This document discusses proposals for disposing of nuclear waste in space. It outlines two types of nuclear waste disposal: terrestrial and space disposal. Space disposal would involve processing nuclear waste into a cermet form and launching it into space using various propulsion methods. The document discusses the technical requirements and processes for fabricating nuclear waste payloads, transporting them to launch sites, and carrying out launch operations. However, it also notes that space disposal faces political, social, and risk-related challenges.
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This presentation is part of Renewable Energy Technologies course 2020
Faculty of Engineering - Benha University
By
Prof. Ghada Amer
Category
Science & Technology
Category
Science & Technology
Category
Science & Technology
2. Introduction
☢ Nuclear industry deals with hazardous
waste, especially with high-level
radioactive waste (HLW)
☢ Two types of waste disposal: terrestrial and
space disposal. Space disposal is an option
of final disposal of nuclear waste.
☢ Laser space propulsion, electromagnetic
propulsion, gas guns, and solar sails are
technological ways of launch system
2
http://ecowatch.com/2015/01/25/no-solution-radioactive-nuclear-waste/
3. Considerations for Space Disposal
☢ Leaving HLW on earth brings potential long-
term contamination through the release and
merges of nuclear waste, and raises several
national security concerns
☢ Space disposal will reduce the volume of HLW
considerably on earth
☢ Space disposal will also contribute to
reduction of risk and improvement of waste
management
3
http://catacombs.space1999.net/main/pguide/thisep/upte01b.html
4. Cons of Space Disposal
☢ The complexity of this topic is based on
political, social, and scientific factors
☢ Factors: The classification of the waste, the
method in which the waste will be send into
space, the cost of this technology, and
determining to send the waste complicate the
problem, integrate many disciplines and a lot
of recourses 4
5. Space Disposal Destinations
☢ Impact in the Sun
☢ Solar system escape
☢ Solar orbit
☢ Lunar surface
☢ Lunar orbit
☢ High Earth orbit (order
of 100,000 miles) 5
Jonathan Coopersmith. "Disposal of High Level Nuclear Waste in Space." Disposal Of Wgh-Level Nuclear Waste in Space (1999): n. pag. National
Space Society. Texas A&M University, 1999. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
6. Nuclear Waste for Space Disposal
☢ The purpose of space disposal is to send the HLW into space
☢ The nuclear waste mix (HWL, fission products (FP), actinides,
and other heavy metals) involves a great number of economic
and technical complexities such as such as half-lives, masses,
activities, transport proprieties, biological effects, total
energies, and total cost
6
7. Nuclear Waste for Space Disposal
☢ The HLW-mix extracted from the
PUREX process would be the
appropriate waste form for space
disposal
☢ The most hazardous radionuclides,
such as Am, Cm, Np, Tc, and I are
classified among the HLW-mix.
☢ long-term risk of geologic disposal 7
8. Waste form
☢ High waste loading
☢ High thermal conductivity
☢ Thermochemical stability
☢ Resistant to leaching
☢ Toughness
☢ Application for commercial and
defense
☢ Fabrication
☢ Economics
☢ Resistance to oxidation
☢ Resistance to thermal shock
8
http://www.wipp.energy.gov/Photo_Gallery.htm
9. Cermet
☢ Composite material are composed of ceramic and
metallic materials. A cermet is ideally designed to
have the optimal properties of both aceramic, such
as high temperature resistance and hardness, and
those of a metal, such as the ability to undergo
plastic deformation
9
11. Ground Operation
☢ Nuclear waste processing
and payload fabrication
☢ Nuclear waste ground
transport
☢ Payload preparation at
launch site
☢ Prelaunch activities
☢ Space shuttle operations
☢ Upper stage operation 11
12. Nuclear waste processing and payload fabrication
☢ Transported by rail shipping casks to waste-
processing and payload-fabrication sites
☢ HLW mix will contain 0.1% plutonium and
uranium if it has been reprocessed by PUREX
process
☢ HLW-mix will be reprocessed again and formed
into the cermet metal matrix through
calcinations and the hydrogen reduction
process
☢ Cermet would be formed in the spherical
payload, loaded into a stainless-steel
container, and packaged into a flight weight
radiation shield 12
Priest, C.C. "Space Disposal of Nuclear Wastes." Space Disposal of Nuclear Wastes. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), 1980. Web. 20
13. Nuclear waste ground transport
☢ A specially designed rail car
would transport the cask
from the payload
fabrication site to a nuclear
payload preparation facility
☢ This special cask would be
designed to meet all NRC
regulations
13
http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/11/protesters-disrupt-german-
nuclear-waste-shipment/100196/
14. Payload preparation at launch site and
Prelaunch activities
☢ At the NPPF payloads are
prepared for launch using special
shields and additional more
shields against radiation
☢ Thermal control monitoring and
inspection of the waste containers
is required periodically before the
payload is launched 14
http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/11/protesters-disrupt-
german-nuclear-waste-shipment/100196/
15. Space shuttle operations
☢ Payload would be installed
in the orbiter’s cargo bay at
the launch pad
☢ Orbital test vehicle (OTV)
and the shuttle would be
loaded
☢ OTV gets oriented for its
first propulsive maneuver to
the orbit of destination 15
16. Upper stage operation
☢ Once it returns to Earth, OTV is
reused for other missions
☢ upper stage operations may
include launching the payload
into a transitory orbit at 150 to
500 km above the Earth’s
atmosphere
☢ Corrections in the course of final
destination may apply 16
http://www.pmview.com/spaceodysseytwo/spacelvs/sld037.h
17. Cons for Space Disposal
☢ Space disposal has not been accepted politically
neither socially
☢ Risk of operation launches is very high still
☢ Operations very expansive
17
18. Problems
☢ Nuclear waste generated commercially is still increasing, more
than 42,300 MT of spent fuel rods by 2000 and predicted more
than 77,100 MT by 2020 in US
☢ US military generated SNF over 380,000 MT of HLW by 1999
☢ Geological contamination, political controversy, and social
acceptance in terrestrial disposal
18
19. Solutions and Advantages
☢ Space disposal will cost billions of dollars, but so far the cost
of remediation of contamination from HLW and existing plans
for underground waste disposal are also on order of billions of
dollars
☢ Infrastructure can be used for other purposes and missions
☢ Elimination of considerable big volume of HLW
19
20. Conclusion
☢ Looking forward to space disposal and work on it will
permanently remove the burden and responsibility of
HLW from future generations
☢ The future of space disposal for nuclear waste will not
succeed unless potential supporters and opponents are
thoroughly convinced about its safety and efficiency of
this project
20
21. References
☢ Jonathan Coopersmith. "Disposal of High Level Nuclear Waste in Space." Disposal Of Wgh-Level Nuclear
Waste in Space (1999): n. pag. National Space Society. Texas A&M University, 1999. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
☢ Priest, C.C. "Space Disposal of Nuclear Wastes." Space Disposal of Nuclear Wastes. NASA Technical Reports
Server (NTRS), 1980. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
☢ Data from the National Space Science Data Center (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/database).
☢ John F. Aheame, "Radioactive Waste: The Size of the Problem," Physics Today 50,6 (June, 1997), 24-29;
Harold Kennedy, "A Big Job: Cleaning Up the Nation's Nuclear Waste," National Defense March 1999, 24-
27.
☢ Drumheller, Kirk. "Extraterrestrial Disposal of Nuclear Wastes -- ANS / Store /." Extraterrestrial Disposal
of Nuclear Wastes -- ANS / Store. America Nuclear Society, Dec. 1974. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
☢ Kobisk, E.h., T.c. Quinby, and W.s. Aaron. "Final Report on Cermet High-level Waste Forms." (1981): n.
pag. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA). Web. 21
The final destinations on the Sun or solar system escape are possible, but very expensive technology is required and also these far destinations require a great amount of energy. On the other hand, high earth or lunar orbit, including lunar surface, destinations are subject to public and scientific controversy still, even though it required less energy than the first 3 possibilities. The main problem is the long-term stability if the waste is put in the high orbit of earth or in the lunar orbit. In fact, calculations have shown a circular heliocentric solar orbit, half way between Venus and the Sun is a stable orbit appropriate for space disposal [1]. This last proposal is less expensive than variants 1 and 3.
