This presentation summarizes the ElectroCat 2.0 consortium project, which aims to develop platinum-group metal-free catalysts for fuel cells and electrolyzers. The consortium has a budget of $3 million per year and runs from 2020-2023. Its goals include improving catalyst activity, durability, and power density to meet DOE targets for fuel cell and electrolyzer systems. The project has made progress in developing dual-zone Fe-N-C catalysts with significantly better durability than single-zone catalysts in fuel cell testing. It also utilizes machine learning and high-throughput methods to accelerate catalyst optimization.
Post-combustion CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycles by solvent supported membranes - presentation by Matteo Romano of Politecnico di Milano at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
The document discusses photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals. It describes how semiconductor-based photocatalysts like TiO2 can be used to drive the reduction of CO2 into products like methanol using solar energy. Challenges include the large band gap of most semiconductors, which limits them to using only UV light. The document explores using metal complexes immobilized on photoactive supports as an alternative, as they have visible light activity and can be tuned to favor specific products. Specific examples discussed include cobalt phthalocyanine and tin phthalocyanine immobilized on graphene oxide and mesoporous ceria, respectively, as well as heteroleptic ruthenium complexes immobilized on graphene oxide
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Energy Conversion Technology 2 - Binary power plant presentationRiccardo Pagotto
The document discusses the optimal design of binary cycle power plants for medium-temperature geothermal fields. It provides background on geothermal energy and geological settings. It then describes how binary cycle power plants work, including the heat recovery cycle, recovery heat exchanger, and cooling system. Temperature ranges for the geothermal fluid, reject fluid, and condenser are provided. The document also analyzes merit parameters like efficiency to optimize plant design, and evaluates performance using different working fluids over a range of temperature conditions. The conclusion covers advantages like sustainability and low emissions, but also disadvantages like dependence on geological factors and initial costs.
Awais Thesis Final Defense ppt updated.pptxNaseem89
This document outlines a study on synthesizing and characterizing Cu-doped ZIF-8 catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Cu-doped ZIF-8 materials with various Cu loadings were synthesized using a solvothermal method and characterized using techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, BET. These catalysts were then used in an electrochemical cell to reduce CO2 and the products were analyzed. Cu10%ZIF-8 showed the highest CO faradaic efficiency of 62.26% and Cu30%ZIF-8 achieved the highest current density of -40 mA/cm2, indicating improved selectivity and activity for CO2 electroreduction compared to pure ZIF
This study offers an overview of the technologies for hydrogen production especially alkaline water electrolysis using solar energy. Solar Energy and Hydrogen (energy carrier) are possible replacement options for fossil fuel and its associated problems of availability and high prices which are devastating small, developing, oil-importing economies. But a major drawback to the full implementation of solar energy, in particular photovoltaic (PV), is the lowering of conversion efficiency of PV cells due to elevated cell temperatures while in operation. Also, hydrogen as an energy carrier must be produced in gaseous or liquid form before it can be used as fuel; but its‟ present major conversion process produces an abundance of carbon dioxide which is harming the environment through global warming. Alkaline water electrolysis is considered to be a basic technique for hydrogen production. In the present study, the effects of electrolyte concentration, solar insolation and space between the pair of electrodes on the amount of hydrogen produced and consequently on the overall electrolysis efficiency are experimentally investigated. The water electrolysis of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was conducted under atmospheric pressure using stainless steel 316 as electrodes.
The experimental results showed that the performance of alkaline water electrolysis unit is dominated by operational parameters like the electrolyte concentration and the gap between the electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes and was demonstrated to produce higher rates of hydrogen at higher system efficiency
This study shows some attempts to product pure Hydrogen and pure Oxygen as both Hydrogen and Oxygen have there commercial demands.
Post-combustion CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycles by solvent supported membranes - presentation by Matteo Romano of Politecnico di Milano at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
The document discusses photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals. It describes how semiconductor-based photocatalysts like TiO2 can be used to drive the reduction of CO2 into products like methanol using solar energy. Challenges include the large band gap of most semiconductors, which limits them to using only UV light. The document explores using metal complexes immobilized on photoactive supports as an alternative, as they have visible light activity and can be tuned to favor specific products. Specific examples discussed include cobalt phthalocyanine and tin phthalocyanine immobilized on graphene oxide and mesoporous ceria, respectively, as well as heteroleptic ruthenium complexes immobilized on graphene oxide
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Energy Conversion Technology 2 - Binary power plant presentationRiccardo Pagotto
The document discusses the optimal design of binary cycle power plants for medium-temperature geothermal fields. It provides background on geothermal energy and geological settings. It then describes how binary cycle power plants work, including the heat recovery cycle, recovery heat exchanger, and cooling system. Temperature ranges for the geothermal fluid, reject fluid, and condenser are provided. The document also analyzes merit parameters like efficiency to optimize plant design, and evaluates performance using different working fluids over a range of temperature conditions. The conclusion covers advantages like sustainability and low emissions, but also disadvantages like dependence on geological factors and initial costs.
Awais Thesis Final Defense ppt updated.pptxNaseem89
This document outlines a study on synthesizing and characterizing Cu-doped ZIF-8 catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Cu-doped ZIF-8 materials with various Cu loadings were synthesized using a solvothermal method and characterized using techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, BET. These catalysts were then used in an electrochemical cell to reduce CO2 and the products were analyzed. Cu10%ZIF-8 showed the highest CO faradaic efficiency of 62.26% and Cu30%ZIF-8 achieved the highest current density of -40 mA/cm2, indicating improved selectivity and activity for CO2 electroreduction compared to pure ZIF
This study offers an overview of the technologies for hydrogen production especially alkaline water electrolysis using solar energy. Solar Energy and Hydrogen (energy carrier) are possible replacement options for fossil fuel and its associated problems of availability and high prices which are devastating small, developing, oil-importing economies. But a major drawback to the full implementation of solar energy, in particular photovoltaic (PV), is the lowering of conversion efficiency of PV cells due to elevated cell temperatures while in operation. Also, hydrogen as an energy carrier must be produced in gaseous or liquid form before it can be used as fuel; but its‟ present major conversion process produces an abundance of carbon dioxide which is harming the environment through global warming. Alkaline water electrolysis is considered to be a basic technique for hydrogen production. In the present study, the effects of electrolyte concentration, solar insolation and space between the pair of electrodes on the amount of hydrogen produced and consequently on the overall electrolysis efficiency are experimentally investigated. The water electrolysis of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was conducted under atmospheric pressure using stainless steel 316 as electrodes.
The experimental results showed that the performance of alkaline water electrolysis unit is dominated by operational parameters like the electrolyte concentration and the gap between the electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes and was demonstrated to produce higher rates of hydrogen at higher system efficiency
This study shows some attempts to product pure Hydrogen and pure Oxygen as both Hydrogen and Oxygen have there commercial demands.
Phase Behaviour and EoS Modelling of the Carbon Dioxide-Hydrogen System, Martin Trusler, Imperial College London. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
A fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells can be used in a wide range of applications, including transportation, material handling, stationary, portable, and emergency backup power applications. Fuel cells have several benefits over conventional combustion-based technologies currently used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. Fuel cells can operate at higher efficiencies than combustion engines and can convert the chemical energy in the fuel to electrical energy with efficiencies of up to 60%. Fuel cells have lower emissions than combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water, so there are no carbon dioxide emissions and no air pollutants that create smog and cause health problems at the point of operation. Also, fuel cells are quiet during operation as they have fewer moving parts. This work is a representation of Ansys capabilities to simulate fuel cell for academic learning .
1. The document discusses various acceptance criteria, interpretation, and analysis methods for transformer test results, including insulation resistance, impedance, tan delta, turns ratio, dissolved gas analysis (DGA), and frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) moisture assessment.
2. It provides equations and standards for determining insulation resistance and lists IEEE recommended acceptance criteria for power factor in new vs aged transformers.
3. Guidelines are given for DGA gases levels according to IEEE standards and for physical properties of transformer oil like dielectric dissipation factor and water content.
The role of Direct Air Capture and Carbon Dioxide Removal in well below 2C sc...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the role of direct air capture (DAC) technologies in scenarios aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. It finds that DAC has the potential to play a role in carbon dioxide removal, capturing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century in 1.5°C scenarios. However, biological carbon dioxide removal via BECCS captures more CO2 over the long-run. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires rapid near-term emissions reductions and deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies like DAC. The costs of deep decarbonization are highly sensitive to the availability of carbon dioxide removal and storage technologies.
The document discusses a case study of a failed 250MVA generator transformer, analyzing dissolved gas test results from the transformer oil that indicated thermal faults and inter-turn shorting in the winding. Various tests were performed on the transformer, confirming inter-turn shorting in the Y-phase winding. The document emphasizes the importance of regularly monitoring transformers through dissolved gas analysis to detect problems early and avoid failures that can impact power system stability and lead to generation and equipment losses.
This document provides a summary of a research project on modeling the degradation of solar photovoltaic modules over time. It examines modules installed at two solar power plants in India - a 1 MW plant on an ash dyke and a 1 MW canal top plant. Testing showed canal top modules had lower temperatures and higher performance. The project developed loss models and found polycrystalline modules degraded 1.73-3.89% annually at one plant and 0.17-1.95% at the other. Regular cleaning can avoid a 1.61% efficiency loss from soiling. The models matched simulated results within a few percent.
This document describes an IoT-enabled air purifier that uses ionization to purify air. The air purifier was created to provide purified air in a low-cost and affordable way compared to other commercial air purifiers. It uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to sensors to monitor air quality and control fans and motors in the purifier. The purifier ionizes air particles to purify the air and remove pollutants. It is enclosed in transparent acrylic to allow visibility of components while keeping the circuit air-tight. The microcontroller connects to an app to display air quality readings in real-time and control the purifier remotely.
This document discusses the design of a lithium target and neutronics components for a boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility. It outlines the agenda, describes the target geometry and materials, and discusses factors like target heat, neutron moderation, reflector design, and beam quality parameters. The goal is to optimize the design to produce the highest possible epithermal neutron flux within safety limits on fast neutron and gamma doses. A series of design studies are proposed to evaluate moderating materials, proton beam energy, reflector configuration, and other variables.
The document summarizes research on the effect of cathode stoichiometric ratio on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under cold operating conditions. It describes the background on PEMFCs and motivation for studying cold start performance. The project investigated how output voltage of a PEMFC is affected by changing the cathode stoichiometric ratio at room temperature, 0°C, and -3°C. Results showed that increasing the ratio improved performance at room temperature and 0°C but had little effect at -3°C, likely due to ice formation blocking gas flow. Recommendations to address sources of error in the experiment are also provided.
Study on Thermo-Electric Generator and hydrogen recirculation on Solid Oxide ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the efficiency of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) through waste heat recovery and hydrogen recirculation. It proposes using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to convert the waste heat from SOFCs into electricity, which would then power electrolysis of the SOFCs' water byproduct to produce hydrogen. This hydrogen could be recirculated back into the SOFCs. The document also discusses using a multi-stage configuration with SOFCs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to further improve efficiency. MATLAB simulations were used to analyze the efficiency gains from waste heat recovery and hydrogen recirculation in SOFC systems. The results suggest this approach could increase SOFC system
Steve Sloop - OnTo Technologies (Drive Oregon EV Battery Recycling and Reuse ...Forth
From Drive Oregon's February 2015 Event "Creative Approaches to Recycling and Reusing EV Batteries."
Presented by Steve Sloop, Presides of OnTo Technologies
This document summarizes research on condition monitoring of transformers using dissolved gas analysis (DGA). It discusses how DGA works by extracting dissolved gases from transformer oil using gas chromatography and analyzing the concentrations of different gases. Common fault gases are identified along with their causes such as partial discharge, thermal heating, and arcing. Guidelines for interpreting DGA results from standards like IEC and IEEE are presented. A case study demonstrates how DGA identified a thermal fault in a transformer which was later investigated and repaired. Finally, fuzzy inference systems are proposed to improve upon limitations of existing DGA interpretation methods for diagnosing multiple transformer faults.
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINALSandra Broekema
The document summarizes 6 years of operating experience with DryFining, a coal drying process. It has upgraded 1000 tons per hour of lignite coal since 2009, reducing moisture from 38% to 30% by weight. This has increased the coal's heating value and reduced emissions while improving the net plant heat rate by 4.5%. Case studies show the process can increase generation capacity at coal plants and reduce capital and operating costs. The process provides more flexible, efficient fuel enhancement that benefits both new and existing coal-fired power facilities.
A high-capacity lithium-air battery with Pd modified carbon nanotube sponge c...liaoss
1) The document describes a lithium-air battery with a free-standing, highly porous carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge cathode modified with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles.
2) The Pd-CNT sponge cathode provides a continuous pathway for lithium ions, oxygen, and electrons to flow, enabling high capacity discharge reactions in the battery.
3) The battery utilizes an ionic liquid electrolyte and a lithium super ionic conductor (LiSICON) ceramic plate to protect the lithium metal anode. This allows the battery to operate stably in open air conditions with capacities as high as 9092 mAh/g.
This document presents 14 case studies evaluating the techno-economic performance of solid sorbent-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) at pulverized coal power plants. The case studies find that a solid sorbent CCS system can achieve comparable efficiency to liquid amine systems but with a levelized cost of electricity around $161/MWh. High capital costs, particularly for heat exchangers, contribute significantly to the cost. Additional cases explore the potential effects of sorbent degradation and identify heat exchanger design as an area for cost reduction.
This document summarizes the development of a high-power lithium target for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Key points:
- A water-cooled conical target is being developed to accept a 50 kW proton beam and produce neutrons via the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction for BNCT applications.
- Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to design the target with 20 helical water channels to keep the lithium surface below 150°C with a water flow of 80 kg/min.
- An initial prototype target was fabricated and underwent preliminary hydraulic testing matching CFD predictions. Further electron beam thermal testing is planned at Sandia National Laboratories to validate the
This document summarizes charged pion production measurements from the T2K experiment. It discusses the need to understand pion production for T2K's oscillation analysis and as a background. It then presents recent T2K measurements of charged-current single pion production, including production in water targets using the ND280 detector and production in carbon targets using both ND280 and INGRID. The water results show suppression compared to predictions in specific kinematic regions.
2021 recent trends on high capacity cathodekzfung2
The document summarizes recent work on nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes and cobalt-free layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.
For nickel-rich NMC811 cathodes, a multi-step synthesis method produced better crystallinity and less cation mixing compared to a one-pot method, as indicated by a higher I003/I104 ratio from XRD. The multi-step NMC811 also showed better capacity retention over 30 cycles.
For cobalt-free NMF111 cathodes, a multi-step method reduced the formation of unwanted LMO213 phases during synthesis compared to a one-pot method. NPD and XRPD analysis confirmed the layered structure of
The document is a slide presentation on concentrating solar thermal power. It discusses the current state of concentrating solar thermal technologies and opportunities for advancement. Specifically, it notes that current plants operate at modest temperatures below 400°C, limiting efficiency and energy storage options. However, newer concepts aim for higher temperatures above 500°C using improved receivers and fluids to enable energy storage and fuel production. The presentation concludes that concentrating solar thermal can provide dispatchable high-temperature power but further research is needed to reduce costs by 60% and improve efficiency.
Phase Behaviour and EoS Modelling of the Carbon Dioxide-Hydrogen System, Martin Trusler, Imperial College London. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
A fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells can be used in a wide range of applications, including transportation, material handling, stationary, portable, and emergency backup power applications. Fuel cells have several benefits over conventional combustion-based technologies currently used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. Fuel cells can operate at higher efficiencies than combustion engines and can convert the chemical energy in the fuel to electrical energy with efficiencies of up to 60%. Fuel cells have lower emissions than combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water, so there are no carbon dioxide emissions and no air pollutants that create smog and cause health problems at the point of operation. Also, fuel cells are quiet during operation as they have fewer moving parts. This work is a representation of Ansys capabilities to simulate fuel cell for academic learning .
1. The document discusses various acceptance criteria, interpretation, and analysis methods for transformer test results, including insulation resistance, impedance, tan delta, turns ratio, dissolved gas analysis (DGA), and frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) moisture assessment.
2. It provides equations and standards for determining insulation resistance and lists IEEE recommended acceptance criteria for power factor in new vs aged transformers.
3. Guidelines are given for DGA gases levels according to IEEE standards and for physical properties of transformer oil like dielectric dissipation factor and water content.
The role of Direct Air Capture and Carbon Dioxide Removal in well below 2C sc...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the role of direct air capture (DAC) technologies in scenarios aiming to limit global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. It finds that DAC has the potential to play a role in carbon dioxide removal, capturing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 per year by mid-century in 1.5°C scenarios. However, biological carbon dioxide removal via BECCS captures more CO2 over the long-run. Achieving the 1.5°C target requires rapid near-term emissions reductions and deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies like DAC. The costs of deep decarbonization are highly sensitive to the availability of carbon dioxide removal and storage technologies.
The document discusses a case study of a failed 250MVA generator transformer, analyzing dissolved gas test results from the transformer oil that indicated thermal faults and inter-turn shorting in the winding. Various tests were performed on the transformer, confirming inter-turn shorting in the Y-phase winding. The document emphasizes the importance of regularly monitoring transformers through dissolved gas analysis to detect problems early and avoid failures that can impact power system stability and lead to generation and equipment losses.
This document provides a summary of a research project on modeling the degradation of solar photovoltaic modules over time. It examines modules installed at two solar power plants in India - a 1 MW plant on an ash dyke and a 1 MW canal top plant. Testing showed canal top modules had lower temperatures and higher performance. The project developed loss models and found polycrystalline modules degraded 1.73-3.89% annually at one plant and 0.17-1.95% at the other. Regular cleaning can avoid a 1.61% efficiency loss from soiling. The models matched simulated results within a few percent.
This document describes an IoT-enabled air purifier that uses ionization to purify air. The air purifier was created to provide purified air in a low-cost and affordable way compared to other commercial air purifiers. It uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to sensors to monitor air quality and control fans and motors in the purifier. The purifier ionizes air particles to purify the air and remove pollutants. It is enclosed in transparent acrylic to allow visibility of components while keeping the circuit air-tight. The microcontroller connects to an app to display air quality readings in real-time and control the purifier remotely.
This document discusses the design of a lithium target and neutronics components for a boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility. It outlines the agenda, describes the target geometry and materials, and discusses factors like target heat, neutron moderation, reflector design, and beam quality parameters. The goal is to optimize the design to produce the highest possible epithermal neutron flux within safety limits on fast neutron and gamma doses. A series of design studies are proposed to evaluate moderating materials, proton beam energy, reflector configuration, and other variables.
The document summarizes research on the effect of cathode stoichiometric ratio on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under cold operating conditions. It describes the background on PEMFCs and motivation for studying cold start performance. The project investigated how output voltage of a PEMFC is affected by changing the cathode stoichiometric ratio at room temperature, 0°C, and -3°C. Results showed that increasing the ratio improved performance at room temperature and 0°C but had little effect at -3°C, likely due to ice formation blocking gas flow. Recommendations to address sources of error in the experiment are also provided.
Study on Thermo-Electric Generator and hydrogen recirculation on Solid Oxide ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the efficiency of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) through waste heat recovery and hydrogen recirculation. It proposes using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to convert the waste heat from SOFCs into electricity, which would then power electrolysis of the SOFCs' water byproduct to produce hydrogen. This hydrogen could be recirculated back into the SOFCs. The document also discusses using a multi-stage configuration with SOFCs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to further improve efficiency. MATLAB simulations were used to analyze the efficiency gains from waste heat recovery and hydrogen recirculation in SOFC systems. The results suggest this approach could increase SOFC system
Steve Sloop - OnTo Technologies (Drive Oregon EV Battery Recycling and Reuse ...Forth
From Drive Oregon's February 2015 Event "Creative Approaches to Recycling and Reusing EV Batteries."
Presented by Steve Sloop, Presides of OnTo Technologies
This document summarizes research on condition monitoring of transformers using dissolved gas analysis (DGA). It discusses how DGA works by extracting dissolved gases from transformer oil using gas chromatography and analyzing the concentrations of different gases. Common fault gases are identified along with their causes such as partial discharge, thermal heating, and arcing. Guidelines for interpreting DGA results from standards like IEC and IEEE are presented. A case study demonstrates how DGA identified a thermal fault in a transformer which was later investigated and repaired. Finally, fuzzy inference systems are proposed to improve upon limitations of existing DGA interpretation methods for diagnosing multiple transformer faults.
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINALSandra Broekema
The document summarizes 6 years of operating experience with DryFining, a coal drying process. It has upgraded 1000 tons per hour of lignite coal since 2009, reducing moisture from 38% to 30% by weight. This has increased the coal's heating value and reduced emissions while improving the net plant heat rate by 4.5%. Case studies show the process can increase generation capacity at coal plants and reduce capital and operating costs. The process provides more flexible, efficient fuel enhancement that benefits both new and existing coal-fired power facilities.
A high-capacity lithium-air battery with Pd modified carbon nanotube sponge c...liaoss
1) The document describes a lithium-air battery with a free-standing, highly porous carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge cathode modified with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles.
2) The Pd-CNT sponge cathode provides a continuous pathway for lithium ions, oxygen, and electrons to flow, enabling high capacity discharge reactions in the battery.
3) The battery utilizes an ionic liquid electrolyte and a lithium super ionic conductor (LiSICON) ceramic plate to protect the lithium metal anode. This allows the battery to operate stably in open air conditions with capacities as high as 9092 mAh/g.
This document presents 14 case studies evaluating the techno-economic performance of solid sorbent-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) at pulverized coal power plants. The case studies find that a solid sorbent CCS system can achieve comparable efficiency to liquid amine systems but with a levelized cost of electricity around $161/MWh. High capital costs, particularly for heat exchangers, contribute significantly to the cost. Additional cases explore the potential effects of sorbent degradation and identify heat exchanger design as an area for cost reduction.
This document summarizes the development of a high-power lithium target for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Key points:
- A water-cooled conical target is being developed to accept a 50 kW proton beam and produce neutrons via the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction for BNCT applications.
- Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to design the target with 20 helical water channels to keep the lithium surface below 150°C with a water flow of 80 kg/min.
- An initial prototype target was fabricated and underwent preliminary hydraulic testing matching CFD predictions. Further electron beam thermal testing is planned at Sandia National Laboratories to validate the
This document summarizes charged pion production measurements from the T2K experiment. It discusses the need to understand pion production for T2K's oscillation analysis and as a background. It then presents recent T2K measurements of charged-current single pion production, including production in water targets using the ND280 detector and production in carbon targets using both ND280 and INGRID. The water results show suppression compared to predictions in specific kinematic regions.
2021 recent trends on high capacity cathodekzfung2
The document summarizes recent work on nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes and cobalt-free layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.
For nickel-rich NMC811 cathodes, a multi-step synthesis method produced better crystallinity and less cation mixing compared to a one-pot method, as indicated by a higher I003/I104 ratio from XRD. The multi-step NMC811 also showed better capacity retention over 30 cycles.
For cobalt-free NMF111 cathodes, a multi-step method reduced the formation of unwanted LMO213 phases during synthesis compared to a one-pot method. NPD and XRPD analysis confirmed the layered structure of
The document is a slide presentation on concentrating solar thermal power. It discusses the current state of concentrating solar thermal technologies and opportunities for advancement. Specifically, it notes that current plants operate at modest temperatures below 400°C, limiting efficiency and energy storage options. However, newer concepts aim for higher temperatures above 500°C using improved receivers and fluids to enable energy storage and fuel production. The presentation concludes that concentrating solar thermal can provide dispatchable high-temperature power but further research is needed to reduce costs by 60% and improve efficiency.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
1. 2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review Slide 1
DOE Hydrogen Program
2021 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting
June 7 – 11, 2021
ElectroCat 2.0
(Electrocatalysis Consortium)
Piotr Zelenay
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Deborah Myers
Argonne National Laboratory
Project ID: FC160
–
This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information
2. Overview
Timeline
• Start date: Oct 1, 2020
• End date: Sep 30, 2023
Budget
• FY21 funding total: $3M
• Planned FY22 funding: $3M
Barriers
• A. Cost (catalyst)
• D. Activity (catalyst; MEA)
• B. Durability (catalyst; MEA)
• C. Power density (MEA)
Laboratory – PI
Los Alamos National Laboratory
– Piotr Zelenay
Argonne National Laboratory
– Deborah Myers
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
– K. C. Neyerlin
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
– David Cullen
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 2
3. Relevance and Goals
Heavy-Duty Transportation Fuel Cell Targets (2025) Electrolyzer Stack Goals (2025)
Durability: 25,000 hour lifetime Durability: 80,000 hour lifetime
68% peak efficiency 70% efficiency at 3 A cm-2
$80/kW fuel cell system cost $100/kW
Overall Target: 2.5 kW/gPGM power Overall Target: $2/kg H2 over
(1.07 A cm-2 current density at 0.7 V after 25,000 hour- 80,000 hour lifetime
equivalent accelerated durability test)
End-of-consortium Goals:
Fuel Cell: H2-air performance of ≥ 100 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V and ≥ 500 mA/cm2 at 0.675 V at beginning of test (BOT) and
≥ 80 mA/cm2 and ≥ 400 mA/cm2 after 30,000 AST cycles (0.6 V to OCV, 3 s each, H2-air), respectively, under integral
conditions for a PEMFC with a PGM-free oxygen reduction catalyst
Electrolyzer: 2.5-fold increase, from 0.2 A/cm2 to 0.5 A/cm2 at 1.8 V and reduction in the voltage loss at a reference
current density of 0.2 A/cm2 from 0.2 mV/h to 0.1 mV/h with alkaline-exchange membrane electrolyzer using a PGM-
free oxygen evolution catalyst
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 3
4. 2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 4
Approach: FY20 and FY21 ElectroCat MiIestones
Date FY20 ElectroCat Annual Milestone GPRA Status
09/30/2020 Hydrogen-oxygen performance: Achieve PGM-free cathode MEA performance in an H2-O2 fuel cell of
32 mA cm-2 at 0.90 V (iR-corrected) at 1.0 bar partial pressure of O2 and cell temperature 80 °C.
Exceeded,
38 mA cm-2;
see slide #5
FY21 Milestone Name/Description End Date Type Status
Initiate ElectroCat 2.0 consortium and establish baseline durability of most active
national lab core-team catalyst, e.g., LANL’s CM-PANI-Fe-C(Zn), (AD)Fe-N-C, or
ANL’s Fe(N-C), using differential cell and ElectroCat AST protocol.
12/31/2020
Quarterly Progress
Measure (Regular)
Completed,
see slides
#7 & 8
Apply machine-learning techniques to develop surrogate regression models of ANL
high-throughput data for metal loading and ratio of two different carbon-nitrogen
precursors and propose 12 validation experiments. After synthesis and activity
evaluation of the 12 suggested catalysts using high-throughput methodology, update
surrogate regression model and provide a ‘Design of Experiments’ suggesting 6
additional, optimized “next-step” experiments for optimizing catalyst activity.
3/30/2021
Quarterly Progress
Measure (Regular)
Completed;
see
slide #19
Demonstrate H2-air performance with PGM-free cathode MEA of ≥ 60 mA/cm2 at
0.8 V and ≥ 300 mA/cm2 at 0.675 V at beginning-of-test and ≤ 50% and ≤ 40% loss
in current density at 0.8 V and 0.675 V, respectively, after 30,000 AST cycles under
differential conditions.
06/30/2021
Quarterly Progress
Measure (Regular)
On track;
see slide #31
for Summary
of Status
LTE: Achieve 0.7 A cm-2 with LTE electrolyzer PGM-free anode at 1.85 V and
degradation rate ≤ 0.15 mV/h with pure water reactant.
09/30/2021
Annual Milestone
(Regular)
TBD
PEFC: Hydrogen-oxygen performance: Achieve PGM-free cathode MEA
performance in an H2-O2 fuel cell of 35 mA cm-2 at 0.90 V (iR-corrected) at 1.0 bar
partial pressure of O2 and cell temperature 80 °C.
09/30/2021
Annual Milestone
(Regular)
GPRA
Exceeded,
38 mA cm-2;
see slide #5
5. GPRA FY20 and FY21 Annual Milestones Exceeded with ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C Catalyst
Cathode: ca. 7.0 mg cm-2, NH4Cl activated ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst, 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar O2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C H2, 700 sccm,
Full Cycle i at 0.9 ViR-corrected (mA/cm2)
41 mA/cm2 (1st cycle)
1st 41
2nd 38
3rd 36
Average 38
1.0 bar H2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion,211; Cell: differential, 2.5 cm2; Temperature: 80 °C
Test conditions: 80 °C; cycle: 0.96 V to 0.88 V in 20 mV steps; 0.88 V to 0.72 V in 40 mV steps; 45 s/step.
50
40
30
20
10
0
Number of cycles
• Highlight: FY20 Annual Milestone of 35 mA/cm2 0.9 V
(iR-corrected) exceeded at 38 mA/cm2 (average value from
three full cycles) with LANL’s ’single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst
• 27% improvement of in fuel-cell activity relative to FY19
(30 mA/cm2, average from three full cycles)
• 41 mA/cm2 average current density achieved in initial cycle
Current
density
at
0.90
V
iR-corrected
(mA/cm
2
)
1st 2nd 3rd
2019
2020
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 5
6. Catalyst Development: ‘Single-Zone’ and ‘Dual-Zone’ Catalyst Synthesis
Precursor synthesis:
Fe(NO3)3 ∙ 9H2O
Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O
+
24 h
Drying
N2
‘Single-zone’ synthesis:
Single Zone
Inlet Outlet
MOF precursor
‘Dual-zone’ synthesis:
Inlet
Zone 1 Zone 2
N-C precursor
(source)
Outlet
MOF precursor
(target)
N2
Zn
Fe
N
C
NH4Cl-activated
‘single-zone’
Fe-N-C
NH4Cl
‘Single-zone’
Fe-N-C
‘Dual-zone’
Fe-N-C
• Fe-N-C catalysts derived from bimetallic
(Fe, Zn) zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
• ‘Single-zone’ catalyst synthesis followed
by NH4Cl activation
• ‘Dual-zone’ synthesis involving deposition
from zone 1 to zone 2 (zone temperatures
controlled independently)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 6
7. FY21 Q1 GPRA Milestone: Durability Baseline for PGM-free Catalysts (‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C Catalyst)
1 1
0.8
MEA #1 - initial
MEA #2 - initial
MEA #1 - 30k cycles
MEA #2 - 30k cycles
H2-air
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
MEA #1 - initial
MEA #2 - initial
MEA #1 - 30k cycles
MEA #2 - 30k cycles
H2-O2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
iR-corrected
voltage
(V)
0.9
0.8
Voltage
(V)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Current density (A/cm2
) Current density (A/cm2
)
H2-air H2-O2
Cycle
number
MEA #1
i (mA/cm2)
0.8 V 0.675 V
V (V)
0.8 Acm-2
MEA #2
i (mA/cm2)
0.8 V 0.675 V
V (V)
0.8 Acm-2
Cycle
number
0
i at 0.90 ViR-free (mA/cm2)
MEA #1 MEA #2
16 14
0 68 353 0.52 71 381 0.54 30k 0 0
30k 18 171 0.41 18 184 0.43
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 7
Cathode: ca. 4.0 mg cm-2, ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst, 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar air/O2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 700 sccm, 1.0 bar H2 partial
pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion 211; Cell: differential, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C; Durability cycling: (OCV-0.01 V) to 0.60 V (see slide #19 from 2020 AMR)
• Highlight: GPRA Milestone achieved using LANL’s ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst in two MEAs with very reproducible performance
• Durability baseline established using PGM-free protocols developed in ElectroCat in FY20
8. JiaNC_FeAC_BOT
Ji _
Ji _ k
Ji _ k
Ji _
Ji _
JiaNC_FeAc_BOT
JiaNC_FeAc_30k
FY21 Q1 GPRA Milestone: Durability Baseline for PGM-free Catalysts (High-Throughput Fe(N-C))
Cathode: 3.2 mg cm-2, FeAc(N-C), 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar air/O2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.2 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 700 sccm,
1.0 bar H2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion211; Cell: differential, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C; Durability cycling: (OCV-0.01 V) to 0.60 V
1 0.94
0.8
0.9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
H2-Air
aNC FeAC_100
aNC FeAC_1
aNC FeAC_5
aNC FeAC_10k
aNC FeAC_30k
Initial
100
1k
5k
10k
30k
H2-O2
Initial
30k AST Cycles
iR-corrected
Voltage
(V)
0.86
0.82
Voltage
(V)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.78
0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2
Current Density (A/cm2)
Current Density (A/cm2)
H2-N2 Cyclic Voltammogram
• H2/Air beginning of life performance: • H2/O2 beginning of life activity:
Current
Density
(mA/cm
2
)
20
15
10
5
Initial
30k AST Cycles
55 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V 9 mA/cm2 at 0.9 ViR-free
340 mA/cm2 at 0.675 V 162 mA/cm2 at 0.8 ViR-free
• Loss in H2/Air current density after 30k • H2/O2 activity after 30k AST cycles: 0
AST cycles: 0 mA/cm2 at 0.9 ViR-free
-5
84% at 0.8 V 32 mA/cm2 at 0.8 ViR-free
-10
-15
64% at 0.675 V
-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
Potential (V vs anode)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 8
9. 1
0.8
0.2
Major Progress in Catalyst Durability: LANL ‘Dual-Zone’ vs. ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C Catalysts
Cathode: ca. 4.0 mg cm-2, ‘single-zone’/‘dual-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst, 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar air partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 700 sccm, 1.0 bar
H2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion 211; Cell: differential, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C; Durability cycling: (OCV-0.01 V) to 0.60 V
1 1 1
• Highlight: ‘Dual-zone’ approach
0.8 0.8 0.8 resulting in a major durability
Initial
20k cycles 40k cycles
60k cycles 80k cycles
‘Dual-Zone’ Fe-N-C #1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Current density (A/cm2
)
Initial
20k cycles 40k cycles
60k cycles 80k cycles
‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
HFR
(
Ω
cm
2
)
HFR
(
Ω
cm
2
)
HFR
(
Ω
cm
2
)
Voltage
(V)
Voltage
(V)
improvement relative to
Fe-N-C catalysts obtained via
standard single heat treatment
• Current density loss after 80k
0.6 0.6
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.2
cycles with ‘dual-zone’ catalyst
0 0 0 0 limited to 23% at 0.8 V and 6%
Current density (A/cm2
) at 0.675 V, compared to 94%
and 83%, respectively, with the
1 1 reference ‘single-zone’ catalyst
‘Dual-Zone’ Fe-N-C #1
V (V)
0.675 V 0.8 A cm-2
i (mA/cm2) V (V)
0.8 V 0.675 V 0.8 A cm-2
247 0.49
129 0.38
83 0.32
63 0.28
43 0.24
31 181 0.32
31 206 0.33
28 195 0.34
26 180 0.31
24 170 0.32
Initial 10k cycles
50k cycles 60k cycles
‘Dual-Zone’ Fe-N-C #2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Current density (A/cm2
)
• Excellent performance
reproducibility demonstrated
with two batches of ‘dual-zone’
Fe-N-C catalysts, one
0.8 0.8
Voltage
(V)
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
synthesized in FY20 and the
0.2 0.2 other in FY21, attesting to high
repeatability of the used
0 0
synthesis approach
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 9
Cycle
#
20k
0
40k
60k
80k
i (mA/cm2)
‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C
0.8 V
36
13
7
4
2
10. Catalyst Durability: ‘Single-Zone’ and ‘Dual-Zone’ Catalysts
Cathode: ca. 4.0 mg cm-2, ‘single-zone’/‘dual-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst, 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar N2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 700 sccm, 1.0 bar
H2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion,211; Cell: differential, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C
40 40
30 30
Initial
20k cycles 40k cycles
60k cycles 80k cycles
20 mV/s, H2-N2
‘Single-Zone’
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
20 mV/s, H2-N2
Initial
20k cycles 40k cycles
60k cycles 80k cycles
‘Dual-Zone’
Current
density
(
mA/cm
2
)
20
10
0
-10
Current
density
(
mA/cm
2
)
20
10
0
-10
-20 -20
-30 -30
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Potential (V) Potential (V)
Estimated area* (m2/g) • Highlight: Increase in the surface area* of the
Cycle number
‘dual-zone’ catalyst during cycling significantly
‘Single-Zone’ ‘Dual-Zone’
less than of the ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst
Initial 572 502
• Little carbon corrosion detected during cyclic
20k 838 513
voltammetry of the ‘dual-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst
40k 880 523
• Very large initial corrosion current measured
60k 906 546
above 0.8 V for ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst
80k 942 527
* Surface area estimated from double-layer capacitance
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 10
11. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Characterization of ‘Dual-Zone’ Catalyst
• While ‘Dual-Zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst does not show prominent Fe redox features in the cyclic voltammogram, in situ X-ray
absorption spectroscopy shows that there are major changes in the Fe oxidation state over the same potential region as
other catalysts showing prominent redox features
• Potential at which 50% of high potential Fe species is reduced: 0.6 V vs RHE
Fe K-edge EXAFS, LANL “Dual-Zone”
Catalyst, Deaerated 0.5 M H2SO4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160
Normalized
xµ(E)
900mV 800mV
700mV 675mV
650mV 625mV
600mV 550mV
500mV 400mV
300mV 0mV
Potential V vs. RHE
Decreasing
Potential
Cyclic Voltammograms in
Deaerated 0.5 M H2SO4, 10 mV/s
X-ray Energy (eV)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 11
12. 2 nm
Identical Location Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (IL-STEM) of ‘Dual-Zone’ Catalyst
Experimental Setup Square-wave Protocol
2.5s 0.5s
Gas
bubbler
Counter
electrode:
Reference
electrode
Working
electrode
0.9 Vvs. RHE
15,000 cycles
@ 80oC
Air (no purge)
0.05M H2SO4
0.6 Vvs. RHE
2.5
s
STEM-EDS (at.%)
BOL 15k • IL-STEM method implemented to elucidate degradation
mechanisms
C 96.8 94.6
• Cycling performed with catalyst on Au TEM grid in
1.38 1.39
N
aqueous three-electrode cell
1.77 3.9
O
• Composition (EDS) and carbon morphology (EELS) of
0.07 0.05
Fe
identical region quantified at BOL and 15k cycles
0.03 0.01
Zn
2 nm
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 12
13. Characterization of ‘Dual-Zone’ and ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C Catalysts
‘Dual-Zone’ compared to ‘Single-Zone’ catalyst:
• No Fe redox features in background voltammetry
• Less NO adsorbed (1.7×) (i.e., fewer adsorption sites)
• Identical Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectra: same Fe
coordination environment
• More N (3.8×) and more oxygen (1.7×) by EDS
• Hypothesis: N-C deposit on ‘single-zone’ catalyst decreases
adsorption on sites adjacent to Fe-Nx centers which are
vulnerable to attack by oxidants*
*Reference: P. Boldrin et al., Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 292 (2021) 120169.
EDS Analysis of Single-Zone and Dual-Zone Catalysts (at%)
Element Single-Zone Dual-Zone
Fe 0.05 0.06
Zn 0.01 0.05
C 98.69 96.94
N 0.38 1.43
O 0.89 1.52
Gas-phase Adsorbed NO Temperature-Programmed Desorption
Single: 1.6 1021 NO/gcat
Dual: 9.3 1020 NO/gcat
Fe K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 13
14. High-Throughput Synthesis and Characterization of ORR Catalysts
Synthesis Characterization
Multi-port CVD
• Combining N-C and Fe and Co salts, followed by heat treatment
Incorporation of porogens to improve mesoporosity
Increasing N content of N-C through C-N precursors and ammonia treatment
• Chemical vapor deposition of Me (Me=Fe, Co, etc.) into vacancies in N-C
• Deposition of N-C layer over Me-N-C to improve stability
• Quenching to increase atomically-dispersed Fe-N-C content, preventing Fe carbide
and Fe cluster formation
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 14
15. High-Throughput Synthesis of ORR Catalysts
Catalyst System 1: Solution phase synthesis of (Fe)Zn – ZIF; 40 unique samples
Catalyst System 2: Physical mixtures (ball milling) of Fe salt, carbon-nitrogen precursor, carbon support
(e.g., Zitolo et al., Nat. Mater., 14, 937, 2015)
• Seventy-four catalyst samples with varying phenanthroline-to-ZIF ratios and varying content of Fe in the precursor were
prepared for input into machine learning activity since 2020 AMR
Catalyst System 3: Two step synthesis; formation of nitrogen-doped carbon followed by incorporation of Fe
(based on J. Li, D. Myers, Q. Jia et al., J. Am Chem. Soc., 142, 1417, 2020)
• Physical mixtures (ball milling) of carbon-nitrogen precursors pyrolyzed and heat-treated in NH3 to form nitrogen-doped
carbon (N-C)
• Physical mixtures (ball milling) of N-C and Fe salt pyrolyzed and heat treated in NH3
• Parameters varied to obtain 102 unique samples since FY20 AMR:
Addition and amount of CeO2 before or after heat treatment of FeCl3/N-C precursors
Use and concentration of H2 rather than NH3 in the second heat treatment step
Addition and concentration of porogens: ZnCl2, cyanamide, and NH4Cl
Catalyst System 3b: Chemical vapor deposition of FeCl3 into N-C
(based on J. Li, D. Myers, Q. Jia et al., Nature Materials, accepted)
Effect of ball-milling time of N-C (5 samples)
Effect of heat treatment temperature (12 samples)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 15
16. ORR Activity of High-Throughput System 2 Catalysts
RDE-determined ORR mass activity at 0.8 V and half-wave potential for System 2 catalysts prepared in ANL high-throughput activity for
input into machine learning activity. O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4, 0.6 mgcat/cm2
• Varied Fe wt% in precursors from 0.1 to 1 wt% and
Phenanthroline to ZIF-8 wt ratio from 50:50 to 0:100
• Activity and electrochemical surface area trends with
increasing ZIF-8 content indicate ZIF-8 is limiting
component in precursor
• Highest ORR mass activity observed for highest Fe
content (1 wt% Fe) and with no phenanthroline:
9.1 A/gcat @0.8 V
• ORR mass activity reported in literature for this class
of catalysts: 2.8 A/gcat at 0.8 V*
• Exploring heat treatment temperature ramp rates
(both heating and cooling), hold times, and higher Fe
contents (based on machine learning findings)
• Machine learning guidance for System 2 has
resulted in an increase in ORR mass activity to 12.4
A/gcat at 0.8 V (increased Fe content, among
changes in other variables)
*Reference: Primbs et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 2480-2500.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 16
17. ORR Activity of High-Throughput System 3, 3b Catalysts
RDE-determined ORR mass activity at 0.8 V; O2-sat. 0.5 M H2SO4, 0.6 mgcat/cm2
ORR
Activity
@
0.8
V
(A/g-cat)
• System 3b: Multi-port parallel reactor system
10
9 (Avantium T1224) for high-throughput exploration of
8
parameters in chemical vapor deposition synthesis
7
6 process
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
ORR
Activity
@
0.8
V
(A/g-cat)
System 3
• Addition of ceria increased ORR activity, higher than ZnCl2 and
cyanamide series; lowest peroxide yields: <3%
• Highest ORR activity observed for Fe/N-C mixture of 10 A/gcat (@0.8 V) for
catalyst derived from NH4Cl, treated in hydrogen, and with CVD of ZIF-8
System 3b
• Highest ORR activity of 13 A/gcat achieved using CVD of Fe into N-C with
deposition temperature of 800 °C with ball-milled N-C; peroxide yield 1.3%
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 17
18. Approach: Data-Driven Guidance of High-Throughput Synthesis of PGM-free Electrocatalysts
System-2 Data
System 2 (ball milled) Data from High-throughput
Combinatorial Synthesis Capability:
• 48 unique batches synthesized at 1050 °C
• Fe loading varied from 0.1 to 1% (wt%) and Phen : ZIF
ratio from 0 to 50% (wt%)
Neural network-based surrogate model:
• Deep learning (4 hidden layers with 100 neurons / layer)
• Model is optimized by minimizing RMS error with
iterative algorithm
• Design of experiment using active learning loop
Predictive guidance to improve next experiments
• What experiments efficiently explore search
space to optimize ORR activity and improve
the synthesis process?
• Quantify role of thermal profile next
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 18
19. FY21 Q2 Machine Learning GPRA Milestone: Met and Exceeded
Past Success (FY20): 36% Improvement in ORR Activity of System 1 Catalysts
using Machine Learning (ML)
• Developed ML-based surrogate model using 36 System 1 catalysts synthesized in high-
throughput task
• Constructed design-of-experiment and predicted synthesis conditions for increasing the
ORR activity
• Validated and improved electrocatalyst experimentally realized
FY21 Q2 GPRA Milestone:
Apply machine learning techniques to develop surrogate regression models of high-throughput data for metal
loading and ratio of two different carbon-nitrogen precursors and propose 12 validation experiments. After synthesis
and activity evaluation of the 12 suggested catalysts using high-throughput methodology, update surrogate
regression model and provide a ‘Design of Experiments’ suggesting 6 additional, optimized “next-step” experiments
or optimizing catalyst activity.
Applied machine learning techniques to develop surrogate regression model
Proposed (12 + 20) validation experiments and updated machine learning models
Suggested (6 + 30) additional experiments to optimize catalyst activity
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 19
20. Data Driven Approach to Guiding High-Throughput Synthesis of PGM-free Electrocatalysts
Neural network-based surrogate Neural network activity heatmap
model validation – Design of Experiment (DoE)
Predicted
mass
activity
at
0.8
V
(A/g)
Highlight: Identified high Fe loading/low phen region not discovered in original
optimization dataset, highlighting usefulness of DoE / Active Learning approach
Max. initial
System 2
ORR = 4.97
A/g
0.8% Fe loading
and 40% Phen/ZIF
Max. from
ML/Active
Learning
model
ORR = 9.05
A/g
1.0% Fe loading
and 0% Phen/ZIF
Experimental mass activity at 0.8 V (A/g)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 20
21. DFT/MD-based Stability Descriptor: KODTE for C/N Corrosion
• Atomistic models of electron beam damage can be used to probe how atomic scale structure affects C/N corrosion susceptibility.
• Knock-on displacement threshold energies (KODTE) represent an estimate of how much kinetic energy must be transferred to an
atom in a lattice in order to liberate it from its bound state (i.e., the kinetics of bond breaking).
• KODTE values can be used to understand the relative C/N corrosion susceptibility of PGM-free active sites at the atomic scale.
Elastic energy transfer
Knock-on displacement AIMD KODTE as a function of z
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𝑀𝑀, 𝑣𝑣
𝑚𝑚, 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒−
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≪ 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑
�
𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 ≈ 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑
Elastic scattering displacement at T = 0K
Knock-on displacement of N atom at edge (zigzag)
hosted FeN4 w/ KODTE 70 keV at T = 0K
N@FeN4 zigzag
Highlight: Developed a method to derive KODTE as a function of temperature and built a framework
to calculate durability descriptors for C/N atoms by implementing AIMD and DFTB MD simulations.
Susi et al. Nature Reviews 1, 397 (2019)
AIMD simulations of varied 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 to determine when
an atom is knocked off
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 21
�
𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑, 𝜃𝜃 = 180°, 𝑣𝑣 =
(2 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑(𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐2) + 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐)2
2𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐2
22. DFT/MD-based Stability Descriptor: KODTE at Finite Temperature
Displacement distribution MD simulations at T =100 K Velocity distribution
(2 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑(𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐2) + 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐)2
𝐸𝐸
�𝑛𝑛 𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 =
2𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐2
KODTE (v(T=100K, 300K))
𝜇𝜇 = 69.33 𝜇𝜇 = 69.21
𝜎𝜎 = 2.46 𝜎𝜎 = 3.41
Highlight: 60 keV electrons calculated to damage PGM-free active site structures at room temperature
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 22
23. DFT-based Stability Descriptor: Metal Dissolution
• Initial model suggests ligand passivation
• 5th ligand impacts both ORR activity as well
as stability
• Explains previously mysterious experimental
stability trend
Dissolution at lower potentials and
stable at higher potentials
• Further improvements of model underway:
New H2O, H2, and O2 reference states
Zero-point energy models
Solvation effects
Vibrational entropy models
Additional reactions (67)
• Modified sites, transition metals,
dissolved ionic species, and ligating
moieties
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 23
Highlight: Published initial, first-of-its-kind Pourbaix-like diagram for PGM-
free active site metal dissolution in ACS Catalysis
Holby, Wang, and Zelenay, ACS Catalysis 10, 14527 (2020).
24. DFT Screening Adsorption of Reactants/Ligands/Poisons on Graphene-Hosted FeN4
• Qualitative maps of which species either remained
bound to the surface or desorbed
• Most species only bind to Fe
• Some species exhibit stronger potential-dependent
binding energy shifts than others
• Competitive adsorption to Fe
OH can favorably bind to C sites
Highlight: Potential-dependent binding energies of six moieties on model active
site structure calculated: potential dependence varies across binding species.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 24
25. New Machine Learning Efforts in ElectroCat
• Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO):
Pareto-front-based machine learning approach is
being developed for two-objective optimization:
Durability vs. Activity
Optimize atomic scale structures based on DFT-
based descriptors of activity and durability and couple
with experimental data where possible
• Multi-fidelity Optimization (MFO):
Multi-fidelity surrogate models for binding energy and
other chemical-reaction descriptors are being
developed using lower-fidelity (high throughput) DFT
and higher-fidelity random phase approximation
(RPA) simulated data.
Collaboration between LANL and NREL theory efforts
First model: NO binding motifs on FeN4 structures
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 25
26. Multi-fidelity Optimization (MFO): Modeling FeN4 with NO Ligation
DFT - GGA
• Started high-fidelity potential energy surface
calculations of NO binding to graphene-hosted
FeN4 active site
1st model system – applicable to NRVS
and “probe molecule” experimental studies
Needed for MFO approach
• RPA simulations computationally expensive ➝
Can we map from less expensive DFT
calculations of binding energies to RPA using
machine learning approaches?
Start with system energy as a function of
Fe-N-O bond angle and Fe-N N-O dihedral
angle
• Initial results: RPA energies are more sensitive
to structure than DFT
RPA
Fe-N-O bond angle
Fe-N N-O dihedral angle
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 26
27. LANL_HZ_single_Fe
NC
LANL_HZ_single_Fe
NC_030120
Probe Molecule Study of ‘Single-Zone’ Catalyst
Gas-phase adsorbed NO stripping voltammetry ORR voltammetry before and after
in deaerated 0.5 M H2SO4, 10 mV/s electrochemical NO stripping
0
1.5
1
-1
RDE:
0.6 mgcat/cm2 LANL Single-Zone Catalyst
O2-sat 0.5 M H2SO4
Staircase voltammetry
Blue: NO poisoned
Red: After NO stripping
Current
Density
(mA/cm
2
) 0.6 mgcat/cm2 LANL Single-Zone Catalyst
NO stripping
Current
Density
(mA/cm
2
)
-2
-3
-4
-5
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
_030120
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Potential (V vs. RHE) Potential (V vs. RHE)
NO adsorption/stripping site density:
• 1.3 x 1020 sites/gcat (3 e- NO reduction)1
• 7.6 x 1019 sites/gcat (5 e- NO reduction)2
Highlight: Achieved 4× increase in adsorption site density compared to (AD)Fe-N-C and 5× versus literature benchmark data3
1Reference: D.H. Kim, et al. “Selective electrochemical reduction of nitric oxide to hydroxylamine by atomically dispersed iron catalyst.”, Nat. Commun. (in press).
2Reference: D. Malko, A. Kucernak, and T. Lopes, “In situ electrochemical quantification of active sites in Fe–N/C non-precious metal catalysts.”, Nat. Commun., 7, 13285 (2016).
3Reference: M. Primbs et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 13, 2480-2500 (2020).
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 27
28. N2 background
subtracted CV
0.1 V/s
O2
NaNO2 Probe Poisoning of Pajarito Powder Catalyst
Poisoning
Baseline 1) H2O Post Poisoning Recovery
CV: O2, N2, N2* 2) 0.125 M NaNO2
Baseline CV: O2, N2, N2*
CV: O2, N2, N2*
3) 0.5 M H2SO4
1 V to 0.3V vs RHE * 0.6 V to -0.3V vs RHE
4) H2O
Increasing
Active
Site
Density
Untreated Acid Treated After 1,000 cycles
SD
Catalyst
(sites cm-2)
Pajarito 0.9 0.14 31 317 3.9 × 1019 1.3 × 1013
Acid-treated
0.9 0.06 47 359 5.8 × 1019 1.9 × 1013
Pajarito
Cycled
0.9 0.05 257 1029 3.2 × 1020 4.6 × 1013
Pajarito (1k)
Decreasing
Activity
Poisoning
Potential
(V vs RHE)
Qstrip MSD
∆ E1/2 (V) SA (cm2)
(C g-1) (sites g-1)
Ink preparation: 5 mg catalyst, 500
µL IPA, 20 µL 5 wt% Nafion; Catalyst
Loading: 0.6 mg cm-2 Pajarito 87-13
Electrochemical Conditions: 0.5 M
H2SO4, 1600 rpm, O2
• Catalyst activity
decreases after acid
treatment and cycling
• Calculated site
density from the
nitrite stripping
increases after
catalyst treatment
• Highlight: Nitrite
probe is not active
site-specific (binding
to non-active sites)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 28
29. Capability Development: O2 Limiting Current Method for Characterization of Bulk Electrode Transport
HOR Limiting Current
• HOR Limiting Current: Hydrogen diffusing through
PGM-free cathode and oxidized on Pt black sensor between
membrane and cathode
• HOR limiting current method does not capture transport
changes due to water production, as is observed in
operating cathodes
ORR Limiting Current
• ORR Limiting Current: O2 reduced on Pt black sensor
• Use of diffusion media (GDL) between sensor layer and
probed layer inhibits ionic transport shutting off ORR
response from PGM-free electrode
• Addresses shortcoming of hydrogen method: water is
produced on Pt sensor
Highlight: Capability developed to understand oxygen transport through thick PGM-free cathodes independent of ionic
transport in cathode
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 29
30. Capability Development: Electrochemical Diagnostics for Determining Electrode Transport Properties
H2/air polarization curves measured at 80oC and 150 kPa for MEAs fabricated with Pajarito PMF-
011904 electrocatalyst at different I/C ratios and ionomer EWs under (A) 100% RH, (B) 75% RH
Rtotal HOR Limiting Current Rtotal ORR Limiting Current
Nafion
1100 EW
Aquivion Ionomer,
Nafion
Aquivion 720 EW I/C=1.0
1100 EW Ionomer,
720 EW
Ionomer, I/C=1.0
Ionomer,
I/C=0.54
I/C=0.54
• Bulk electrode transport resistance >> local resistance in PGM-free
cathodes (unlike low-PGM cathodes)
• Hydrogen oxidation (HOR) limiting current does not capture effects of water
production on bulk transport
• Oxygen limiting method captures effects of water production and shows
detrimental impact of water on oxygen transport
• Observed bulk oxygen transport dependence on ionomer EW and RH
explained by different extents of ionomer swelling in cathode catalyst layer
PFSA thin film ionomer swelling data from Kusoglu et
al., Adv, Func. Mater., 26 (2016) 4961.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 30
31. - -
-
ElectroCat Status: PGM-free Catalysts in H2-Air and H2-O2 Fuel Cells
Catalyst
H2-air fuel cell
Initial After 30k cycles1
i (mA/cm2) V (V) i (mA/cm2) V (V)
0.8 V 0.675 V 0.8 A cm 2 0.8 V 0.675 V 0.8 A cm 2
ANL Fe (N-C) 2020 AMR2
54 246 0.40 15 121 0.32
ANL Fe (N-C) 2021 AMR 55 340 0.56 9 122 0.44
LANL ‘Dual-Zone’ Fe-N-C3
31 181 0.32 24 170 0.32
LANL ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C 72 381 0.53 19 185 0.43
LANL (AD)Fe1.5-N-C 37 211 0.44 3 47 0.28
LANL CM-PANI-Fe-C(Zn)2,4
105 440 ~ 0.47 not cycled
1 AST cycles in air (0.2 bar partial pressure of O2), voltage range from 0.6 V to OCV; 2 Non-differential conditions; 3 After 80k AST cycles; 4 No AST cycling performed.
Catalyst
H2-O2 fuel cell
1
i (mA/cm2) at 0.9 ViR free
Initial After 30k cycles
ANL Fe (N-C) 2021 AMR 9 0
LANL ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C 15 0
LANL CM-PANI-Fe-C(Zn) 30 not cycled
LANL NH4Cl-activated Fe-N-C 38 not cycled
1 Average current density from three consecutive cycles.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 31
32. Low Temperature Electrolyzer (LTE): Introduction and Work Scope
Liquid Alkaline Electrolyzer
Advantages:
• Easy concept: no need of solid polymer
electrolyte
• Use of PGM-free catalysts (Ni- and Fe-based)
Drawbacks:
• Use of concentrated alkaline solution
• Component corrosion
PEM Electrolyzer
Advantages:
• Use of pure water
• Use of well-established PFSA (Nafion)
H+ membrane and ionomer
Drawbacks:
• Use of PGM-based catalysts (Ir on
anode, Pt on cathode)
AEM Electrolyzer
Advantages:
• Use of pure water
• Use of PGM-free catalysts
Drawback:
• Dependence on “research-
scale” AEMs and ionomers
(not yet commercial on large
scale)
Synthesis of OER catalysts for AEM LTEs
Testing of PGM-free OER catalysts from external partners
Performance, durability, and advanced diagnostic studies of LTEs
High-throughput synthesis and characterization of OER catalysts based on
perovskite oxides A1-xBxO3
Advanced characterization of OER catalysts
Milestone: Achieve 0.7 A cm-2 in LTE with PGM-free anode at 1.85 V and degradation rate ≤ 0.15 mV/h with pure water.
Go/No-Go: Review performance and durability of two LTE anode catalyst classes for acidic and alkaline environments,
ZIF-derived multi-metallic oxides and bimetallic Ni-based alloys, respectively. Down-select to catalyst class with more
promising performance with option to continue its development in Years 2 and 3. Current density of ≥ 300 mA/cm2 at 1.8 V
and degradation rate of ≤ 0.15 mV/h in 100 h with pure water feed.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 32
33. Water LTE Testing: LANL LSC and WSU Catalysts
LANL LSC: La0.85Sr0.15CoO3-δ (perovskite) synthesized at LANL; WSU: Ni2Fe1 nano-foam catalyst from Washington State University
Anode: 5 mg cm-2 catalyst, Cathode: 2 mg cm-2, PtRu/C; AEM and ionomer: Hexamethyl trimethyl ammonium-functionalized Diels-Alder polyphenylene (HTMA-DAPP) from
SNL; Cell: 5 cm2 electrode area. AEM and ionomer “activated” by flushing with both electrode compartments with 1.0 M NaOH solution for a few minutes prior to the tests.
LTE Polarization Plots Durability Testing
2.4
2.6
LSC 2.3
2.4 WSU
2.2
Cell
Voltage
(V)
2.2
2.0
1.8 Go/No-Go
Cell
Voltage
(V)
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.5
Water feed at 60 °C
Water feed at 60 °C
1.4
1.2
LSC
1.6
WSU
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Current Density (mA cm-2
) Time (h)
• In testing using HTMA-DAPP ionomer: WSU catalyst performing better at low current densities; LSC
catalyst showing better performance at higher currents; performance approaching Go/No-Go point
• Further performance improvements expected with non-adsorbing, low-IEC ionomer (upcoming)
• Degradation rate at 200 mA cm-2 (relative to minimum-voltage point): 2.2 mV/h (WSU), 1.3 mV/h (LSC)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 33
34. 2.0
1.8
LTE Testing: Di-Jia Liu HydroGEN Seedling Project Catalyst
Cell
Voltage
(V)
Anode: 4 mgcm-2 catalyst, I/C = 0.5 Cathode: PtRu/C, 1.6 mgPt cm-2; Membrane and ionomer: HTMA-DAPP (from SNL); Cell: 5 cm2 electrode area
2.6 2.8
2.4 2.6
2.2 2.4
Cell
Voltage
(V)
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.4
water - 60°C
water - 70°C
water - 80°C
1.8
1.6
1.2
0 500 1000
-2
)
Current Density (mA cm
1500
1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (h)
20 22 24 26 28 30
• Good long-term stability of catalyst over 27-hour life test
• Degradation rate at 200 mA cm-2: ca. 1.25 mV/h (relative to minimum-voltage point)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 34
35. Characterization of LANL La0.85Sr0.15CoO3-δ (LSC) Perovskite Catalyst
1 nm
La, Co overlay
La,Sr Co
• Initial aberration-corrected STEM
characterization performed on LANL LSC
catalyst
• Morphology consists of sintered 50 nm
single crystal particles
• Atomically-resolved STEM images and
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDS) maps confirm perovskite structure
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 35
36. Synthesis of Perovskite Oxide OER Catalysts Using High-Throughput Methodology
Synthesis Strategy and Goals: ABO3
• Maximize the use of the automated system: use soluble ABO3 precursors, metal
complexes
• Increase the porosity of the ABO3 structure via introducing a hard template
• Formation of a pure phase
• Hydrothermal synthesis has been chosen and has been adapted to high-throughput
platform*
Sample Set #1:
LaxSr(1-x)CoO3
Vary X
Sample Set #2:
Pressure Reactor
LaxSr(1-x)CoyFe(1-y)O3
Varying X and Y
* Hydrothermal synthesis on high-throughput
platform has been developed and implemented
within MIT-led ARPA-E Differentiate project
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 36
37. Alternative: Hierarchical Nanoporous OER Catalysts Derived from Multi-Cation MOFs
Multi-Cation MOF Crystals
M1, M2 = Ni, Co, Fe, Sn, etc.
MOF-M1
MOF-M2
Heat
Treatment
Hierarchical
Nanoporous
Catalyst
Aging
Growth
Non-Stoichiometric Oxides
Single Atom + Nanoparticles
Conductive Catalyst
Graphene-
Non-Stoichiometric
Conductive Oxides
Enhancing Electronic Conductivity of Perovskites
~5 nm layer of carbon coating a
graphene deposition assist layer (GrDA)
GrDA = component of proposed perovskites
• Utilize Argonne proprietary carbon deposition procedure, developed in FC 322,
to deposit a porous graphene layer on perovskites
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 37
38. Reviewers’ Comments from 2019 Annual Merit Review
Comments from 2019 AMR addressed in 2020 AMR presentation (see slides 44 and 45)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 38
39.
Collaboration and Coordination: Summary
• ElectroCat members: Four national laboratories:
Los Alamos National Laboratory – ElectroCat co-Lead
Argonne National Laboratory – ElectroCat co-Lead
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Support of ten FY2017 FOA, FY2019 FOA, FY2019 Lab Call projects (see next slide for lead organizations)
• Collaborators not directly participating in ElectroCat (no-cost):
CRESCENDO, European fuel cell consortium focusing on PGM-free electrocatalysis – development and validation of
PGM-free catalyst test protocols
PEGASUS, European fuel cell consortium targeting PGM-free fuel cells – development and validation of PGM-free
catalyst test protocols
Israeli Fuel Cell Consortium (IFCC) – PGM-free activity indicators and durability
Bar-Ilan University, Israel – aerogels-based catalysts with high active-site density
University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York – novel PGM-free catalyst synthesis (independent of two ElectroCat
projects involving UB)
Pajarito Powder, Albuquerque, New Mexico – catalyst scale-up, PGM-free electrode design, catalyst commercialization
(independent of ElectroCat project)
Technical University of Munich, Germany – catalyst development and characterization
University of Warsaw, Poland – role of graphite in PGM-free catalyst design
University of Toledo – hydrogen peroxide sensor
Washington State University – electrocatalyst for low-temperature elctrolyzer anode
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 39
41. Remaining Challenges and Barriers
• Fuel Cell
Improving the performance of PGM-free polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathodes while
maintaining durability (e.g., ‘dual-zone’ catalyst).
Comprehensive understanding of the catalyst and electrode degradation mechanism(s) in
order to successfully develop mitigation strategies
Increasing the density of active sites and oxygen reduction reaction turnover frequency
(TOF) to meet DOE H2-air performance targets
Reducing cathode proton resistance while maintaining high oxygen permeability
• Low-Temperature Electrolysis
Increasing electrolyzer performance by a factor of 2.5
Improving durability of alkaline membrane electrolyzer operating on pure water and at
temperatures of ≥ 60 °C
Minimizing degradation of anion-exchange ionomers
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 41
42. Proposed Future Work
• ElectroCat Development
Populate ElectroCat DataHub with published data and publish the datasets to the Materials Data Facility
(https://materialsdatafacility.org/)
• Improvement in Performance and Durability of Fuel Cell Catalysts and Electrodes
Expand probe-molecule studies to degraded ElectroCat core team catalysts; implement selective desorption of probe
molecule; couple with ORR activity and vibrational spectroscopy characterization to determine adsorption sites of probe
molecule
Further identify primary factors governing the durability of PGM-free catalysts and electrodes and continue to develop
means to prevent performance degradation
Advance performance of catalysts by maximizing volumetric density and accessibility of active sites, through alternative
synthetic methods, in particular:
• Synthesize catalyst structure identified by DFT as being both active and stable (μ-nitrido Co-Fe center; see slide #30
from 2020 AMR)
Optimize the fuel cell performance of the Fe (N-C) catalyst (from high-throughput System 3b) by subjecting it to high-
throughput ink optimization, cell testing, and associated ink characterization and cell diagnostics
Complete characterization of ‘dual-zone’ catalyst to determine source of promising durability and develop method to
increase activity
• Electrolyzer Catalysts and Electrodes
Establish LTE baseline performance in pure water using commercial materials (membranes and ionomers)
Synthesize and evaluate the activity of 60 OER catalysts using high-throughput approaches
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 42
43. Accomplishments and Progress
• ElectroCat Development and Communication
Consortium supporting nine FOA/Lab Call projects with ten capabilities
Consortium-wide virtual meeting held on January 25-26, 2021; national laboratory ElectroCat 2.0 PEFC kick-off meeting
held February 23, 2021; ElectroCat 2.0 LTE kick-off meeting held March 23, 2021
22 papers published
Developed oxygen limiting current method with Pt black sensor for characterizing bulk oxygen transport in PGM-free
cathodes
Developed identical location STEM for studying catalyst degradation mechanisms
• Progress in Performance and Performance Durability of PGM-free ORR Catalysts
ElectroCat FY20 and FY21 Annual (GPRA) Milestones of PGM-free cathode MEA performance of at 0.90 V (H2/O2, iR-
free, average of three consecutive pol curves) exceeded: 38 mA cm-2
Performance of hydrogen-air fuel cell with an atomically-dispersed Fe-N-C cathode catalyst improved from 54 to
72 mA cm-2 at 0.8 V and from 246 to 381 mA cm-2 at 0.675 V since 2020 AMR
Performance durability of hydrogen-air fuel cell significantly improved: Voltage degradation at 0.8 A cm-2 of 0 mV after
80k AST cycles for ‘dual-zone’ catalyst versus 250 mV for baseline ‘single-zone’ catalyst
Synthesized 193 unique catalysts using high-throughput approach, with 30% enhancement in ORR activity performance
improvement versus highest ORR activity reported for System 3 in 2020 AMR
• Progress in PGM-free OER Catalysts
Established baseline performance of LANL perovskite, Washington State University NiFe, and ANL-Di-Jia Liu HydroGEN
seedling project (project P157) mixed oxide catalyst in alkaline exchange membrane electrolyzer
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 43
44. Co-Authors
PGM-free catalyst development, electrochemical and fuel cell testing, atomic-scale
modeling, machine learning
Piotr Zelenay (PI), Towfiq Ahmad, Bianca Ceballos, Hoon Chung, Hasnain Hafiz,
Yanghua He, Edward (Ted) Holby, Mohammad Karim, Ulises Martinez, Luigi Osmieri,
Xi Yin, Hanguang Zhang
High-throughput techniques, mesoscale models, X-ray studies, aqueous stability
studies
Debbie Myers (PI), Magali Ferrandon, Jaehyung Park, Xiaoping Wang, Nancy Kariuki,
Evan Wegener, A. Jeremy Kropf, Cong Liu, Rajesh Ahluwalia, Xiaohua Wang,
C. Firat Cetinbas, Ben Blaiszik, Marcus Schwarting
Advanced fuel cell characterization, rheology and ink characterization, segmented
cell studies
K.C. Neyerlin (PI), Hao Wang, Derek Vigil-Fowler, Jacob Clary, Luigi Osmieri
Advanced electron microscopy, atomic-level characterization, XPS studies
Dave Cullen (PI), Michael Zachman, Haoran Yu, Harry Meyer III, Shawn Reeves
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 44
45. Technical Back-Up Slide and
Additional Information
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 45
46. FY21 Q1 GPRA Milestone: H2-Air Fuel Cell Durability of ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C Catalyst
Cathode: ca. 4.0 mg cm-2, ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst, 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar air partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 700 sccm, 1.0 bar H2 partial
pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion 211; Cell: differential, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C
1 1
MEA #1 - Initial
MEA #1 - 100 cycles
MEA #1 - 1k cycles
MEA #1 - 5k cycles
MEA #1 - 10k cycles
MEA #1 - 30k cycles
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
MEA #2 - Initial
MEA #2 - 100 cycles
MEA #2 - 1k cycles
MEA #2 - 5k cycles
MEA #2 - 10k cycles
MEA #2 - 30k cycles
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.8
Voltage
(V)
0.8
0.6
0.4
Voltage
(V)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
Current density (A/cm2
) Current density (A/cm2
)
0
Cycle
number
MEA #1
i (mA/cm2)
0.8 V 0.675 V
V (V)
0.8 Acm-2
MEA #2
i (mA/cm2)
0.8 V 0.675 V
V (V)
0.8 Acm-2
0 68 353 0.52 71 381 0.54
100 59 316 0.50 60 342 0.52
1K 48 276 0.48 49 302 0.50
5k 34 232 0.45 35 259 0.48
10k 29 210 0.44 30 230 0.47
30k 18 171 0.41 18 184 0.43
Excellent agreement in H2-air fuel cell
performance of two MEAs used in
establishing durability baseline using
‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C catalyst
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 46
47. FY21 Q1 GPRA Milestone: H2-O2 Fuel Cell Durability of ‘Single-Zone’ Fe-N-C Catalyst
Cathode: ca. 4.0 mg cm-2, ‘single-zone’ Fe-N-C, 1700 sccm, 1.0 bar O2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 700 sccm, 1.0 bar H2 partial pressure,
100% RH; Membrane: Nafion 211; Cell: differential, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C
1 1 1 1
Voltage
(V)
HFR
(
Ω
cm
2
)
MEA #1 - intial 1st cycle
MEA #1 - intial 2nd cycle
MEA #1 - intial 3rd cycle
MEA #1 - 30k 1st cycle
MEA #1 - 30k 2nd cycle
MEA #1 - 30k 3rd cycle
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Current density (A/cm2
)
MEA #2 - initial 1st cycle
MEA #2 - initial 2nd cycle
MEA #2 - initial 3rd cycle
MEA #2 - 30k 1st cycle
MEA #2 - 30k 2nd cycle
MEA #2 - 30k 3rd cycle
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0.8
HFR
(
Ω
cm
2
)
Voltage
(V)
0.9
0.9 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2
0 0
Current density (A/cm2
)
Current density Average current density
MEA
at 0.9 ViR-free (mA/cm2) at 0.9 V (mA/cm2)
#1 – BOL 16
15 ± 1
#2 – BOL 14
#1 – 30k n/a
n/a
#2 – 30k n/a
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 47
0.8
48. 200
100
4
FOA Support: CO2 Emission Measurements with PNNL Fe-N-C catalyst at 0.70 V
Cathode: ca. 4.0 mg cm-2, , PNNL-Fe-N-C , 200 sccm, 1.0 bar N2/air/O2 partial pressure, 100% RH; Anode: 0.3 mgPt cm-2 Pt/C, H2, 200 sccm, 1.0 bar H2 partial
pressure, 100% RH; Membrane: Nafion,211; Cell: serpentine flow field, 5 cm2, Temperature: 80 °C
CO2 Emission from PNNL Fe-N-C Cathode at 0.7 V H2-O2 Performance of PNNL Fe-N-C Catalyst
300 1 1
CO
2
emission
(ppm)
Current
density(mA/cm
2
)
HFR
(
Ω
cm
2
)
N2 air
PNNL-Fe-N-C - 0.7 V
PNNL-Fe-N-C - 0.7 V
0 5 10 15 20 25
Initial Intial_iR-free
23 h 23 h_iR-free
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4
0.8
0
6
0.6 0.6
Voltage
(V)
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
Current density (A/cm2
)
2
0
Time (h)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 48
0.8
49. Status of M-N-C Catalysts Performance and Durability in PEFCs
DOE target: DOE target:
≥ 44 mA/cm2 at 0.90 V ≤ 40% loss (voltage cycling)
DOE target: DOE target:
≥ 300 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V ≥ 1.5 A/cm2 at 0.675 V
“Status and Challenges for the Application of Platinum Group Metal-Free Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,”
L. Osmieri, J. Park, D.A. Cullen, P. Zelenay, D.J. Myers, K. C. Neyerlin, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 25 (2021) 100627-100638.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 49
50. LTE Testing: Pajarito Powder OER50 Catalyst
OER50 catalyst is a perovskite oxide where Fe nominally substitutes part (25%) of the Co in the base LANL formulation
La0.85Sr0.15CoO3-δ Nominal La0.85Sr0.15Co0.75Fe0.25O3-δ; synthesized by Pajarito Powder as scale-up of LANL synthesis method
Anode: 6 mgcm-2 catalyst, Cathode: PtRu/C, 1.6 mgPt cm-2; Membrane and ionomer: HTMA-DAPP (from SNL); Cell: 5 cm2 electrode area
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.2
Cell
Voltage
(V)
Cell
Voltage
(V)
2.0
1.8
2.2
2
1.6
1.4
water - 60°C
water - 70°C
water - 80°C
1.8
1.6
1.2
0 500 1000
-2
)
Current Density (mA cm
1500
1.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h)
90 100 110 120 130 140
• Good long-term stability of the Pajarito LTE catalyst (OER50) over 120-hour life test
• Degradation rate at 200 mA cm-2: 0.65 mV/h (relative to minimum-voltage point)
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 50
51. La Sr Co
CoOx
LSC
CoOx
LSC
CoOx
LSC
Conductivity Improvements in Modified-LSC Pajarito Powder OER49B Perovskite Catalyst
CoOx LSC
• Pajarito-modified LSC catalyst (OER49B)
showed improved surface area and conductivity
• Morphology consists of 50 nm LSC particles on
200 nm platelets of cobalt oxide (CoOx)
• CoOx platelets appear to improve dispersion of
LSC particles and conductivity
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 51
52. Publications (since 2020 AMR presentation submission)
1. “Porphyrin Aerogel Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells;” N. Zion, J. C. Douglin, D. A. Cullen,
P. Zelenay, D. R. Dekel, and L. Elbaz, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2100963 (2021).
2. “Stability of Atomically Dispersed Fe–N–C ORR Catalyst in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Environment”, R. K. Ahluwalia, X. Wang, L.
Osmieri, J-K Peng, C. F. Cetinbas, J. Park, D.J. Myers, H. T. Chung, and K. C. Neyerlin, J. Electrochem. Soc, 168, 024513 (2021).
3. “Dynamically Unveiling Metal-Nitrogen Coordination during Thermal Activation to Design High-Efficient Atomically Dispersed CoN4 Active
Sites”, Y. He, Q. Shi, W. Shan, X. Li, A. J. Kropf, E. C. Wegener, J. Wright, S. Karakalos, D. Su, D. A. Cullen, G. Wang, D. J. Myers, and G.
Wu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 9516-9526 (2021).
4. “Detection Technologies for Reactive Oxygen Species: Fluorescence and Electrochemical Methods and Their Applications;” S.
Duanghathaipornsuk, E. J. Farrell, A. C. Alba-Rubio, P. Zelenay; D.-S. Kim, Biosensors, 11, 30 (2021).
5. “Comment on ‘‘Non-PGM electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells: effect of fluorination on the activity and stability of a highly active NC_Ar + NH3
catalyst’’ by Gaixia Zhang, Xiaohua Yang, Marc Dubois, Michael Herraiz, Régis Chenitz, Michel Lefèvre, Mohamed Cherif, François Vidal,
Vassili P. Glibin, Shuhui Sun and Jean-Pol Dodelet, Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 3015–3037, 10.1039/C9EE00867E;” X. Yin, E. F. Holby,
and P. Zelenay, Energy Environ. Sci., 14, 1029-1033 (2021).
6. “Performance enhancement and degradation mechanism identification of a single-atom Co–N–C catalyst for proton exchange membrane
fuel cells,” X. Xie, C. He, B. Li, Y. He, D. A. Cullen, E. C. Wegener, A. J. Kropf, U. Martinez, Y, Cheng, M. H. Engelhard, M. E. Bowden, M.
Song, T. Lemmon, X. S. Li, Z. Nie, J. Liu, D. J. Myers, P. Zelenay, G. Wang, G. Wu, V. Ramani, and Y. Shao, Nat. Catal., 3, 1044-1054
(2020).
7. “Acid Stability and Demetalation of PGM-free ORR Electrocatalyst Structures from Density Functional Theory: A Model for “Single-Atom
Catalyst” Dissolution;” E. F. Holby, G. Wang, and P. Zelenay, ACS Catal., 10, 14527-14539 (2020).
8. “Recent Progress in the Durability of Fe-N-C Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells;” J. C. Weiss, H. Zhang,
P. Zelenay, J. Electroanal. Chem., 875, 114696 (2020).
9. “Single Cobalt Sites Dispersed in Hierarchically Porous Nanofiber Networks for Durable and High-Power PGM-Free Cathodes in Fuel Cells;”
Y. He, H. Guo, S. Hwang, X. Yang, Z. He, J. Braaten, S. Karakalos, W. Shan, M. Wang, H. Zhou, Z. Feng, K. L. More, G. Wang, D. Su, D. A.
Cullen, L. Fei, S. Litster, and G. Wu. Adv. Mater., 32, 202003577 (2020).
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 52
53. Publications II (since 2020 AMR presentation submission)
10. “On the Lack of Correlation between the Voltammetric Redox Couple and ORR Activity of Fe-N-C Catalysts;” M. C. Elvington, H. T. Chung, L.
Lin, X Yin, P. Ganesan, P. Zelenay, and H. R. Colón-Mercado, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 134510 (2020).
11. “Effect of Dispersion Medium Composition and Ionomer Concentration on the Microstructure and Rheology of Fe–N–C Platinum Group
Metal-Free Catalyst Inks for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells,” Sunilkumar Khandavalli, Radhika Iyer, Jae Hyung Park, Deborah J.
Myers, K. C. Neyerlin, Michael Ulsh, and Scott A. Mauger, Langmuir, 36, 12247-12260 (2020).
12. “Novel platinum group metal-free catalyst ink deposition system for combinatorial polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance evaluation;” J.
Park and D. Myers, J. Power Sources, 480, 228801 (2020).
13. “Status and Challenges for the Application of Platinum Group Metal-Free Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells;” L. Osmieri, J.
Park, D. A. Cullen, P. Zelenay, D. J. Myers, K. C. Neyerlin, Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 25,100627 (2020).
14. “Coupling High-Throughput Experiments and Regression Algorithms to Optimize PGM-Free ORR Electrocatalyst Synthesis;” M. Karim, M.
Ferrandon, S. Medina, E. Sture, N. Kariuki, D.J. Myers, E.F. Holby, P. Zelenay, and T. Ahmed, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 3, 9083-9088
(2020).
15. “Single-Iron Site Catalysts with Self-Assembled Dual-size Architecture and Hierarchical Porosity for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells;”
X. Zhao, X. Yang, M. Wang, S. Hwang, S. Karakalos, M. Chen, Z. Qiao, L. Wang, B. Liu, Q. Ma, D. A. Cullen, D. Su, H. Yang, H. Y. Zang, Z.
Feng, and G. Wu, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 279, 119400 (2020).
16. “Durability evaluation of a Fe-N-C catalyst in polymer electrolyte fuel cell environment via accelerated stress tests;” L. Osmieri, D. A. Cullen,
H. T. Chung, R. K. Ahluwalia, K. C. Neyerlin, Nano Energy, 78, 105209-105218 (2020).
17. “P-block single-metal-site tin/nitrogen-doped carbon fuel cell cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction;” F. Luo, A. Roy, L. Silvioli, D. A.
Cullen, A. Zitolo, M. T. Sougrati, I. C. Oguz, T. Mineva, D. Teschner, S. Wagner, J. Wen, F. Dionigi, U. I. Kramm, J. Rossmeisl, F. Jaouen, and
P. Strasser, Nat. Mater., 19, 1215-1223 (2020).
18. “Understanding water management in platinum group metal-free electrodes using neutron imaging;” S. Komini Babu, D. Spernjak, R.
Mukundan, D.S. Hussey, D. L. Jacobson, H. T. Chung, G. Wu, A. J. Steinbach, S. Litster, R. L. Borup, and P. Zelenay, J. Power Sources,
472, 228442 (2020).
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 53
54. Publications III and Awards (since 2020 AMR presentation submission)
19. “Utilizing ink composition to tune bulk-electrode gas transport, performance, and operational robustness for a Fe–N–C catalyst in polymer
electrolyte fuel cell;” L. Osmieri, G. Wang, F.C. Cetinbas, S. Khandavalli, J. Park, S. Medina, S.A. Mauger, M. Ulsh, S. Pylypenko, D.J.
Myers, K.C. Neyerlin, Nano Energy, 75, 104943-104955 (2020).
20. “Improving the bulk gas transport of Fe-N-C platinum group metal-free nanofiber electrodes via electrospinning for fuel cell applications;” S.
Kabir, S. Medina, G. Wang, G. Bender, S. Pylypenko, K.C. Neyerlin, Nano Energy, 73, 104791-104802 (2020).
21. “Experimental analysis of recoverable performance loss induced by platinum oxide formation at the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
cathode;” M. Zago*, A. Baricci, A. Bisello, T. Jahnke, H. Yu, R. Maric, P. Zelenay, A. Casalegno, J. Power Sources, 455, 227990 (2020).
22. “X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode measurements of smooth sputtered Fe-N-C films;” Y. Xu, M.J. Dzara, S. Kabir,
S. Pylypenko, K. Neyerlin, A. Zakutayev, Appl. Surf. Sci., 515, 146012-146018 (2020).
Awards
1. Piotr Zelenay, Fellowship of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), Lausanne, Switzerland, April 2021.
2. Luigi Osmieri, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office’s Postdoctoral Recognition Award (Runner Up), Washington, DC, October 2020.
3. David Cullen, Deborah Myers, K.C. Neyerlin, Piotr Zelenay, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Special Recognition Award
for Fuel Cell R&D, Washington, DC, October 2020.
2021 DOE Hydrogen Program Annual Merit Review – Slide 54