizable electrodes like silver-silver chloride electrodes.
Bio potential electrodes are transducers that convert ionic currents in the body into electronic currents that can be measured by electronic equipment. They provide an interface between the body and measuring devices. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, ions carry current in the body while electrons carry current in the electrode. Electrodes change ionic current into electronic current to allow for measurement. Motion artifacts can occur when electrodes are disturbed, but can be reduced by using non-polarizable electrodes like silver-silver chloride electrodes.
Complete detail about the Radiopharmaceutical, General Introduction, Radioactive substance, Radioactive rays like alpha, beta and gamma rays. All the Measurement method to determine the radioactivity of any element and widely used instrument Geiger Muller Counter. And some Radiopharmaceutical product used in many diagnosis , treatment such like sodium iodide solution & capsule, Rose Bengal I 131 and Application of Radiopharmaceuticals.
Electrophysiology involves measuring electrical properties of cells and tissues using electrodes inserted into biological preparations. Common techniques include voltage clamp, current clamp, and patch clamp. Voltage clamp holds membrane potential constant and measures current, while current clamp injects current and measures potential. Patch clamp can record from single ion channels by forming a high resistance seal between a micropipette and cell membrane. Extracellular recordings like field potentials and single/multi-unit recordings measure activity of cells from outside the membrane. These techniques provide insights into neuronal signaling and brain function.
The document outlines various topics related to biomedical instrumentation including biometrics, physiological systems of the human body like cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the kidney, bioelectric potentials, biopotential electrodes, and transducers for ECG, EEG, and EMG. It also provides details on the characteristics of biomedical instrumentation systems and describes concepts like bioelectric potential, action potential, and the recording setup for ECG, EEG, and EMG.
This document provides information about electromyography (EMG). EMG is a test that evaluates the health and function of muscles and the nerve cells that control them. It involves inserting a needle electrode into a muscle to record electrical activity from muscle fibers and nerves. Abnormal spontaneous electrical activities in muscles can indicate neurological or muscular disorders. EMG is useful for diagnosing conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and muscular dystrophy. It provides information about the location and severity of nerve or muscle damage.
This document provides an overview of common electrical and electronic components used in circuits. It begins by explaining basic electricity concepts like current, voltage, resistance and power. It then describes different component types including passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, as well as active components like diodes, transistors, integrated circuits and more. Specific components are defined, such as resistors having fixed or variable values, different types of transistors including BJTs and FETs, and meters for measuring current, voltage, resistance and other properties. Videos are included for additional learning.
Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique that measures the electric potential of electrochemical cells under zero-current conditions. It involves measuring the potential difference between a reference electrode with a known potential and an indicator electrode whose potential varies with the concentration of the analyte ion. The potential difference is used to determine analyte concentration based on the Nernst equation. Common applications of potentiometry include clinical analysis of electrolytes, environmental analysis of ions in water, and titration measurements.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
This document provides an overview of the course "Biomedical signal processing". It includes information about the course title, code, credits, prerequisites and instructor. The document then summarizes the chapters to be covered, including introductions to biomedical signals, their nature and challenges, as well as introductions to biomedical signal processing and discrete time signals and systems. Key concepts from each chapter are highlighted at a high level, such as classifications of biomedical signals, common biomedical signals like ECG and EEG, challenges in signal acquisition, objectives of signal analysis, and representations of discrete time signals and systems.
This document provides information about biopotential electrodes used for measuring bioelectric signals from the body. It discusses the electrode-skin interface and equivalent circuit, sources of noise and offset voltages, and classifications of electrodes including microelectrodes for single-cell measurements, skin surface electrodes like limb electrodes and suction cups for ECG, and needle electrodes for acute internal measurements. It also covers topics like the stable silver-silver chloride electrode, effects of polarization, and ensuring high amplifier input impedance.
Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles in response to nerve stimulation. EMG is used to detect abnormalities in the neuromuscular system. The EMG process involves placing electrodes on the skin or inserting needles into muscles to pick up tiny electrical signals from contracting muscle fibers. The signals are amplified and processed before being visually displayed and analyzed. EMG can be diagnostic to study muscle and nerve diseases or kinesiological to examine muscle activity. It provides information about motor unit structure and function.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids based on their charge and size ratios. It involves applying an electric field to migrate molecules through a medium like gel or paper. Initially developed in the 1930s to separate serum proteins, it has since been used for applications like human genome sequencing and disease diagnosis. Improvements to the technique include capillary electrophoresis using narrow tubes, isoelectric focusing to separate molecules at their isoelectric point, and immuno electrophoresis to study antibody-antigen reactions. A variety of detectors can identify separated molecules based on properties like UV absorption or electric resistance. Electrophoresis has applications in areas like forensics, clinical testing, and proteomics.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids based on their charge and size ratios. It involves applying an electric field to migrate molecules through a medium like gel or paper. Initially developed in the 1930s to separate serum proteins, it has since been used for applications like human genome sequencing and disease diagnosis. Improvements to the technique include capillary electrophoresis using narrow tubes, isoelectric focusing based on a molecule's isoelectric point, and immuno electrophoresis to study antibody-antigen reactions.
The document discusses electron microscopy, including the basic components and functioning of transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. It explains that electron microscopes use a beam of electrons rather than light to view specimens and can achieve much higher magnifications. Key parts of electron microscopes are identified as the electron source, electromagnetic lens system, sample holder, imaging system, and vacuum system. Applications of electron microscopy in pathology and limitations are also summarized.
Bioelectrodes function as an interface between biological structures and electronic systems. They either sense or stimulate electrical activity in the biological structure. There are different types of bioelectrodes including surface electrodes, microelectrodes, and internal electrodes. Surface electrodes like metal plates are primarily used for ECG, EEG, and EMG applications and involve an electrolyte paste or jelly between the metal and skin. Bioelectrodes have various applications including cardiac monitoring, sleep encephalography, diagnostic muscle activity measurement, and more.
The Electrocardiogram document discusses:
1. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the skin and an ECG machine.
2. The ECG machine detects the electrical signals via electrodes and lead wires and displays or prints the output.
3. ECG leads combine electrodes in different positions to view the heart's electrical activity from different angles or planes.
This document provides an overview of the first unit of the Medical Electronics course. It discusses electrophysiology and biopotential recording. Some key topics covered include the sources of biomedical signals, bioelectric potentials, bioelectric electrodes, biological amplifiers, electrocardiograms (ECGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyography (EMG), phonocardiograms (PCGs), and typical signal waveforms and characteristics. It also discusses neurons, cell types, resting potentials, action potentials, and how bioelectric potentials are produced as a result of electrochemical activity in cells.
Methods in Electrochemical in chemistryKimEliakim1
This document discusses various electrochemical methods and their applications. It covers topics like potentiometry, types of electrochemical cells, reference electrodes, quantitative applications in clinical and environmental analysis, and potentiometric titrations. Ion selective electrodes are explained in detail, including how they work, types of analytes and electrodes, maintenance, and applications in various fields like analytical chemistry, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Different types of voltammetry techniques are also introduced.
This document discusses different types of electrodes used to measure electrical activity in the body. It describes various classifications of transducers including passive vs active, absolute vs relative, direct vs complex, analog vs digital, and primary vs secondary. It also explains different electrode principles such as capacitive, inductive, and resistive. The document outlines types of electrodes like surface electrodes, needle electrodes, and microelectrodes and provides examples of each. It discusses factors to consider when selecting a transducer and electrodes used to measure specific physiological variables.
Biomedical engineering applies engineering principles to improve healthcare by developing diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices. It combines engineering design with medical and biological sciences. Prominent applications include medical imaging equipment, prosthetics, pacemakers, and other devices. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records and monitors the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes placed on the limbs and chest. It provides information on heart rate and rhythm and can detect abnormalities.
Bio potential electrodes are transducers that convert ionic currents in the body into electronic currents that can be measured by electronic equipment. They provide an interface between the body and measuring devices. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, ions carry current in the body while electrons carry current in the electrode. Electrodes change ionic current into electronic current to allow for measurement. Motion artifacts can occur when electrodes are disturbed, but can be reduced by using non-polarizable electrodes like silver-silver chloride electrodes.
Bio potential electrodes are transducers that convert ionic currents in the body into electronic currents that can be measured by electronic equipment. They provide an interface between the body and measuring devices. At the electrode-electrolyte interface, ions carry current in the body while electrons carry current in the electrode. Electrodes change ionic current into electronic current to allow for measurement. Motion artifacts can occur when electrodes are disturbed, but can be reduced by using non-polarizable electrodes like silver-silver chloride electrodes.
Complete detail about the Radiopharmaceutical, General Introduction, Radioactive substance, Radioactive rays like alpha, beta and gamma rays. All the Measurement method to determine the radioactivity of any element and widely used instrument Geiger Muller Counter. And some Radiopharmaceutical product used in many diagnosis , treatment such like sodium iodide solution & capsule, Rose Bengal I 131 and Application of Radiopharmaceuticals.
Electrophysiology involves measuring electrical properties of cells and tissues using electrodes inserted into biological preparations. Common techniques include voltage clamp, current clamp, and patch clamp. Voltage clamp holds membrane potential constant and measures current, while current clamp injects current and measures potential. Patch clamp can record from single ion channels by forming a high resistance seal between a micropipette and cell membrane. Extracellular recordings like field potentials and single/multi-unit recordings measure activity of cells from outside the membrane. These techniques provide insights into neuronal signaling and brain function.
The document outlines various topics related to biomedical instrumentation including biometrics, physiological systems of the human body like cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the kidney, bioelectric potentials, biopotential electrodes, and transducers for ECG, EEG, and EMG. It also provides details on the characteristics of biomedical instrumentation systems and describes concepts like bioelectric potential, action potential, and the recording setup for ECG, EEG, and EMG.
This document provides information about electromyography (EMG). EMG is a test that evaluates the health and function of muscles and the nerve cells that control them. It involves inserting a needle electrode into a muscle to record electrical activity from muscle fibers and nerves. Abnormal spontaneous electrical activities in muscles can indicate neurological or muscular disorders. EMG is useful for diagnosing conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and muscular dystrophy. It provides information about the location and severity of nerve or muscle damage.
This document provides an overview of common electrical and electronic components used in circuits. It begins by explaining basic electricity concepts like current, voltage, resistance and power. It then describes different component types including passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, as well as active components like diodes, transistors, integrated circuits and more. Specific components are defined, such as resistors having fixed or variable values, different types of transistors including BJTs and FETs, and meters for measuring current, voltage, resistance and other properties. Videos are included for additional learning.
Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique that measures the electric potential of electrochemical cells under zero-current conditions. It involves measuring the potential difference between a reference electrode with a known potential and an indicator electrode whose potential varies with the concentration of the analyte ion. The potential difference is used to determine analyte concentration based on the Nernst equation. Common applications of potentiometry include clinical analysis of electrolytes, environmental analysis of ions in water, and titration measurements.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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2. BMI
UNIT I - BIO POTENTIAL GENERATION AND
ELECTRODES TYPES
Origin of bio potential and its propagation. Types of
electrodes -
surface, needle and micro electrodes and their equivalent
circuits.
Recording problems - measurement with two electrodes.
UNIT II - BIOSIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
ELECTRODECONFIGURATIONS
Biosignals characteristics – frequency and amplitude
ranges. ECG – Einthoven’s triangle, standard 12 lead
system. EEG – 10-20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar
and average mode. EMG– unipolar and bipolar mode.
3. BMI
UNIT III SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUITS
Need for bio-amplifier - differential bio-amplifier,
Impedance matching circuit, isolation amplifiers, Power
line interference, Right leg driven ECG amplifier, Band
pass filtering
UNIT IV MEASUREMENT OF NON-
ELECTRICALPARAMETERS
Temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate
measurements. Blood Pressure: indirect methods -
Auscultatory method, direct methods: electronic
manometer, Systolic, diastolic pressure, Blood flow and
cardiac output measurement: Indicator dilution, and dye
dilution method, ultrasound blood flow measurement.
4. BMI
UNIT V- BIO-CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
Blood gas analyzers and Non-Invasive monitoring,
colorimeter, Sodium Potassium Analyser,
spectrophotometer, blood cell counter, auto analyzer
(simplified schematic description).
6. Origin of bio potential and its
propagation
• The origins of these biopotentials can be
traced to the electric activity at the cellular
level. The electric potential across a cell
membrane is the result of different ionic
concentrations that exist inside and outside
the cell. ... Each cell in the heart produces a
characteristic action potential.
7. Origin of bio potential and its
propagation
Biolelectric Potential
Biopotentials
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroneurogram (ENG)
Electromyogram (EMG)
Electroretinogram (ERG)
9. Ion Distribution
• Anions (-)
Large intracellular proteins
Chloride ions Cl-
• Cations (+)
Sodium Na+ Potassium K+
10. Resting Membrane Potential
Resting potential: The diffus ion and drift
process rise to abalance of ions between
inside and outside of the cell
OUT SIDE - + ion
Cell Membrane INSIDE- - ions
11. Membrane is polarized
• more negative particles in than out
• Bioelectric Potential – like a battery
• Potential for ion movement – current
13. Membrane Potential
• Net bioelectric potential for all ions
• Balance of both gradients
concentration & electrostatic
• Units = millivolts (mV)
• Vm = -65 Mv – given by Goldman equation
14. Resting potential
• Vm=RT ln PK [K+]o+PNa[Na+ ]oPcl[Cl -]o
ZFPK [K+i] +PNa[Na+]iPcl[Cl - ]I
– P = permeability
– Net potential movement for all ions
– known Vm:Can predict direction of movement of
any ion
15. SODIUM-POT PUMP
• he sodium–potassium pump is found in many
cell (plasma) membranes. Powered by ATP,
the pump moves sodium and potassium ions
in opposite directions, each against its
concentration gradient. In a single cycle of
the pump, three sodium ions are extruded
from and two potassium ions are imported
into the cell.
16. sodium potassium pump work
• The sodium-potassium
pump moves sodium ions out of
and potassium ions into the cell. This pump is
powered by ATP. For each ATP that is broken
down, 3 sodium ions move out and
2 potassium ions move in. ... Sodium ions bind
to the pump and a phosphate group from ATP
attaches to the pump, causing it to change its
shape
17. sodium potassium pump work
What would happen if it stopped working?
It maintains the concentration gradients of Na+
and K+, helping to stabilize resting membrane
potential. If stopped working, electrochemical
grandient would equalize/disappear and
actions potentials could not be generated, so
the cell would stop working.
18. IMPORTANT OF NA-K PUMP
• The sodium-potassium pump is integral in
maintaining the acid-base balance as well as
in healthy kidney function. Energy is derived
from pumping sodium outside the cell, where
it becomes concentrated, wanting to push its
way back in. This energy is used to remove
acid from the body.
19. USES
• In the kidneys the Na-K pump helps to
maintain sodium and potassium balance in
our body. It also plays a key role in
maintaining blood pressure and controls
cardiac contractions. Failure of the Na-K pump
can result in the swelling of the cell
20. Lecture 2
Characteristics of RP
• Depends upon the temp
• The permeability of the various cell varied
• Range of restion potentials: -60 to -100mv
21. Action potential
• The positive potential of the cell membrane
during the excitation is called as the action
potential.
OUT SIDE - - ion
Cell Membrane INSIDE- + ions
22. Conduction velocity
• The rate at which an action potential moves
down a fibe or propagated from the cell to cell
23. All or nothing law
• It states that regardless of the method of
excitation of cells or the intensity of the
stimulus, the action potential always same for
any given cell
24. Types of electrodes
• Pick Up The Electrical Signal From The Human
Body
• Electrode Paste
• A bioelectrode is a conductor that is designed to
serve as an interface between biological
structures and electronic systems. Its function is
to either sense and measure (passive) the
electrical activity within the biological structure
or stimulate (active) it by inducing external
electrical potential.
25. Half-Cell Potential
Half-Cell Potential
• Half-Cell potential is determined by
• Metal involved
-Concentration of its ion in solution
• -Temperature
• -And other second order factor
26. Half Cell Potential and Nernst Equation
• When two ionic solutions of different
concentration are separated by
semipermeable membrane, an electric
potential exists across the membrane.
• . E = - RT/nF ln a1/a2
• a1 and a2 are the activity of the ions on each
side of the membrane. Ionic activity is the
availability of an ionic species in solution to
enter into a reaction
29. Metal plate electrodes
- Rectangular(cm x 5 cm)circular(4.75diameter) in
shape
– German silver, nickel silver, nickel plated steelECG
measurements
30. Suction Cup electrode
– Flat surfaces of the body and to regions
where the underlying tissue is soft
– Physically large but only
rim area) is in contact to the
skin
(smaller
33. Adhesive tape electrode
– The pressure of surface electrode
against the skin may squeeze the electrode paste
out
– So, this type of electrodes are used
screen backed by
– Light metallic
a pad for electrode paste
36. NEEDLE ELECTRODES
• Needle electrodes are generally used in
clinical electro myography, neuro graphy and
other electrophysiological investigations
under the skin and in the deeper tissues.
• Material used: Stainless steel which is
preferred due to its mechanical solidity and
low price.
37. Depth & needle electrode
• Depth electrode:
• Used to study the electrical activity
o1 the neurons in superficial layers of
the brain & also the oxygen tension
– Bundle of Teflon insulated platinum
• (90%) & Iridium (10%) alloy wires
– End of supporting wire is rounded
– Active area : 0.5 mm2
38. Monopolar Needle
• Made of stainless steel, the monopolar needle
electrode has a very finely sharpened point
and is covered with Teflon or other insulating
material over its entire length, except for a 0.5
mm exposure at the tip. The needle serves as
the active electrode, and a surface electrode
placed on the skin close to it serves as a
reference.
39. Micro electrodes
• Microelectrodes are biopotential electrodes
with an ultrafine tapered tip that can be
inserted into individual biological cells. These
electrodes serve an important role in
recording action potentials from single cells
and are commonly used in neurophysiological
studies
44. recorders
• The recorder is required in
any instrumentation system to record data
which has been acquired. Data can be in
analog or digital form hence the 2 types of
recorders namely: Analog recorder.
Digital recorder
46. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system
• 1. Inaccebility of variable to measurement: it
is greatest difficulty in attempting from a living
system is the problem in gaining to the
variable being measured. For example neuro
chemical activity of brain ,it is impossible to
place transducer so we need to do the indirect
measurement.in using indirect measurement,
however one must be aware of the
limitations.
47. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
• 1. Inaccebility of variable to measurement: it
is greatest difficulty in attempting from a living
system is the problem in gaining to the
variable being measured. For example neuro
chemical activity of brain ,it is impossible to
place transducer so we need to do the indirect
measurement.in using indirect measurement,
however one must be aware of the
limitations.
48. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
• 2. Variability of data: majority of physiological
variables are nondeterministic, means varies
with respect to time.so these must be
represented by some statistical or probability
distribution.
49. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
• 3. Lack of knowledge of interrelationship:
physiological measurements with large
tolerance are often accepted by the physician
because of lack of this knowledge and the
resultant in ability to control variations. Better
understanding of physiological relationship
would also permit more effective use of
indirect measurements as substitutes for
inaccessible measure.
50. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
• 4. Interaction among physiological systems:
large number of feedback loops involved in
the major physiological systems, a severe
degree of interaction exists both within a
given system and among the major systems.
The result is that stimulation of one part of a
given system generally affects all other parts
of the system in some way and often affects
other systems as well.
51. • 5. Effect of transducer: Transducer can be
considered as a device converting one form of
energy to another form. Electrical transducers
can be considered as a device meant to convert a
form of energy to equivalent electrical signals.
The physical quantity to be measured can be
position, displacement, flow, temperature, strain,
velocity etc. and the output is in the form of
electrical parameters like current, capacitance,
voltage, inductance, change in resistance etc
52. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
6. Artifacts: it is component or variable is
observed while doing experiment, which is
not naturally present. Thus random noise
generated within the measuring
instrument, electrical interference (50
53. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
• 7. Energy limitations: many physiological
measurement techniques that a certain
amount of energy be applied to the living
system in order to obtain a measurement. For
example, resistance measurements require
the flow of electric current through the tissue
or blood being measured. Some transducers
generate small amount of heat due to the
current flow.
54. Problems encountered in measuring
a living system:
• 8. Safety considerations: methods employed
in measuring variables in a living human
subject must in no way endanger the life or
normal functioning of the subject. Recent
emphasis on hospital safety requires that
extra caution must be taken in the design of
any measurement system to protect the
patient.
55. Measurement with two electrodes
• Measurement of bioelectric potentials
requires two electrodes. The resulting voltage
potential is the difference between the
potential of microelectrode and
reference electrode. ... EA – metal electrode-
electrolyte potential at microelectrode tip. EB
– Reference electrode-electrolyte potential.
57. Equivalent circuit for a biopotential
electrode
• Equivalent circuit for a biopotential
electrode in contact with an electrolyte. ... Rd
and Cd make up the impedance associated
with the electrode-electrolyte interface and
polarization effects, and Rs is the series
resistance associated with interface effects
and due to resistance in the electrolyte.