Study of Polymer-Coating on Various Types of Carbon Supports to Enhance Platinum Utilization Efficiency in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts
Carbon nanotubes for Aerospace applicationsnasreenhabeeb
1. The document discusses using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composites with epoxy to create structural and conductive aerospace adhesives.
2. It presents the need for such adhesives to provide both structural bonding and electrical conductivity as alternatives to riveting.
3. The document describes creating SWCNT-epoxy composites with 0.2-1wt% SWCNT loading and evaluating their mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and performance in lap shear and peel tests. It found 0.5wt% provided electrical conductivity without reducing mechanical properties.
Graphene nanoribbons are one-dimensional structures derived from graphene sheets. They inherit many properties of graphene such as strength and conductivity. Graphene nanoribbons can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure, giving them potential applications in electronics. They can be synthesized through methods such as cutting graphene sheets, assembling polycyclic molecules, or unzipping carbon nanotubes.
This presentation describes about recent progress in bringing down the cost of Hydrogen fuel cells. Around 3 papers were summarised and all of them belong to a timespan of 2012-2013.
This document discusses opportunities for using nanotechnology to improve energy applications. It notes that nanomaterials have increased surface areas and unique interface and size effects that can be exploited. Examples highlighted include using nanostructures to improve photovoltaics, hydrogen storage, and thermoelectric devices. Challenges include developing scalable synthesis methods and understanding multiscale transport phenomena. Overall, the document argues that nanoscience research has potential to transform energy technologies by manipulating energy carriers at the nanoscale and linking structures to functions.
Low Cost Synthesis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Coal Tar Using Arc ...IOSRJAP
There are various methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), template-directed synthesis for the growth of CNTs in the presence of catalyst particles. The production of carbon nanotubes in large quantities is possible with inexpensive coal as the starting carbon source by the arc discharge technique. It is found that a large amount of carbon nanotubes of good quality can be obtained in the cathode deposits in which carbon nanotubes are present in nest-like bundles. For more than two decades, now, there has been extensive research on the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and optimization of its manufacture for the industrial applications. It is believed that they are the strong enough but most flexible materials known to mankind. They have potential to take part in new nanofabricated materials. It is known that, carbon nanotubes could behave as the ultimate one-dimensional material with remarkable mechanical properties. Moreover, carbon nanotubes exhibit strong electrical and thermal conducting properties. This paper primarily concentrates on the optimising such parameters related to the mass production of the product. It has been shown through Simplex process that based on the cost of the SWNT obtained by the arc discharge technique, the voltage and the current should lie in the range of 30 - 42 V and 49 - 66 A respectively. Any combination above the given values will lead to a power consumption cost beyond the final product cost, in turn leading to infeasibility of the process. Strong expectations exist for future use of carbon nanotubes as composite materials in a large number of industries. Production cost and control of the purity and properties of such materials will influence the impacts nanotubes on the chemical, computer and construction industries. Coal properties in this case are also important. Weak bonds and mineral matter in the coal play an important role in the formation of the nanotubes
Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride filled epoxy nanocompositesArun Yadav
The document describes a two-stage project to develop polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal conductivity for electronic packaging applications. The first stage involves establishing a high concentration dispersion of hexagonal boron nitride and graphene using a suitable surfactant. The second stage uses this dispersion to prepare epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites will be characterized using techniques like UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and TEM to analyze properties. The goal is to create graphene and boron nitride filled polymer composites with higher thermal conductivity.
Study of Polymer-Coating on Various Types of Carbon Supports to Enhance Platinum Utilization Efficiency in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts
Carbon nanotubes for Aerospace applicationsnasreenhabeeb
1. The document discusses using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composites with epoxy to create structural and conductive aerospace adhesives.
2. It presents the need for such adhesives to provide both structural bonding and electrical conductivity as alternatives to riveting.
3. The document describes creating SWCNT-epoxy composites with 0.2-1wt% SWCNT loading and evaluating their mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and performance in lap shear and peel tests. It found 0.5wt% provided electrical conductivity without reducing mechanical properties.
Graphene nanoribbons are one-dimensional structures derived from graphene sheets. They inherit many properties of graphene such as strength and conductivity. Graphene nanoribbons can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure, giving them potential applications in electronics. They can be synthesized through methods such as cutting graphene sheets, assembling polycyclic molecules, or unzipping carbon nanotubes.
This presentation describes about recent progress in bringing down the cost of Hydrogen fuel cells. Around 3 papers were summarised and all of them belong to a timespan of 2012-2013.
This document discusses opportunities for using nanotechnology to improve energy applications. It notes that nanomaterials have increased surface areas and unique interface and size effects that can be exploited. Examples highlighted include using nanostructures to improve photovoltaics, hydrogen storage, and thermoelectric devices. Challenges include developing scalable synthesis methods and understanding multiscale transport phenomena. Overall, the document argues that nanoscience research has potential to transform energy technologies by manipulating energy carriers at the nanoscale and linking structures to functions.
Low Cost Synthesis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Coal Tar Using Arc ...IOSRJAP
There are various methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), template-directed synthesis for the growth of CNTs in the presence of catalyst particles. The production of carbon nanotubes in large quantities is possible with inexpensive coal as the starting carbon source by the arc discharge technique. It is found that a large amount of carbon nanotubes of good quality can be obtained in the cathode deposits in which carbon nanotubes are present in nest-like bundles. For more than two decades, now, there has been extensive research on the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and optimization of its manufacture for the industrial applications. It is believed that they are the strong enough but most flexible materials known to mankind. They have potential to take part in new nanofabricated materials. It is known that, carbon nanotubes could behave as the ultimate one-dimensional material with remarkable mechanical properties. Moreover, carbon nanotubes exhibit strong electrical and thermal conducting properties. This paper primarily concentrates on the optimising such parameters related to the mass production of the product. It has been shown through Simplex process that based on the cost of the SWNT obtained by the arc discharge technique, the voltage and the current should lie in the range of 30 - 42 V and 49 - 66 A respectively. Any combination above the given values will lead to a power consumption cost beyond the final product cost, in turn leading to infeasibility of the process. Strong expectations exist for future use of carbon nanotubes as composite materials in a large number of industries. Production cost and control of the purity and properties of such materials will influence the impacts nanotubes on the chemical, computer and construction industries. Coal properties in this case are also important. Weak bonds and mineral matter in the coal play an important role in the formation of the nanotubes
Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride filled epoxy nanocompositesArun Yadav
The document describes a two-stage project to develop polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal conductivity for electronic packaging applications. The first stage involves establishing a high concentration dispersion of hexagonal boron nitride and graphene using a suitable surfactant. The second stage uses this dispersion to prepare epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites will be characterized using techniques like UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and TEM to analyze properties. The goal is to create graphene and boron nitride filled polymer composites with higher thermal conductivity.
This document discusses carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) as a potential substitute for MOSFETs. CNTFETs could help overcome limitations of MOSFET scaling by providing higher carrier mobility, excellent electrostatics, and gate control. CNTFETs exhibit advantages like better threshold voltage and subthreshold slope control as well as higher current density and transconductance compared to MOSFETs. However, mass production of CNTFETs faces challenges related to defects, failure rates, and production costs that are higher than for traditional CMOS.
Carbon nanotubes (cnt) as interconnects for futureHarish Peta
The document analyzes carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as potential replacements for copper interconnects in future VLSI technology. It discusses the types of CNTs and analyzes mixed bundles of CNTs, comparing their resistance and capacitance to copper interconnects at local, intermediate, and global levels. CNT bundles have smaller resistance than copper for intermediate and global interconnects but higher resistance for local interconnects. The resistance of CNT bundles can be optimized by varying tube diameter and bundle density. CNT bundle capacitances are also marginally smaller than copper at all levels.
Effect of nanosilver particles on the optical and structuralAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on the effect of adding nanosilver particles to polyvinyl alcohol-polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer films. The films were prepared with various weight percentages of nanosilver using casting. Tests found that absorbance, absorption coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constant increased with higher nanosilver concentration, while the energy gap decreased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the nanosilver restricted molecular motion in the films and caused some polymer chain breaking and reforming. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the nanosilver was randomly distributed in the films and formed small agglomerations. Increasing the nanosilver concentration resulted in a continuous nanoparticle network starting at 16
Seminar Report on Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistorkailash pandey
This document provides an overview of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). It discusses the history of carbon nanotubes and how they were first discovered in the late 1880s. It then covers the different types of carbon nanotubes, their properties, and fabrication processes. A key part summarizes the characteristics of CNTFETs compared to traditional MOSFETs, noting advantages like higher speed, scalability and lower power consumption. The document concludes by comparing CNTFETs to MOSFETs and outlining potential future works.
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures of carbon with diameters in the nanometer range. They have extremely high tensile strength and unique electrical properties depending on their structure. Carbon nanotubes can be single-walled or multi-walled and are synthesized using arc discharge, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition with transition metal catalysts. They have a variety of potential applications in electronics, optics, and other fields due to their novel properties.
This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes. It discusses the history of carbon nanotube discovery from the 1950s to 1991. It describes what carbon nanotubes are, which are tube-shaped materials made of carbon that have diameters on the nanometer scale. The document classifies carbon nanotubes based on chirality, layers, and conductivity. It outlines the properties of carbon nanotubes including their small size, strength, flexibility, and thermal and electrical conductivity. Methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes are described, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Applications of carbon nanotubes discussed include use in energy storage, molecular electronics, sensors, composites, and desalination
New technology Model for 1 nm Transistors better than FIN-FET Technology.This slide Tells you in general about the nanotubes, how they are formed and why they are better than MOSFETs
M. Meyyappan provides an overview of recent developments in nanotechnology at NASA Ames Research Center. The center's research focuses on carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, inorganic nanowires, and protein nanotubes. Applications being developed include nanoelectronics, sensors, gene sequencing using nanopores, and microscopy using carbon nanotube tips. Challenges include controlling material properties at the nanoscale and developing large-scale production methods.
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) have advantages over traditional MOSFETs by avoiding issues like short channel effects and high leakage currents that arise from continuous MOSFET scaling. CNTFETs use carbon nanotubes that can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. They have a similar structure to MOSFETs but current flow depends on ballistic transport and electron confinement in the CNT. CNTFETs also have lower quantum capacitance than MOSFETs, resulting in lower propagation delay. Neural networks are well-suited for modeling CNTFETs with their simple, continuous equations that can account for channel length variations. However, precisely controlling CNT
This document outlines a student project on carbon nanotube composites. It discusses synthesizing and fabricating carbon nanotube composites and investigating their properties. The student aims to study carbon nanotube characteristics, understand how geometry affects dispersion, and apply superior nanocarbon properties to construction. The literature review covers carbon nanotube properties, composite characteristics, and fabrication methods. Experiments investigate the effect of carbon nanotube geometry on dispersion through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analysis of diameter and length.
The document discusses the potential for carbon nanotube computers to replace silicon-based VLSI technology. It describes how carbon nanotubes have exceptional electrical and thermal properties and could be used to build transistors that do not suffer from energy leakage. The document outlines a prototype carbon nanotube computer that runs on a single instruction called SUBNEG and operates at much higher clock speeds with significantly lower energy usage than silicon processors. It envisions future improvements including more powerful instruction sets, denser memory, and the potential for carbon nanotubes to help extend Moore's Law. However, challenges remain in producing high purity metallic and semiconductor carbon nanotubes at scale.
CNTFET Based Analog and Digital Circuit Designing: A ReviewIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Silicon has been a material of choice for the last many decades and more than 95% of electronics devices are from silicon. However, silicon has reached to its saturation level and extracting more and more performance is difficult and costly now. A new material which has a potential to replace Si and can extend the scalability of devices below 22 nm is the carbon nanotube (CNT). CNT is a wonderful material possesses unique properties that make it a promising future material. CNT based field effect transistor (Cntfet) is a promising basic building block to complement the existing silicon based MOSFET and can result in the extension of the validity of Moore's law further. CNTFT has been used extensively in realizing electronics circuits. This paper presents the state of the art literature related to carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube field effect transistors and CNTFET based circuit designing. A review of Cntfet based analog and digital circuits has been presented. It has been observed that the use of CNTFET has improved the performance of both analog and digital circuits. The work will be very useful to the people working in the field of CNT based analog and digital circuit designing.
The document summarizes carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs). It discusses how CNFETs offer advantages over traditional MOSFETs such as ballistic transport, high drive current, temperature resilience, and low capacitance. However, large-scale manufacturing of CNFETs poses challenges and circuit performance can only be estimated through simulations currently. The document also describes the structure, properties, types and performance of CNFETs. It analyzes how CNFET design can overcome issues facing MOSFET scaling like leakage and process variation.
This research project aims to create a lightweight and strong polymer-carbon nanotube composite with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Carbon nanotubes will be well-dispersed and aligned in the polymer matrix using sonication and an AC electric field to achieve directional properties. The composite will be characterized through microscopy, spectroscopy, and testing of mechanical and electrical properties to evaluate the effects of carbon nanotube addition and alignment. Potential applications include use in structural, thermal, electrical, optical, and hydrophobic materials.
The document discusses carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy matrix nanocomposites. It notes that dispersing CNTs homogeneously in the epoxy matrix is important to exploit their potential but is difficult due to aggregation. Methods to improve dispersion include using surfactants or functionalizing CNTs. Functionalization can degrade CNT properties so alternative methods are sought. The properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites depend on the degree of CNT dispersion, with higher conductivity achieved above the percolation threshold.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubular structures made of carbon with diameters as small as 1 nanometer and lengths ranging from a few nanometers to microns. CNTs can be thought of as sheets of graphene rolled into tubes that can take armchair, zigzag, or chiral configurations depending on how the graphene sheet is rolled. CNTs are synthesized using methods such as arc discharge, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition and have excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties making them useful for applications in energy storage, electronics, sensors and composite materials.
Carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) were synthesized using a horizontally spinning chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of the CNTFs. The CNTFs were grown using thermal CVD with iron catalyst and methane carbon source. During growth, the CNTs were directly pulled and twisted to form fibers. SEM analysis was conducted to investigate the morphology, shape, and other properties of the CNTFs, including electrical conductivity. This technique aims to develop high performance EM transmitter materials using CNTFs.
The driving engine for the exponential growth of digital information processing systems is scaling down the transistor dimensions. For decades, this has enhanced the device performance and density. However, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) states the end of Moore’s law in the next decade due to the scaling challenges of silicon-based CMOS electronics, e.g. extremely high power density. The forward-looking solutions are the utilization of emerging materials and devices for integrated circuits, e.g. carbon-based materials. The presentation of my Ph.D. work focuses on graphene, one atomic layer of carbon sheet, experimentally discovered in 2004. Since fabrication technology of emerging materials is still in early stages, transistor modeling has been playing an important role for evaluating futuristic graphene-based devices and circuits. The device has been simulated by solving a quantum transport model based on non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approach, which fully treats short channel-length electrostatic effects and the quantum tunneling effects, leading to the technology exploration of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNR FETs) for the future. This research presents a comprehensive study of the width-dependence performance of the GNR FETs and the scaling of its channel length down to 2.5 nanometer, investigating its potential use beyond-CMOS emerging technology.
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Carbon nanotubes are hexagonally shaped arrangements of carbon atoms that have been rolled into tubes. They have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors. Carbon nanotubes exist as single-walled nanotubes or multi-walled nanotubes, and have a variety of potential applications due to their novel properties.
This document discusses carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) as a potential substitute for MOSFETs. CNTFETs could help overcome limitations of MOSFET scaling by providing higher carrier mobility, excellent electrostatics, and gate control. CNTFETs exhibit advantages like better threshold voltage and subthreshold slope control as well as higher current density and transconductance compared to MOSFETs. However, mass production of CNTFETs faces challenges related to defects, failure rates, and production costs that are higher than for traditional CMOS.
Carbon nanotubes (cnt) as interconnects for futureHarish Peta
The document analyzes carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as potential replacements for copper interconnects in future VLSI technology. It discusses the types of CNTs and analyzes mixed bundles of CNTs, comparing their resistance and capacitance to copper interconnects at local, intermediate, and global levels. CNT bundles have smaller resistance than copper for intermediate and global interconnects but higher resistance for local interconnects. The resistance of CNT bundles can be optimized by varying tube diameter and bundle density. CNT bundle capacitances are also marginally smaller than copper at all levels.
Effect of nanosilver particles on the optical and structuralAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on the effect of adding nanosilver particles to polyvinyl alcohol-polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer films. The films were prepared with various weight percentages of nanosilver using casting. Tests found that absorbance, absorption coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constant increased with higher nanosilver concentration, while the energy gap decreased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the nanosilver restricted molecular motion in the films and caused some polymer chain breaking and reforming. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the nanosilver was randomly distributed in the films and formed small agglomerations. Increasing the nanosilver concentration resulted in a continuous nanoparticle network starting at 16
Seminar Report on Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistorkailash pandey
This document provides an overview of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). It discusses the history of carbon nanotubes and how they were first discovered in the late 1880s. It then covers the different types of carbon nanotubes, their properties, and fabrication processes. A key part summarizes the characteristics of CNTFETs compared to traditional MOSFETs, noting advantages like higher speed, scalability and lower power consumption. The document concludes by comparing CNTFETs to MOSFETs and outlining potential future works.
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures of carbon with diameters in the nanometer range. They have extremely high tensile strength and unique electrical properties depending on their structure. Carbon nanotubes can be single-walled or multi-walled and are synthesized using arc discharge, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition with transition metal catalysts. They have a variety of potential applications in electronics, optics, and other fields due to their novel properties.
This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes. It discusses the history of carbon nanotube discovery from the 1950s to 1991. It describes what carbon nanotubes are, which are tube-shaped materials made of carbon that have diameters on the nanometer scale. The document classifies carbon nanotubes based on chirality, layers, and conductivity. It outlines the properties of carbon nanotubes including their small size, strength, flexibility, and thermal and electrical conductivity. Methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes are described, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Applications of carbon nanotubes discussed include use in energy storage, molecular electronics, sensors, composites, and desalination
New technology Model for 1 nm Transistors better than FIN-FET Technology.This slide Tells you in general about the nanotubes, how they are formed and why they are better than MOSFETs
M. Meyyappan provides an overview of recent developments in nanotechnology at NASA Ames Research Center. The center's research focuses on carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, inorganic nanowires, and protein nanotubes. Applications being developed include nanoelectronics, sensors, gene sequencing using nanopores, and microscopy using carbon nanotube tips. Challenges include controlling material properties at the nanoscale and developing large-scale production methods.
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) have advantages over traditional MOSFETs by avoiding issues like short channel effects and high leakage currents that arise from continuous MOSFET scaling. CNTFETs use carbon nanotubes that can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. They have a similar structure to MOSFETs but current flow depends on ballistic transport and electron confinement in the CNT. CNTFETs also have lower quantum capacitance than MOSFETs, resulting in lower propagation delay. Neural networks are well-suited for modeling CNTFETs with their simple, continuous equations that can account for channel length variations. However, precisely controlling CNT
This document outlines a student project on carbon nanotube composites. It discusses synthesizing and fabricating carbon nanotube composites and investigating their properties. The student aims to study carbon nanotube characteristics, understand how geometry affects dispersion, and apply superior nanocarbon properties to construction. The literature review covers carbon nanotube properties, composite characteristics, and fabrication methods. Experiments investigate the effect of carbon nanotube geometry on dispersion through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analysis of diameter and length.
The document discusses the potential for carbon nanotube computers to replace silicon-based VLSI technology. It describes how carbon nanotubes have exceptional electrical and thermal properties and could be used to build transistors that do not suffer from energy leakage. The document outlines a prototype carbon nanotube computer that runs on a single instruction called SUBNEG and operates at much higher clock speeds with significantly lower energy usage than silicon processors. It envisions future improvements including more powerful instruction sets, denser memory, and the potential for carbon nanotubes to help extend Moore's Law. However, challenges remain in producing high purity metallic and semiconductor carbon nanotubes at scale.
CNTFET Based Analog and Digital Circuit Designing: A ReviewIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Silicon has been a material of choice for the last many decades and more than 95% of electronics devices are from silicon. However, silicon has reached to its saturation level and extracting more and more performance is difficult and costly now. A new material which has a potential to replace Si and can extend the scalability of devices below 22 nm is the carbon nanotube (CNT). CNT is a wonderful material possesses unique properties that make it a promising future material. CNT based field effect transistor (Cntfet) is a promising basic building block to complement the existing silicon based MOSFET and can result in the extension of the validity of Moore's law further. CNTFT has been used extensively in realizing electronics circuits. This paper presents the state of the art literature related to carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube field effect transistors and CNTFET based circuit designing. A review of Cntfet based analog and digital circuits has been presented. It has been observed that the use of CNTFET has improved the performance of both analog and digital circuits. The work will be very useful to the people working in the field of CNT based analog and digital circuit designing.
The document summarizes carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs). It discusses how CNFETs offer advantages over traditional MOSFETs such as ballistic transport, high drive current, temperature resilience, and low capacitance. However, large-scale manufacturing of CNFETs poses challenges and circuit performance can only be estimated through simulations currently. The document also describes the structure, properties, types and performance of CNFETs. It analyzes how CNFET design can overcome issues facing MOSFET scaling like leakage and process variation.
This research project aims to create a lightweight and strong polymer-carbon nanotube composite with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Carbon nanotubes will be well-dispersed and aligned in the polymer matrix using sonication and an AC electric field to achieve directional properties. The composite will be characterized through microscopy, spectroscopy, and testing of mechanical and electrical properties to evaluate the effects of carbon nanotube addition and alignment. Potential applications include use in structural, thermal, electrical, optical, and hydrophobic materials.
The document discusses carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy matrix nanocomposites. It notes that dispersing CNTs homogeneously in the epoxy matrix is important to exploit their potential but is difficult due to aggregation. Methods to improve dispersion include using surfactants or functionalizing CNTs. Functionalization can degrade CNT properties so alternative methods are sought. The properties of CNT/epoxy nanocomposites depend on the degree of CNT dispersion, with higher conductivity achieved above the percolation threshold.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubular structures made of carbon with diameters as small as 1 nanometer and lengths ranging from a few nanometers to microns. CNTs can be thought of as sheets of graphene rolled into tubes that can take armchair, zigzag, or chiral configurations depending on how the graphene sheet is rolled. CNTs are synthesized using methods such as arc discharge, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition and have excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties making them useful for applications in energy storage, electronics, sensors and composite materials.
Carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) were synthesized using a horizontally spinning chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of the CNTFs. The CNTFs were grown using thermal CVD with iron catalyst and methane carbon source. During growth, the CNTs were directly pulled and twisted to form fibers. SEM analysis was conducted to investigate the morphology, shape, and other properties of the CNTFs, including electrical conductivity. This technique aims to develop high performance EM transmitter materials using CNTFs.
The driving engine for the exponential growth of digital information processing systems is scaling down the transistor dimensions. For decades, this has enhanced the device performance and density. However, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) states the end of Moore’s law in the next decade due to the scaling challenges of silicon-based CMOS electronics, e.g. extremely high power density. The forward-looking solutions are the utilization of emerging materials and devices for integrated circuits, e.g. carbon-based materials. The presentation of my Ph.D. work focuses on graphene, one atomic layer of carbon sheet, experimentally discovered in 2004. Since fabrication technology of emerging materials is still in early stages, transistor modeling has been playing an important role for evaluating futuristic graphene-based devices and circuits. The device has been simulated by solving a quantum transport model based on non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approach, which fully treats short channel-length electrostatic effects and the quantum tunneling effects, leading to the technology exploration of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNR FETs) for the future. This research presents a comprehensive study of the width-dependence performance of the GNR FETs and the scaling of its channel length down to 2.5 nanometer, investigating its potential use beyond-CMOS emerging technology.
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Carbon nanotubes are hexagonally shaped arrangements of carbon atoms that have been rolled into tubes. They have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors. Carbon nanotubes exist as single-walled nanotubes or multi-walled nanotubes, and have a variety of potential applications due to their novel properties.
This document summarizes research on using boron-doped carbon nanotubes (B-CNTs) as a catalyst for oxygen dissociation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to model oxygen adsorption and dissociation on a (5,5) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with one hexagon replaced by B3C3 (B3SWCNT). The nudged elastic band (NEB) method was used to calculate minimum energy reaction paths and activation barriers. The results show an average activation barrier of 1.01 eV for oxygen dissociation on the B3SWCNT, with the most favorable path having a barrier
The document summarizes research on the stability of lead telluride (PbTe) quantum dots. PbTe QDs show promising properties for optoelectronic devices but are unstable when exposed to oxygen. The document studies the oxidation of various sized PbTe and lead selenide (PbSe) QDs over time when exposed to air and nitrogen. PbTe QDs oxidize much more rapidly than PbSe QDs when in solution. However, coating PbTe QD films with alumina provides effective long-term protection from oxidation.
Asymmetric Multipole Plasmon-Mediated Catalysis Shifts the Product Selectivit...Pawan Kumar
Cu/TiO2 is a well-known photocatalyst for the photocatalytic transformation of CO2 into methane. The formation of C2+ products such as ethane and ethanol rather than methane is more interesting due to their higher energy density and economic value, but the formation of C–C bonds is currently a major challenge in CO2 photoreduction. In this context, we report the dominant formation of a C2 product, namely, ethane, from the gas-phase photoreduction of CO2 using TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) decorated with large-sized (80–200 nm) Ag and Cu nanoparticles without the use of a sacrificial agent or hole scavenger. Isotope-labeled mass spectrometry was used to verify the origin and identity of the reaction products. Under 2 h AM1.5G 1-sun illumination, the total rate of hydrocarbon production (methane + ethane) was highest for AgCu-TNTA with a total CxH2x+2 rate of 23.88 μmol g–1 h–1. Under identical conditions, the CxH2x+2 production rates for Ag-TNTA and Cu-TNTA were 6.54 and 1.39 μmol g–1 h–1, respectively. The ethane selectivity was the highest for AgCu-TNTA with 60.7%, while the ethane selectivity was found to be 15.9 and 10% for the Ag-TNTA and Cu-TNTA, respectively. Adjacent adsorption sites in our photocatalyst develop an asymmetric charge distribution due to quadrupole resonances in large metal nanoparticles and multipole resonances in Ag–Cu heterodimers. Such an asymmetric charge distribution decreases adsorbate–adsorbate repulsion and facilitates C–C coupling of reaction intermediates, which otherwise occurs poorly in TNTAs decorated with small metal nanoparticles.
The document describes the development of a hybrid electrode combining an ultrathin Nanostructured Thin Film (NSTF) catalyst layer with a dispersed platinum catalyst interlayer. Initial testing showed the NSTF electrode performed poorly at low temperatures due to water management issues. Adding a carbon or platinum interlayer between the NSTF layer and gas diffusion medium significantly improved low temperature performance by reducing water accumulation. Further work focused on developing coating methods for applying the interlayer that could be translated to roll-to-roll manufacturing. The performance was highly sensitive to the coating technique used. Coating the interlayer directly on the gas diffusion layer rather than on the membrane electrode assembly eliminated high current density voltage losses.
Effect of multi wall carbon nanotube content on the electrical and rheologica...Bambang Afrinaldi
The document investigates the effect of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) content on the electrical and rheological properties of polypropylene-based nanocomposites. It finds that the electrical percolation threshold occurs at 1.3 wt% MWCNT content, where the electrical conductivity increases by several orders of magnitude. The rheological percolation threshold is found to occur between 1.2-1.4 wt% MWCNT content, where the storage modulus significantly increases. Well dispersion of MWCNT in the polymer matrix is observed through SEM analysis.
1) Carbon nanotube tissues were coated with a polymer electrolyte via electrodeposition to improve their performance as anodes in flexible lithium-ion microbatteries.
2) Cyclic voltammetry was used to deposit p-sulfonated poly(allyl phenyl ether) polymer electrolyte into the carbon nanotube tissues.
3) The polymer-coated carbon nanotube tissue delivered a higher reversible capacity of 750 mAh/g compared to 450 mAh/g for the uncoated tissue, maintaining higher capacity even at fast charge/discharge rates, demonstrating its potential for flexible lithium-ion microbatteries.
Three dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon (cmk-8) as highly efficient...suresh800
This document describes a study comparing palladium (Pd) nanoparticles supported on two types of three-dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-8) as electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation. The Pd/CMK-8 catalysts were synthesized using sodium borohydride reduction and characterized using techniques such as TEM, XRD, and cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry results showed that Pd/CMK-8 with larger pores had the highest mass specific activity of 486.4 mA/mg Pd, exceeding the activities of commercial Pd/C and other recently reported Pd catalysts. Chronoamperometry testing also demonstrated this P
Images and data in the presentation are subject to copyright. Please contact redhwanm(at)mcmaster(dot)ca for permission if you want to use any of its contents.
Maiyalagan,Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on pt v2 o5–c composite cata...kutty79
Platinum nanoparticles have been supported on V2O5–C composite through the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with formaldehyde. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using
cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt/V2O5–C composite anode catalyst on glassy carbon electrode
show higher electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. High electro-catalytic activities
and good stabilities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and V2O5, avoiding the electrodes
being poisoned.
Yutong Liu - Poster - ACF-PEDOT SupercapYutong Liu
This document summarizes research on activated carbon fiber (ACF) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based supercapacitors. The introduction provides background on supercapacitors and the materials used. Experimental details are given on vapor phase polymerization to coat ACF with PEDOT. Characterization with SEM, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy show the ACF is well-coated. Electrochemical testing reveals the supercapacitors have stable capacitance over cycles and scan rates. Gravimetric capacitance reaches over 100 F/g, and coating ACF with high purity PEDOT could further increase this. In conclusion, ACF/PEDOT nanocomposites show potential
This presentation summarizes the ElectroCat 2.0 consortium project, which aims to develop platinum-group metal-free catalysts for fuel cells and electrolyzers. The consortium has a budget of $3 million per year and runs from 2020-2023. Its goals include improving catalyst activity, durability, and power density to meet DOE targets for fuel cell and electrolyzer systems. The project has made progress in developing dual-zone Fe-N-C catalysts with significantly better durability than single-zone catalysts in fuel cell testing. It also utilizes machine learning and high-throughput methods to accelerate catalyst optimization.
Simon Fraser University researchers developed novel polymer membranes for fuel cells. They synthesized fluoropolymer-block-ionic and fluorous-ionic graft copolymers with different architectures. The membrane morphology, including ionic channel size and continuity, depended on polymer structure and affected properties like water uptake and proton conductivity. Fully sulfonated membranes showed continuous increases in proton conductivity with ion exchange capacity, while partially sulfonated membranes peaked at moderate capacities due to conductivity drops at high capacities. The graft structure allowed high capacities without dissolution, promising for low-humidity proton conductivity needed in fuel cells.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular …
Excess lead iodide (PbI2) was studied in fully printable carbon-based perovskite solar cells. Perovskite films with 0-15% excess PbI2 were analyzed using XRD, UV-Vis absorption, and photoluminescence. Devices with varying excess PbI2 from 0-15% showed an average open circuit voltage increase from 0.87V to 0.91V but little variation in other parameters. The best device with 11.4% efficiency used 5% excess PbI2. Excess PbI2 did not significantly alter film morphology or device performance in this architecture.
Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for pt – alternate anodes fo...Science Padayatchi
This document summarizes research on using nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes as supports for platinum nanoparticles as an alternative anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. Key points:
1. Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes were synthesized using an alumina membrane template and pyrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer.
2. Platinum nanoparticles with an average size of 3 nm were uniformly dispersed on the nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes via chemical reduction.
3. Electrochemical testing found the platinum catalyst supported on nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes had over 10 times higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to a commercial platinum/carbon catalyst.
Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for pt – alternate anodes fo...kutty79
This document summarizes research on using nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes as supports for platinum nanoparticles as an alternative anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. Key points:
1. Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes were synthesized using an alumina membrane template and pyrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer.
2. Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles around 3nm in size were uniformly deposited on the nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes.
3. Electrochemical testing found the platinum catalyst supported on nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes had over 10 times higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to a commercial platinum on carbon catalyst.
Nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes as supports for pt – alternate anodes fo...Science Padayatchi
This document summarizes research on using nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes as supports for platinum nanoparticles as an alternative anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. Key points:
1. Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes were synthesized using an alumina membrane template and pyrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer.
2. Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles around 3nm in size were uniformly deposited on the nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes.
3. Electrochemical testing found the platinum catalyst supported on nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes had over 10 times higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to a commercial platinum on carbon catalyst.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
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This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
1. 0
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0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Voltage
/
V
Advantages of polymer wrapping on to carbon black to improve Pt
utilization efficiency in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
1Samindi Jayawickrama a and Tsuyohiko Fujigaya a-d
1Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
2WPI-I2CNER, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan 3JST-PRESTO, 4CMS, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
Division - Electrochemical Energy Conversion Division
The Electrochemical Energy Conversion Section is
focused on the development and in-depth
understanding of materials, processes and devices for
the conversion of renewable energy into electricity or
chemical energy carriers. Especially in the context of a
sustainable energy system utilizing hydrogen as an
energy carrier and its electrochemical energy
conversion is of particular importance.
Milestones
~ 2020 < 0.5 g kW-1
e-
H+
electrode
catalyst
electrolyte
membrane
electrode
Current situation
The efficiency of the fuel cell
thoroughly depends on the MEA
quality. The deposition of Pt nano-
particles into the pores of carbon
support and inhomogeneous
Nafion distribution hinders effective
utilization of Pt nano-particles in
the MEA.
Nafion ionomer
Reduced Pt utilization
(catalyst layer)
Pt Carbon black (CB)
H+
O2
Research Approach
Micropore
In this study we used
polybenzimidazole (PBI) as the
wrapping material. A thin layer of PBI
can cap the micropore gates in CB,
preventing Pt deposition into pores
and can achieve homogeneous
Nafion layer around Pt.
H+
O2
Micropore
capping
Homogeneous
Nafion distribution
Interaction
PBI Wrapping
v The maximum Pt utilization efficiency obtained is 0.32 g kW-1
1.Prevention of Pt deposition into pores
2. Reduced H+ resistance in the catalyst layer due the
homogeneous distribution of Nafion
3. Homogeneously dispersed Pt particles
v We successfully improved the Pt utilization efficiency in all
polymer wrapped CBs by,
Summary Future plans
q Preparation of Poison free electrocatalysts
Having a Nafion coverage on the Pt hinders the effective
O2 diffusion.
Sulfonated PBI will facilitate H+ conduction in the catalyst
layer without Nafion. Since there is no Nafion barrier for
O2 diffusion, mass transfer limitation will be minimum,
improving Pt utilization efficiency further
CB
Nafion
Pt
O2 diffusion
resistance
Sulfonated PBI
Recent progress
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
dV
p
/
dd
0
0.1
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Pore size / nm
q N2 Adsorption – Specific surface area
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
1336 m2g-1
1126 m2g-1
206 m2g-1
83 m2g-1
60 m2g-1
53 m2g-1
Vulcan
KB/
PBI
Vulcan/
PBI
AB/
PBI
KB
AB
Micropore
reduction
-22 %
Micropore
reduction
-83 %
Micropore
Reduction: ND
Ketjen black; KB Vulcan Acetylene black; AB
T. Fujigaya et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 14494.
Three types of CBs were used for the PBI wrapping study.
Micropore capping phenomena is observed in high surface area
CB; ketjen black and Vulcan. There is no micropore capping
occurred in acetylene black; low surface area CB.
KB Vulcan AB
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Voltage / V
q Cyclic voltammetry - ECSA
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Current
/
A
g
-1
PBI wrapped
+15 %
PBI wrapped
+27 %
PBI wrapped
+16 %
49.2 m2g-1 62.4 m2g-1
87.4 m2g-1
49.3 m2g-1
42.1 m2g-1 73.0 m2g-1
2.34 ± 0.53 3.06 ± 0.50 3.49 ± 0.68
2.33 ± 0.57 4.39 ± 1.21
3.10 ± 0.60
Our research efforts are focused on improving
Pt utilization in membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) by controlling the interface properties
around Pt nano -particles.
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells
Improved Pt utilization
(catalyst layer)
q Fuel cell test – Polarization losses
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Current density / A cm
-2
+19 %
+25 %
KB/PBI/Pt
0.59 Wcm-2
Vulcan/PBI/Pt
0.70 Wcm-2
Vulcan/Pt
0.59 Wcm-2
KB/Pt
0.47 Wcm-2
KB Vulcan AB
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
+10 %
AB/Pt
0.71 Wcm-2
AB/PBI/Pt
0.78 Wcm-2
The Electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of PBI wrapped system
is higher compared to that of non-wrapped system. For ketjen
black and vulcan, improved ECSA is only coming from the pore
capping phenomena; no effect from Pt particle size.
Interestingly, PBI wrapping aids the homogeneous Pt dispersion
in acetylene black, improving ECSA.
v Micropore capping and
homogenous Nafion
distribution are the main
reasons for improved power
density of PBI wrapped high
surface area CB systems as
we expected.
v There are other advantages of
PBI wrapping method. One of
them are catalyst ink stability
which ultimately result in
smooth catalyst layer without
large agglomerates.
Anode Cathode
Target
~6 gPt/vehicle
A. Kongkanand et al., J. Phys.
Chem. Lett., 2016, 7, 11272. ~ 2025 < 0.1 g kW-1