Urbanization is increasing globally, with more people living in urban areas. This presents challenges for distributing adult vaccines. The document reviews different strategies used in various settings to increase adult vaccination rates. Hospital/clinic-based interventions like standing orders and reminders showed success. Community-based programs distributing vaccines in non-traditional settings also increased rates. While many focused on the elderly, few targeted high-risk adults or children. A limitation is reaching those not engaged in healthcare.
). The BPS looks at how physical and mental health are influenced by interacting biological, psychological (thoughts, emotions, and behavior) and social (socio-economic and cultural) factors. The BPS model was proposed by Engel (1981) contrary to the dominant biomedical model (BM) that states that illness can be attributed to some deviation from the normal state due to an external agent like a virus or injury or due to genetic or developmental abnormality. The BM model cannot make provision for the person as a whole or from a psychological or social nature (Engel, 1977). The biological factors of etiology, incidence, transmission, and prevention by immunization and the need for vaccinating HCWs to prevent the spread of the virus and the causes for low rates of immunization are presented. The psychological analysis looks at motivation, risk perceptions and altruistic behaviors that affect immunization of HCWs. The methods used to encourage HCWs uptake of flu vaccines and the need for mandatory immunization policies are discussed. Finally, the social and ethical issues regarding mandatory immunization policies are put in perspective
Resilience strategy in emergency medicine during the Covid-19 pandemic in ParisOceane MINKA
This study describe the organizational impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Emergency Medicine. Published in JEUREA : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurea.2021.04.001
Benefits and possibilities for the foot and mouth disease progressive control...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at an expert consultative workshop on foot and mouth disease risk-based strategic plan, Naivasha, Kenya, 11–12 September 2019.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of the deaths worldwideΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
NCDs are not selective; they affect men and women in all countries and all socioeconomic classes, albeit with notable regional differences that influence intervention strategies and outcomes. Further amplifying the crisis, the high prevalence and chronic nature of NCDs have a direct impact on economies; the total global burden estimated to reach US$47 trillion between 2010 and 2030. Upjohn, a Pfizer division, shares insights on the major causes, trends and methods of intervention against NCDs.
Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) arenowwidely recognized as a threat to global development.The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed thisc observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declarationon the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting,and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have incommon that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology.
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.
). The BPS looks at how physical and mental health are influenced by interacting biological, psychological (thoughts, emotions, and behavior) and social (socio-economic and cultural) factors. The BPS model was proposed by Engel (1981) contrary to the dominant biomedical model (BM) that states that illness can be attributed to some deviation from the normal state due to an external agent like a virus or injury or due to genetic or developmental abnormality. The BM model cannot make provision for the person as a whole or from a psychological or social nature (Engel, 1977). The biological factors of etiology, incidence, transmission, and prevention by immunization and the need for vaccinating HCWs to prevent the spread of the virus and the causes for low rates of immunization are presented. The psychological analysis looks at motivation, risk perceptions and altruistic behaviors that affect immunization of HCWs. The methods used to encourage HCWs uptake of flu vaccines and the need for mandatory immunization policies are discussed. Finally, the social and ethical issues regarding mandatory immunization policies are put in perspective
Resilience strategy in emergency medicine during the Covid-19 pandemic in ParisOceane MINKA
This study describe the organizational impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Emergency Medicine. Published in JEUREA : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurea.2021.04.001
Benefits and possibilities for the foot and mouth disease progressive control...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at an expert consultative workshop on foot and mouth disease risk-based strategic plan, Naivasha, Kenya, 11–12 September 2019.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of the deaths worldwideΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
NCDs are not selective; they affect men and women in all countries and all socioeconomic classes, albeit with notable regional differences that influence intervention strategies and outcomes. Further amplifying the crisis, the high prevalence and chronic nature of NCDs have a direct impact on economies; the total global burden estimated to reach US$47 trillion between 2010 and 2030. Upjohn, a Pfizer division, shares insights on the major causes, trends and methods of intervention against NCDs.
Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) arenowwidely recognized as a threat to global development.The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed thisc observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declarationon the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting,and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have incommon that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology.
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.
Cardiology and cardiac rehab and fitness
General medicine
Gynaecology
Ophthalmology
Chest medicine
Orthopedics
Psychiatry and counseling
Radiology and ultrasound
Adult vaccination
Nutrition and weight management ( weight loss and weight gain program)
Dietician
In some countries, the elderly enjoy and elevated social status because of their life experience and the wisdom they have to share. An extensive family network shares responsibility for older family member, who view it as an honor and opportunity to repay the debt of those who cared for them when they were small.
Dr. Ryan's Geriatric Immunology presentation from Badger Veterinary Hospital's Caring for Your Geriatric Horse February 13, 2013 client education seminar.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Annette Verster, WHO
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Evaluation of the Impact of a Social Support Strategy on Treatment OutcomesMEASURE Evaluation
Shared at a data dissemination and data use workshop on the results of the impact evaluation of the Strengthening Tuberculosis Control in Ukraine project. Access another presentation at https://www.slideshare.net/measureevaluation/evaluation-of-the-tbhiv-integration-strategy-on-treatment-outcomes.
Vaccination in adults - Slideset by Professor Paolo BonanniWAidid
The slideset by professor Paolo Bonanni on vaccination in adults makes an overview on influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and tick borne encephalitis. Where we were and where we are.
In this global pandemic, IBD patients and their healthcare providers from around the world share similar fears and concerns. SECURE-IBD is an international database to monitor and report on COVID-19 in IBD patients. By working across borders, we are learning how factors like age, other conditions, and IBD treatments impact COVID-19 outcomes. This slide deck also shares information about other research efforts that are ongoing to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on IBD patients.
The Foundation would like to thank AbbVie Inc., Genentech, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen Biotech, Inc., Shire, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., sponsors of our COVID-19 materials. Additional support is provided through the Foundation’s annual giving program and individual donors.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
SLIDE PRESENTATIONTHE STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES ABOUT COVID 19 AMONG P...BlueEyedSoul
People's knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 play a crucial role in determining their readiness to accept behavioral changes recommended by health authorities. A study was conducted at Hospital Kudat to determine the knowledge levels and attitudes towards COVID-19 among patients. The study utilized a cross-sectional online survey of 101 patients between February 1st and 10th, 2023. The survey included demographic questions (Part A) and three checklists: knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 (Part B), and government control measures (Part C). The survey was administered using Google Forms as the survey instrument.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Overview
• Trends in urbanicity and urbanization
• Distribution of vaccines to adults
– Strategies
– Challenges
3. Urbanicity and urbanization
• Urbanicity
• The extent to which a particular area is urban at any given
point in time, e.g., proportion of persons living in cities
• Urbanization
• The change in the extent to which a particular area is urban
over time; a dynamic process
Vlahov D, Galea S. J Urban Health 2002
4. Percentage of Population Residing in Urban
Areas Globally, 1950-2050
80.0
70.0
60.0
Percent
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
—
Year
World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision
5. Percentage of Population Residing in Urban
Areas by Level of Development, 1950-2050
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
Percent
60.0
50.0
More developed regions
Less developed regions
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
—
Year
World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision
6. Proportion urban and rural in less developed
regions, 1950-2050
100.0
90.0
80.0
Percent
70.0
60.0
50.0
Urban
40.0
Rural
30.0
20.0
10.0
—
Year
World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision
7. Average Annual Rate of Change of the Urban
Population by Major Area, 1950-2050
4.50
4.00
3.50
More developed regions
3.00
Percent
Less developed regions
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
—
Years
8. Urban Population by Major Area, 1950-2050
6,000,000
Population in Thousands
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
More developed regions
Less developed regions
2,000,000
1,000,000
—
Year
9. Number of cities by population size and level of
country development, 1980-2025
700
Number of cities
600
≥10M
5-10M
500
1-5M
400
<1M
300
200
100
0
More
developed
Less
developed
1980
More
developed
Less
developed
2000
More
developed
Less
developed
2010
More
developed
Less
developed
2025
10. Why urban health?
• Growing importance of cities worldwide
– In 2007, reached global milestone of 50% of world’s population living
in cities
• Public health research and practice is placing more
emphasis on “context”
• Urban growth is concentrated in less developed countries
– Growth may outstrip infrastructure in some countries
11. Cities and TB
• Risk of transmission is higher
– Number of contacts
– Duration of infectiousness
• Lack of basic health services in many slums
• Rural patients may be attracted to cities because of better
access to health services
• TB centers may be overburdened
Trébucq, Int J Tuberc Lund Dis 2007
13. Distribution of influenza vaccine to high-risk groups
• A variety of settings and approaches have been used
• Certain program features are more than others
• We reviewed interventions aims at increasing vaccination
among individuals at high risk for influenza complications in
five settings:
–
–
–
–
–
Hospital/tertiary care
Primary-care
Venue-based targeted delivery (e.g., nursing homes)
Large-scale regional programs
Community-based distribution programs
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
14. Hospital/tertiary care settings
• Nichol, 1998
– 500 elderly and high-risk Veterans’ hospital patients/Yr in
Minneapolis, MN
– Prospective evaluation of standing orders, standardized forms, and
patient mailings
– Rates significantly increased for all inpatient respondents from 79% in
1990-91 to 86% in 1996-97 (p≤0.001)
• Dexter et al., 2001
– 6371 hospitalized patients in an urban hospital in Indianapolis, IN
– RCT: Computerized reminder vs. computerized standing order
– Vaccine was administered to 42% in standing order group and 30% in
reminder group (p≤0.001)
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
15. Primary care settings
• Nichol et al., 1990
– 1375 high-risk outpatients in Veterans’ hospitals in Minneapolis, MN
– Cross-sectional with controls: Nurse vaccinated without physicians’
order, and completed chart-based reminders and mailings
– Vaccination coverage in intervention hospital was 58% vs. 28% - 31%
in controls. For each high-risk subgroup (age ≥ 65, lung or heart
disease, diabetes, other), coverage was better in intervention hospital
versus controls (p≤0.001)
• Spaulding & Kugler, 1991
– 1068 high-risk outpatients (excluding patients aged ≥ 65 without other
risk factors) in military hospital family practice department in Fort
Lewis, WA
– RCT: Vaccination mailings
– 25% of intervention group received influenza vaccine compared to 9%
of control group. Group with higher military rank (proxy for SES) was
more likely to be vaccinated
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
16. Primary care settings II
• Herman et al, 1994
– 1202 patients aged ≥ 65 in elderly ambulatory medical clinic in
Cleveland, OH
– RCT--Staff and patient education and flowsheet / standing order
– Influenza coverage was 42% in the control group, 45% in group
that received education only and 55% in group that received
education and flowsheet / standing order (p<0.001)
• Gaglani et al., 2001
– 925 asthma or reactive airway disease patients aged ≥ 6 months
to <19 years in health care delivery system with ~160000
enrollees in Temple, TX
– Pre/post computerized mailing and autodial telephone message
– Overall, vaccination rate went from 5% to 32% (p<0.001).
Autodial resulted in vaccination of 15% of those contacted.
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
17. Venue-based targeted delivery
• Krieger et al, 2000
– 1246 individuals aged ≥ 65 residing in five contiguous zip codes served
by senior center in Seattle, WA
– RCT: Mailings, telephone calls to unvaccinated by senior volunteers and
computerized vaccination tracking
– Among unvaccinated in previous year, 50% in intervention group were
vaccinated vs. 23.0% in control group. Overall vaccination rate was 82%
• Stancliff et al., 2000
– 199 Injection drug users at a syringe exchange program (SEP) in New
York, NY
– Cross-sectional, no comparison group. Vaccine made available at SEPs
during a one month period
– 181 people eligible for vaccine, of whom 86% accepted. Of 48 people
reporting chronic medical condition, 87% accepted vaccination
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
18. Large-scale regional programs
• Bennett et al,, 1994
– 88811 Medicare enrollees aged ≥ 65 in Monroe County, NY
– 2 RCTs (3 years) of expanding program to other settings, physician
tracking poster and physician financial incentives
– Influenza vaccination coverage increased from 41% in 1989 to 74% in
1991. Poster program physicians vaccinated 66% of patients compared to
50% among controls. Physicians receiving financial incentives vaccinated
73% of their patients compared to 56% of controls (p<0.001)
• Honkanen et al., 1997
– 41500 persons aged ≥ 65 in Northern Finland Elderly Regional public
health program
– Controlled trial: Free vaccine with and without mailing targeting by age or
disease
– Age-based program with personal reminders had the highest vaccination
rate (82%) compared to age-based program without reminders (50-56%)
and disease-based program (19-22%)
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
19. Large-scale regional programs II
• Barker et al., 1999
– 85000 Medicare enrollees in Monroe County and 58,000 in
Onondaga County, NY
– Program evaluation of multi-media public service announcements,
targeting to minority communities, mailings, and physician
monitoring of vaccination coverage
– Vaccination rates increased from 41% in year 1 to 60% and 74%
in years 2 and 3, respectively. Modest increase in vaccination
rates observed in Onondaga County (46% to 57%)
• Steyer et al., 2004
– Adults aged ≥ 65 participating in BRFSS in 16 U.S. states
– Cross-sectional with comparison group: Pharmacist vaccinating
– 1995 – 1999: Vaccine coverage increased from 58% to 68% in
states where pharmacists could administer vaccine and from 61%
to 65% in states where they could not. Difference between years
and states in 1999 was significant.
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
20. Community-based distribution programs
• Hanna et al., 2001
– I7345 indigenous adults in Queensland, Australia who received first dose
of influenza
– Retrospective: Indigenous public health officers recruited for program
promotion and development of materials. Key stakeholders involved in
early planning and promotion
– Greater uptake of pneumococcal vaccine during first two years may reflect
effectiveness of client pamphlet. When more balanced materials and
emphasis was used, influenza uptake increased
• Zimmerman et al., 2003
– Elderly Inner-city adults aged ≥ 50 at Faith-based neighborhood health
centers in Pittsburgh, PA
– Comparison of community selected interventions. Both centers: Free/
low-cost vaccines for indigent, exam room posters, staff education, chart
reminders, standing orders. Center A: Mailings. Center B: Off-site
vaccination clinics and community advertisement
– Vaccination coverage in Center A increased from 24 to 30% among adults
aged 50 - 64 and 45 to 53% among adults aged ≥ 65 (p<0.001)
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
21. Community-based distribution programs II
• Weatheril et al., 2004
– Community residents (estimated population of 16,000) in 10
square block area of Vancouver, Canada
– Program evaluation: Vaccination offered in non-traditional settings
(e.g., streets, alleys, single room occupancy hotels, etc.)
– Influenza vaccines distributed to 8043 people in 1999, 3718 in
2000, 5175 in 2001 and 4131 in 2002
• Zimmerman et al., 2004
– 1534 children aged <2 in urban health in Pittsburgh, PA
– Pre/post tests: Site-selected interventions from strategies proven
to increase vaccination rates
– Vaccination coverage increased from 7% to 39% for the first dose
and 2% to 13% for the second dose compared to pre-intervention
(p<0.001)
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
22. Findings
• Most interventions focused on the elderly, fewer on adults
with high-risk conditions and fewer still on children
• Vaccination was largely examined within the context of
primary care settings or large-scale regional programs
• One major limitation: unable to reach those not engaged in
the health care system, specifically hard-to-reach
populations (homeless, substance users, elderly shut-ins and
undocumented immigrants)
• Very few interventions included active community
engagement or were targeted to specific communities
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
23. Conclusions
• Most programs target populations that already had high
rates of vaccination
• Few studies have targeted individuals outside of the
health care and social service sectors
• Most interventions were not community based but relied
instead on programs that were professionally directed and
administered
Ompad D et al. Epidemiol Rev 2006
25. The Main Problem, and a potential solution
• Generally have to go through the health care system to
get an annual influenza vaccination
– For some people, this can be challenging
• If we expand vaccine availability to non-traditional venues,
we can vaccinate more people
26. Reasons for lack of interest in receiving
flu vaccine
25
Percent
20
15
10
5
0
Vaccine unsafe
Don't like
injections
Medical reason
Not at high risk
Already
vaccinated
n (%)
Ever had flu vaccine
If ever, flu vaccine in past year
Never had flu vaccine
If never, interested in getting flu shot
468 (61.6)
240 (51.4)
292 (38.4)
576 (79.6)
27. Summary
• People who are unconnected to health/ social services or
government health insurance are less likely to have been
vaccinated in the past
• BUT, if flu vaccine were available, they would be willing to
receive it
28.
29.
30.
31. The Partnership
NYAM
• Trained the
Outreach
Workers in
Research
Methods
HCAP
VIWG
PALLADIA
VNSNY
NYC
DOHMH
• Provided
Vaccines
• Consulted
on the
planning
• Outreach
Staff
• Vaccination
Site Host
• Provided
nurses
32. Outreach efforts
Community Organization Level
• Community Mobilization
• Outreach-based Education
Neighborhood Level
• Street Interception-Outreach Education
• Surveys
• Recruitment for Vaccination Sites