The document provides information about surface preparation methods for painting inspection at Grade 2/3, including:
1. The different methods of surface preparation such as dry abrasive blasting, water blasting, hand and power tool cleaning, flame cleaning, pickling, and vapour degreasing.
2. The equipment needed for abrasive blasting including compressors, blast pots, vapor traps, hoses, nozzles, and personal protective equipment.
3. Details about venturi nozzle and straight bore nozzle particle exit speeds, how to check air pressure at the nozzle, and the advantages and disadvantages of different nozzle types.
4. Safety procedures and requirements for abrasive blasting operations.
This document contains a multiple choice exam for painting inspectors with 51 questions. The questions cover topics like measurement units, coating defects, abrasive blasting, corrosion, paint components, and testing equipment. An answer key is provided at the end to indicate the correct response for each question.
The document provides information about surface preparation methods for painting inspection at Grade 2/3, including:
1. The different methods of surface preparation such as dry abrasive blasting, water blasting, hand and power tool cleaning, flame cleaning, pickling, and vapour degreasing.
2. The equipment needed for abrasive blasting including compressors, blast pots, vapor traps, hoses, nozzles, and personal protective equipment.
3. Details about venturi nozzle and straight bore nozzle particle exit speeds, how to check air pressure at the nozzle, and the advantages and disadvantages of different nozzle types.
4. Safety procedures and requirements for abrasive blasting operations.
The document contains revision questions about corrosion and surface preparation. It discusses topics like corrosion circuits, factors that influence corrosion, electrolytes, types of surface finishes, and methods of surface preparation like blasting and cleaning. Various terms related to surface preparation are defined, like millscale, hackles, and profiles. Assessment methods for surface finishes are also addressed.
This document contains a multiple choice exam for painting inspector certification. It includes 76 questions related to topics like compliant coatings, surface preparation standards, paint application methods, defects, and health and safety. The questions cover topics an inspector would need to be familiar with to properly evaluate painted surfaces and ensure specifications are being followed.
This document provides specifications for painting at work and site locations for above ground pipelines and plant installations. It outlines various terms, surface preparation requirements, paint systems, and procedures for painting ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The specifications cover new coatings, maintenance coatings, hot surface coatings, painting damp surfaces, low pressure gas holder maintenance, and initial non-ferrous coating systems. Requirements include abrasive blasting to certain standards, applying primers, intermediate coats, and finish coats to achieve specified dry film thicknesses tailored for different temperature ranges and conditions.
Tiny, pinhead sized water filled blisters caused by hygroscopic salts (iron sulphates and iron chlorides) on a surface can indicate three potential coating faults:
1) Bleeding - where solvent from the top coat softens the underlying material and allows it to pass into and through the layer, causing discoloration.
2) Pinholes - defined as a void, miss, or an uncoated area.
3) Lifting - caused by solvent strength and also lack of observance of stated overcoating time.
The document discusses various methods for surface preparation, abrasive blasting materials, paint inspection and testing, and coating faults. It provides details on copper slag, garnet, metallic grit and shot for abrasive blasting. Measurement techniques are described for surface profile, paint thickness, flexibility, drying time, and adhesion. Common coating faults like blistering, cracking, flaking are also explained.
API 570 covers inspection, repair, alteration and re-rating procedures for metallic piping systems that have been in-service. It was developed for the petroleum refining and chemical process industries and applies to piping systems for flammable and toxic fluids. The document contains 53 practice questions related to API 570 covering topics like corrosion mechanisms, inspection techniques, qualifications of inspectors and more. Respondents are asked to pick the correct option from the given choices for each question.
This document contains a multiple choice exam for painting inspectors with 51 questions. The questions cover topics like measurement units, coating defects, abrasive blasting, corrosion, paint components, and testing equipment. An answer key is provided at the end to indicate the correct response for each question.
The document provides information about surface preparation methods for painting inspection at Grade 2/3, including:
1. The different methods of surface preparation such as dry abrasive blasting, water blasting, hand and power tool cleaning, flame cleaning, pickling, and vapour degreasing.
2. The equipment needed for abrasive blasting including compressors, blast pots, vapor traps, hoses, nozzles, and personal protective equipment.
3. Details about venturi nozzle and straight bore nozzle particle exit speeds, how to check air pressure at the nozzle, and the advantages and disadvantages of different nozzle types.
4. Safety procedures and requirements for abrasive blasting operations.
The document contains revision questions about corrosion and surface preparation. It discusses topics like corrosion circuits, factors that influence corrosion, electrolytes, types of surface finishes, and methods of surface preparation like blasting and cleaning. Various terms related to surface preparation are defined, like millscale, hackles, and profiles. Assessment methods for surface finishes are also addressed.
This document contains a multiple choice exam for painting inspector certification. It includes 76 questions related to topics like compliant coatings, surface preparation standards, paint application methods, defects, and health and safety. The questions cover topics an inspector would need to be familiar with to properly evaluate painted surfaces and ensure specifications are being followed.
This document provides specifications for painting at work and site locations for above ground pipelines and plant installations. It outlines various terms, surface preparation requirements, paint systems, and procedures for painting ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The specifications cover new coatings, maintenance coatings, hot surface coatings, painting damp surfaces, low pressure gas holder maintenance, and initial non-ferrous coating systems. Requirements include abrasive blasting to certain standards, applying primers, intermediate coats, and finish coats to achieve specified dry film thicknesses tailored for different temperature ranges and conditions.
Tiny, pinhead sized water filled blisters caused by hygroscopic salts (iron sulphates and iron chlorides) on a surface can indicate three potential coating faults:
1) Bleeding - where solvent from the top coat softens the underlying material and allows it to pass into and through the layer, causing discoloration.
2) Pinholes - defined as a void, miss, or an uncoated area.
3) Lifting - caused by solvent strength and also lack of observance of stated overcoating time.
The document discusses various methods for surface preparation, abrasive blasting materials, paint inspection and testing, and coating faults. It provides details on copper slag, garnet, metallic grit and shot for abrasive blasting. Measurement techniques are described for surface profile, paint thickness, flexibility, drying time, and adhesion. Common coating faults like blistering, cracking, flaking are also explained.
API 570 covers inspection, repair, alteration and re-rating procedures for metallic piping systems that have been in-service. It was developed for the petroleum refining and chemical process industries and applies to piping systems for flammable and toxic fluids. The document contains 53 practice questions related to API 570 covering topics like corrosion mechanisms, inspection techniques, qualifications of inspectors and more. Respondents are asked to pick the correct option from the given choices for each question.
This document contains a practice exam for API 510 certification. It includes 26 multiple choice questions covering topics like corrosion rates, inspection responsibilities, weld procedures, and non-destructive testing. The answers are provided at the end with references to API and ASME codes. This exam tests an individual's knowledge of pressure vessel inspection, alteration, and repair standards and qualifications.
Corrosion occurs via an electrochemical process involving an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. At the anode, metal atoms lose electrons and form positively charged ions, while at the cathode electrons are accepted. The electrolyte carries ions between the anode and cathode, enabling the flow of electrons. Proper surface preparation is critical for coating adhesion and longevity. It involves removing contaminants and increasing surface area via abrasive blasting or other methods. Abrasive blasting roughens the surface, forming a profile that improves adhesion through mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding between the coating and substrate.
This document defines key terms related to welder and procedure qualification including welding procedure specification (WPS), procedure qualification record (PQR), welder performance qualification (WPQ), essential variables, non-essential variables, and supplementary essential variables. It also summarizes requirements for PQR, WPS, and WPQ review and discusses validity, expiration, renewal of welder qualifications, welding repairs, and applicable Aramco engineering procedures.
The document summarizes the key aspects of ASME Section IX (Ed. 2019), which contains requirements for welding procedure and performance qualifications. It discusses the history and timeline of ASME standards development. It also provides an overview of the various articles within ASME Section IX, including Article I on general welding requirements, Article II on welding procedure qualification, Article III on welding performance qualification, and Article IV on welding data. Key terms like essential variables, P-numbers, F-numbers, and A-numbers used for material grouping are also defined in the document.
This document contains 73 multiple choice questions related to ASME Section IX practice for welding procedures, welder qualifications, and essential variables. The questions cover topics such as the purpose of welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records, essential variables that must be documented, qualification positions for groove and fillet welds in plate and pipe, and acceptance criteria for guided bend and tensile tests of welder performance qualifications.
Visual examination is the most commonly used non-destructive testing method for inspecting welds. It involves directly or indirectly observing the exposed surfaces of welds and base metals. Proper lighting of at least 1000 Lux is needed. Various aids like mirrors, telescopes and cameras can be used. Key factors in visual inspection are the condition of the inspector's eyes, their understanding of the inspection situation, and being objective. The document discusses visual inspection guidelines and acceptance standards from codes like ASME and AWS, as well as common weld defects.
This document provides an overview of API 510 exam preparation materials covering service restrictions, joint efficiencies, and radiography requirements in ASME Section VIII. Some key points:
- Welded joints in vessels containing lethal substances must be fully radiographed and the vessel postweld heat treated if carbon/low alloy steel. Category A joints must be Type 1 (double welded) while Categories B-C can be Type 1 or 2.
- Joint categories define joint locations (e.g. longitudinal, circumferential). Type defines joint construction (e.g. double welded, single welded).
- Radiographs must show a minimum penetrameter image and identify unacceptable imperfections over certain size thresholds
This document contains 47 multiple choice questions related to ASME B31.3 piping code. The questions cover topics such as material properties, joint design, welding, inspection and testing requirements.
Interview questions and answers for welding inspectortonyron13
This document provides sample interview questions for welders. It lists common questions asked about a candidate's background, work history, weaknesses, and welding experience. Specific technical questions are also provided about welding processes, equipment, and stresses. The document advises welding candidates to prepare answers to typical interview questions about themselves and their qualifications in order to avoid surprises and effectively showcase their suitability for the role.
Este documento describe los aspectos clave de la inspección visual de conexiones roscadas rotatorias con hombro (RSC) utilizadas en la columna de perforación. Explica que las RSC unen los componentes de la columna y deben inspeccionarse para detectar discontinuidades que podrían causar fallas. Detalla los tipos comunes de conexiones RSC, los parámetros a medir e inspeccionar visualmente, y los tipos de discontinuidades como corrosión, cortes, abolladuras y grietas de fatiga que deben detectarse
This document provides information on the essential variables and requirements for welder qualification according to ASME Section IX. It lists the key variables that must be specified for a welder qualification, including welding process, type, base metal, filler metal, and weld thickness limits. It also outlines the qualification requirements and limitations for weld position, diameter, progression, backing, and which filler and base metals a welder is qualified to use based on their test.
The document lists welding codes from several standards organizations, including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Welding Society (AWS), American Petroleum Institute (API), Australian/New Zealand Standards, Canadian Standards Association (CSA), British Standards (BS), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and others. It provides the organization name, titles of relevant welding standards, and brief descriptions of welding qualifications and specifications covered in each standard.
The document is an inspection report of an electrical transfer pump. It summarizes:
1) An inspection was conducted of the pump which included document verification, functional testing at low and high pressures, and verification of calibration certificates.
2) The inspection found the pump to be in good working order, but the bourdon pressure gauge serial number was not marked and needed replacing to meet requirements.
3) Non-conformances were identified regarding certification and testing of the lifting skid and accessories that support the pump. Corrective actions were recommended to address these issues.
The document is a training manual on radiographic interpretation of welds. It contains multiple radiographic images of welds with defects labeled, asking the reader to identify the defects shown. The defects illustrated include lack of root penetration, porosity, undercutting, cracking, incomplete fusion, excess penetration, spatter, slag inclusions and others. The purpose is to help trainees learn to identify various weld defects from radiographic images.
Ut procedimiento uniones termofusionadas - asme b31.3 - asme v (1)Edgar Quispe
Este documento describe los procedimientos para inspeccionar uniones soldadas de tuberías de polietileno de alta densidad mediante ultrasonido. Establece los requisitos para el personal, equipos, calibración, ejecución de la inspección, evaluación de indicaciones y criterios de aceptación. El objetivo es inspeccionar las uniones soldadas de acuerdo con los códigos ASME B31.3 y ASME Sección V para asegurar la calidad y seguridad de las tuberías.
The document outlines the five step process to qualify a welding procedure according to ASME Section IX. It provides details on developing a draft procedure using 0.75" A36 steel plate welded in the flat position using GTAW and GMAW. Variables such as joint design, base metal and thickness, filler metal type and size, welding position, and electrical parameters are documented. The qualification weld was tested to verify it results in an acceptable weld with proper mechanical properties before the welding procedure specification can be used in construction.
The document provides a sample exam with questions for the API 571 certification exam. It includes 14 multiple choice questions covering various corrosion and failure mechanisms that can impact piping and equipment in refineries and petrochemical plants such as CO2 corrosion, hydrogen cracking, amine cracking, and more. The questions assess knowledge of materials selection, corrosion prevention methods, and identification of causes of failures.
1. A visual inspection was conducted on the gas gathering sub-header and header circuit at a well room in accordance with API-570 standards, identifying areas needing repair.
2. Significant coating failure and corrosion were found throughout the sub-headers, with wall loss up to 0.020 inches in some areas. U-bolts were also near failure due to corrosion.
3. Recommended repairs included removing corrosion from supports, installing single point contacts, replacing bolts, and cleaning and recoating piping to prevent further corrosion. Ultrasonic thickness readings were above minimums.
The document discusses weld defect acceptance criteria according to different codes such as ASTM B31.1, ASME VIII, ASME B31.3, and AWS D1.1. It provides details on acceptance limits for various weld defects depending on the examination method, material thickness, loading conditions, and material application. Defects discussed include cracks, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, undercuts, porosity, and reinforcement. Acceptance criteria include maximum defect sizes, numbers of defects allowed, cumulative lengths of defects, and distances between defects.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a piping engineer. It outlines that a piping engineer is responsible for the accurate design of piping systems according to specifications while achieving an economic design. A piping engineer must have knowledge of various engineering disciplines and codes/standards. The inputs and outputs of piping design are listed, including things like piping layouts, support designs, and isometric drawings. Common piping symbols and components are also defined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in piping system design including:
1. It describes the basic components of a piping system including pipes, fittings, valves, instruments, supports, and discusses terminal connections and insulation.
2. It outlines the process of developing a piping system layout from defining flow requirements to creating piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and 3D models.
3. It highlights important design considerations like accessibility, orientation, straight pipe lengths, drainage and ventilation.
This document contains a practice exam for API 510 certification. It includes 26 multiple choice questions covering topics like corrosion rates, inspection responsibilities, weld procedures, and non-destructive testing. The answers are provided at the end with references to API and ASME codes. This exam tests an individual's knowledge of pressure vessel inspection, alteration, and repair standards and qualifications.
Corrosion occurs via an electrochemical process involving an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. At the anode, metal atoms lose electrons and form positively charged ions, while at the cathode electrons are accepted. The electrolyte carries ions between the anode and cathode, enabling the flow of electrons. Proper surface preparation is critical for coating adhesion and longevity. It involves removing contaminants and increasing surface area via abrasive blasting or other methods. Abrasive blasting roughens the surface, forming a profile that improves adhesion through mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding between the coating and substrate.
This document defines key terms related to welder and procedure qualification including welding procedure specification (WPS), procedure qualification record (PQR), welder performance qualification (WPQ), essential variables, non-essential variables, and supplementary essential variables. It also summarizes requirements for PQR, WPS, and WPQ review and discusses validity, expiration, renewal of welder qualifications, welding repairs, and applicable Aramco engineering procedures.
The document summarizes the key aspects of ASME Section IX (Ed. 2019), which contains requirements for welding procedure and performance qualifications. It discusses the history and timeline of ASME standards development. It also provides an overview of the various articles within ASME Section IX, including Article I on general welding requirements, Article II on welding procedure qualification, Article III on welding performance qualification, and Article IV on welding data. Key terms like essential variables, P-numbers, F-numbers, and A-numbers used for material grouping are also defined in the document.
This document contains 73 multiple choice questions related to ASME Section IX practice for welding procedures, welder qualifications, and essential variables. The questions cover topics such as the purpose of welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records, essential variables that must be documented, qualification positions for groove and fillet welds in plate and pipe, and acceptance criteria for guided bend and tensile tests of welder performance qualifications.
Visual examination is the most commonly used non-destructive testing method for inspecting welds. It involves directly or indirectly observing the exposed surfaces of welds and base metals. Proper lighting of at least 1000 Lux is needed. Various aids like mirrors, telescopes and cameras can be used. Key factors in visual inspection are the condition of the inspector's eyes, their understanding of the inspection situation, and being objective. The document discusses visual inspection guidelines and acceptance standards from codes like ASME and AWS, as well as common weld defects.
This document provides an overview of API 510 exam preparation materials covering service restrictions, joint efficiencies, and radiography requirements in ASME Section VIII. Some key points:
- Welded joints in vessels containing lethal substances must be fully radiographed and the vessel postweld heat treated if carbon/low alloy steel. Category A joints must be Type 1 (double welded) while Categories B-C can be Type 1 or 2.
- Joint categories define joint locations (e.g. longitudinal, circumferential). Type defines joint construction (e.g. double welded, single welded).
- Radiographs must show a minimum penetrameter image and identify unacceptable imperfections over certain size thresholds
This document contains 47 multiple choice questions related to ASME B31.3 piping code. The questions cover topics such as material properties, joint design, welding, inspection and testing requirements.
Interview questions and answers for welding inspectortonyron13
This document provides sample interview questions for welders. It lists common questions asked about a candidate's background, work history, weaknesses, and welding experience. Specific technical questions are also provided about welding processes, equipment, and stresses. The document advises welding candidates to prepare answers to typical interview questions about themselves and their qualifications in order to avoid surprises and effectively showcase their suitability for the role.
Este documento describe los aspectos clave de la inspección visual de conexiones roscadas rotatorias con hombro (RSC) utilizadas en la columna de perforación. Explica que las RSC unen los componentes de la columna y deben inspeccionarse para detectar discontinuidades que podrían causar fallas. Detalla los tipos comunes de conexiones RSC, los parámetros a medir e inspeccionar visualmente, y los tipos de discontinuidades como corrosión, cortes, abolladuras y grietas de fatiga que deben detectarse
This document provides information on the essential variables and requirements for welder qualification according to ASME Section IX. It lists the key variables that must be specified for a welder qualification, including welding process, type, base metal, filler metal, and weld thickness limits. It also outlines the qualification requirements and limitations for weld position, diameter, progression, backing, and which filler and base metals a welder is qualified to use based on their test.
The document lists welding codes from several standards organizations, including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Welding Society (AWS), American Petroleum Institute (API), Australian/New Zealand Standards, Canadian Standards Association (CSA), British Standards (BS), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and others. It provides the organization name, titles of relevant welding standards, and brief descriptions of welding qualifications and specifications covered in each standard.
The document is an inspection report of an electrical transfer pump. It summarizes:
1) An inspection was conducted of the pump which included document verification, functional testing at low and high pressures, and verification of calibration certificates.
2) The inspection found the pump to be in good working order, but the bourdon pressure gauge serial number was not marked and needed replacing to meet requirements.
3) Non-conformances were identified regarding certification and testing of the lifting skid and accessories that support the pump. Corrective actions were recommended to address these issues.
The document is a training manual on radiographic interpretation of welds. It contains multiple radiographic images of welds with defects labeled, asking the reader to identify the defects shown. The defects illustrated include lack of root penetration, porosity, undercutting, cracking, incomplete fusion, excess penetration, spatter, slag inclusions and others. The purpose is to help trainees learn to identify various weld defects from radiographic images.
Ut procedimiento uniones termofusionadas - asme b31.3 - asme v (1)Edgar Quispe
Este documento describe los procedimientos para inspeccionar uniones soldadas de tuberías de polietileno de alta densidad mediante ultrasonido. Establece los requisitos para el personal, equipos, calibración, ejecución de la inspección, evaluación de indicaciones y criterios de aceptación. El objetivo es inspeccionar las uniones soldadas de acuerdo con los códigos ASME B31.3 y ASME Sección V para asegurar la calidad y seguridad de las tuberías.
The document outlines the five step process to qualify a welding procedure according to ASME Section IX. It provides details on developing a draft procedure using 0.75" A36 steel plate welded in the flat position using GTAW and GMAW. Variables such as joint design, base metal and thickness, filler metal type and size, welding position, and electrical parameters are documented. The qualification weld was tested to verify it results in an acceptable weld with proper mechanical properties before the welding procedure specification can be used in construction.
The document provides a sample exam with questions for the API 571 certification exam. It includes 14 multiple choice questions covering various corrosion and failure mechanisms that can impact piping and equipment in refineries and petrochemical plants such as CO2 corrosion, hydrogen cracking, amine cracking, and more. The questions assess knowledge of materials selection, corrosion prevention methods, and identification of causes of failures.
1. A visual inspection was conducted on the gas gathering sub-header and header circuit at a well room in accordance with API-570 standards, identifying areas needing repair.
2. Significant coating failure and corrosion were found throughout the sub-headers, with wall loss up to 0.020 inches in some areas. U-bolts were also near failure due to corrosion.
3. Recommended repairs included removing corrosion from supports, installing single point contacts, replacing bolts, and cleaning and recoating piping to prevent further corrosion. Ultrasonic thickness readings were above minimums.
The document discusses weld defect acceptance criteria according to different codes such as ASTM B31.1, ASME VIII, ASME B31.3, and AWS D1.1. It provides details on acceptance limits for various weld defects depending on the examination method, material thickness, loading conditions, and material application. Defects discussed include cracks, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, undercuts, porosity, and reinforcement. Acceptance criteria include maximum defect sizes, numbers of defects allowed, cumulative lengths of defects, and distances between defects.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a piping engineer. It outlines that a piping engineer is responsible for the accurate design of piping systems according to specifications while achieving an economic design. A piping engineer must have knowledge of various engineering disciplines and codes/standards. The inputs and outputs of piping design are listed, including things like piping layouts, support designs, and isometric drawings. Common piping symbols and components are also defined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in piping system design including:
1. It describes the basic components of a piping system including pipes, fittings, valves, instruments, supports, and discusses terminal connections and insulation.
2. It outlines the process of developing a piping system layout from defining flow requirements to creating piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and 3D models.
3. It highlights important design considerations like accessibility, orientation, straight pipe lengths, drainage and ventilation.
Docfoc.com-1 ALL and TOOL Projects Case studies of creativity and innovation ...Aisling Donovan
The document discusses language diversity and projects aimed at language learning in a multilingual context. It notes that a small number of languages are dominant worldwide while many others are endangered. The ALL and TOOL projects were funded by the EU to develop innovative teaching methods for diverse languages. They used a blended learning approach with standardized objectives to unite different teaching philosophies. Technologies like video, collaboration tools, and subtitles were utilized to make materials more communicative and learner-autonomous. Overall the projects aimed to foster language learning and cultural exchange in a complex multilingual environment.
1. Instructions are executed in a sequence of steps by the CPU. Instruction pipelining substantially accelerates execution by overlapping multiple instructions across different stages.
2. A pipeline is organized into successive stages, allowing up to N instructions to be active simultaneously after the pipeline is filled.
3. Pipeline hazards like structural hazards from resource conflicts, data hazards from dependencies between instructions, and control hazards from branches prevent the pipeline from running at maximum rate.
This document summarizes the career experience of Nazrul Mazdi Mokhtar as a piping designer with over 20 years of experience. He has worked on various oil, gas and petrochemical projects for companies like Foster Wheeler, Technip, Shell and BP. His responsibilities have included piping modeling, layout design, producing drawings, coordinating with other disciplines, and supporting construction and commissioning activities. He is proficient in several piping software programs and has extensive experience in designing systems for refineries, gas plants, power plants and other process facilities.
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of Piping Design (or Piping Engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.
"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing, and Design but is today commonly performed by Designers who have learned to use automated Computer Aided Drawing / Computer Aided Design (CAD) software
This document provides information on the design of pressure vessels. It defines pressure vessels as containers designed to operate above 15 Psi and discusses why proper design is important to prevent failure. The document outlines various codes used for pressure vessel design and stresses that vessels experience from internal pressure, weight, and other loads. It also describes common pressure vessel components like shells, heads, nozzles, and supports, and provides formulas for calculating thicknesses of different vessel components.
This document provides information about resume formats and samples for piping engineers. It lists 8 types of resume formats: chronological, functional, curriculum vitae, combination, targeted, professional, new graduate, and executive. For each format, it provides a brief description of what it is and who should use it. It also includes links to resume samples and other resources for resume writing, cover letters, interview preparation, and frequently asked interview questions. The document aims to provide useful guidance and materials for piping engineers seeking employment.
This document provides an overview of welding inspection including:
- Typical duties of welding inspectors such as visual inspection, reviewing documentation, and checking welding processes
- Terms and definitions used in welding inspection
- Features that inspectors examine on completed welds such as penetration and types of joints
- Conditions required for visual inspection including lighting and access
- Stages when inspection is typically required including before, during, and after welding
- Records and documentation that inspectors are responsible for collecting and maintaining
The document serves as a reference for welding inspectors, outlining their key responsibilities and areas of focus.
Shaikh Nooruddin Yaqubali has over 12 years of experience as a piping supervisor for oil and gas projects. He has worked on numerous projects in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, managing fabrication, erection, welding, and quality control activities. He is knowledgeable in codes and standards like ASME and experienced in tasks like preparing test packs and as-built drawings.
Piping Training course-How to be an Expert in Pipe & Fittings for Oil & Gas c...Varun Patel
Course Description
Piping a must know skill to work in Oil & Gas and similar Process Industries.
Oil and Gas industry is become a very competitive in the current time. Getting right mentor and right exposer within industry is difficult. With limited training budget spent by company on employee training, it is difficult to acquire the knowledge to success.
Knowing cross-functional skill give you an edge over others in your career success.
This course design based on years of field experience to ensure student will comprehend technical details easily and enjoy overall journey.
Learn in detail every aspect of Pipe & Pipe Fittings used in process industry
•Different types of Pipe, Pipe fittings (Elbow, Tee, reducers, Caps etc.), Flanges, Gaskets, Branch Connection, Bolting materials
•Materials (Metal-Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel etc. Non-Metal- PVC/VCM, HDPE, GRE-GRP etc.)
•Manufacturing methods
•Heat treatment requirements
•Inspection and Testing requirements (Non Destructive Testing, Mechanical & Chemical testing)
•Dimensions & Markings requirements
•Code & Standard used in piping
Content and Overview
With 2 hours of content including 30 lectures & 8 Quizzes, this course cover every aspect of Pipe, Pipe fittings, flanges, gaskets, branch connections and bolting material used in Process Piping.
This Course is divided in three parts.
1st part of the course covers fundamental of process industries. In this Part, you will learn about fundamental process piping. You will also learn about Code, Standard & Specification used in process industries.
2nd part cover various types of material used in process industries. In this part, you will learn about Metallic and Non-Metallic material used to manufacture pipe and other piping components.
3rd parts covers in detail about pipe and piping components used in Process piping. In this part we will learn about Industry terminology of Piping components, types of industrial material grade used in manufacturing and entire manufacturing process of these components. You will learn about different manufacturing methods, Heat treatment requirements, Destructive and Non-destructive testing, Visual & Dimensional inspection and Product marking requirements.
Upon completion, you will be able to use this knowledge direct on your Job and you can easily answer any interview question on pipe & fittings.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
Cswip welding inspection notes and questionsKarthik Banari
The document discusses the duties of a welding inspector, including visual inspection of welds to identify defects and ensure they meet acceptance criteria. It describes tools that can aid inspection like magnification lenses. It outlines a code of practice for an inspection department, including checking documents, materials, equipment and welder qualifications before welding, monitoring the welding process and variables during welding, and inspecting the final weld for defects, dimensions and heat treatment after welding. Repairs should follow an authorized procedure and be re-inspected upon completion.
1. The document contains multiple choice questions about welding processes and procedures. It covers topics like weld defects, preheat requirements, welding consumables, inspection methods, and weld quality standards.
2. Many questions relate to ensuring proper joint quality and avoiding defects like cracking or lack of fusion by following welding procedure specifications.
3. Other topics addressed include distortion control, heat input effects, and qualification testing requirements.
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
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4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
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4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
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Transmission structure painting is a physically demanding job that requires specialized training due to the dangerous and energized nature of the work. Most tower painters retire around age 35 due to the toll on the body. Traditional coating methods for corroded structures involve multiple climbs to complete surface preparation and apply primer, intermediate, and finish coats. Using the most cost-effective method can reduce the number of climbs and thereby reduce labor costs. Standards such as ISO and SSPC provide guidance on selecting coatings and surface preparation methods suited for transmission structures.
Simulating industrial processes in the laboratory requires facilities to safely handle high temperatures and high pressures, highly corrosive chemicals and toxic materials, as well as the ability to mechanically load test samples during exposure.
The high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) laboratory of TECNALIA has autoclaves, mainly focused on sour and non-sour applications. Corrosion and cracking phenomena which may result from exposure of steels and alloys to H2S, CO2 and brines, are carefully assessed.
For more information https://www.tecnalia.com/en
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Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) formation does happen
o When it happens, it can cause a lot of pain
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o Limited change in key PCB technology (pitch, materials,
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CAF mitigation is well known (execute it!)
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Docfoc.com bgas question and answer
1. BGas Painting Inspection Grade 2 / 3
1. Name the different ways of surface Preparation?
Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning
Water Blasting
Hand and Power Tool Cleaning
Flame Cleaning
Pickling ( Chemical Cleaning )
Vapour Degreasing
Weathering
2. What equipment are needed for Blasting?
Compressor
Blast Pot - for abrasives
Vapour Traps ( knock out pot )
Hose
Nozzles
Safety to 1GE SR 21 – Maintain operating pressure at 100 psi.
Hose should be carbon impregnated.
External couplings.
dead mans handle should be under direct control of the operator
should be kept as straight and as short as possible to avoid kinks, and
blowouts.
PPE (leather aprons and gloves, boots and ear protectors, including
direct air fed helmet, with adequate visors.
3. What speed do the particles exit a Venturi blast nozzle?
450 mph ( 720 kmph )
4. What speed do the particles exit a Straight bore nozzle?
220 mph
5. Describe how you would carry out a check on air pressure of a blasting?
Alert the Operator
Shutdown the abrasive
Insert the Hypodermic needle gauge into the reinforced hose as possible to the nozzle at 45°
toward the nozzle Take direct reading from the gauge
6. What are the advantages and disadvantage of Venturi?
Venturi
Advantages Disadvantage
Very high speed (450mph) Safety
Faster operation Maintenance
Large area coverage less accurate
Large blast pattern
Suitable for large area
7. What are the advantages and disadvantage of Straight bore?
Straight bore
Advantages Disadvantage
Greater accuracy Low speed ( 220 mph )
less area coverage
1
2. 8. What is used to determine the presence of Hygroscopic salts, in industrial situation?
Potassium Ferricyanide test will determine the presence of Hygroscopic salts, in industrial
situation?
9. Which test is carried out for soluble salts in a marine environment?
Silver Nitrate Test is carried out for soluble salts in a marine environment
10. Give another common name for Copper slag?
Iron Sillica
11. How many photographs of Flame clean standards are in BS 7079?
There are 4 photographs of Flame clean standards are in BS 7079
12. Name the system for pickling followed by passivation?
Duplex process system is pickling followed by passivation using phosphoric or chromic acid
13. Describe how rouge peaks are caused?
Girt, which cuts the profile.
14. How many times can garnet be used for site blasting? Why?
One time only, because after blasting the garnet fall on the ground & it gets contaminated. And
we can’t use contaminated abrasives for blasting.
15. List the equipment required for an abrasive blasting operations site?
A compressor
A pot containing the abrasives.
Vapour Traps for oil and water (knock out pots).
A hose, usually carbon impregnated to discharge static electric
External couplings
A nozzle
A dead mans handle for operator safety.
16. When power brushes are authorised for use BGas/Transco site, the wire is made from which non-
sparking producing materials ?
Phosphor bronze and Beryllium bronze
17. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wet blasting ?
Wet Blasting
Advantages Disadvantage
Useful for removal of toxic materials Need large amount of water
Environmentally friendly Disposal of resulting slurry
Spark free Does not cut profile
Ideal for removal of soluble salts & chlorides Substrate inhibitors to be added
18. What profile range can be measured using coarse Testex?
20 – 50 um profile range can be measured using coarse Testex
19. What profile range can be measured using X coarse Testex?
37 – 115 um profile range can be measured using X coarse Testex
2
3. 20. What are the two principles of the theory of Adhesion?
Molecular Interference ( PHYSICAL )
Molecular Attraction ( CHEMICAL )
21. Briefly Describe the mechanisms of the two theories of adhesion.
Molecular Interference : The surface is rough & uneven the paint wets & lock into profile
analogy Velcro, PHYSICAL
Molecular Attraction : Negatively charged particles attracts to positive areas& vice versa.
Analogy magnet ( also called as Ionic Bonding ). CHEMICAL
22. How many microns are in 1thou?
1thou = 25.4 um
23. Give three different names for the cross section of a blast.
Anchor pattern.
Surface profile
Key
Peak to trough height
Amplitude
24. What is the most common cause of flash rusting on a blasted substrate?
Rouge peaks
25. What would be considered to be an ideal shot grit mix?
What is the purpose of mixing shot and grit?
To get uniform profile, because grit cuts the profile & shot controls the rouge peaks.
26. Which abrasive would have the effect of work hardening a substrate?
Metallic Shot
27. Name three methods of measuring or assessing a profile.?
1- By using surface profile Needle Gauge
2 - Using Testex tape & Dial micrometer
3 - Comparators
28. What is the most common cause of rogue peaks on a substrate?
Grit, which cuts the profile
29. In what situation would it be better to use steel grit in preference to copper slag abrasives?
Copper slag can be used only once, because it shatters into small pieces on impact. So Grit it can
be used many times
30. If cracks or laminations are found on a substrate after blasting what steps should be taken?
Cracks or laminations must be referred to the Engineer
31. Using comparators to ISO 8503, what are the three main profile assessments?
1- Fine
2 - Medium
3 - Coarse
3
4. 32. What are the other two assessments when the above three are not appropriate?
1 - Finer than Fine
2 - Coarser than Coarse
33. What would be size of copper slag needed to give a profile of 50 to 75 um?
G – 16 would be size of copper slag needed to give a profile of 50 to 75 um
34. What is the title of the BS 7079?
The title of the BS 7079 is Preparation of the Steel substrates before application of paint
35. Describe the four Blasting grade ?
Sa1 : Light Blast Cleaning
Sa2 : Thorough Blast Cleaning.
Sa2 ½ : Very Thorough Blast Cleaning.
Sa3 : Blast Cleaning to Visually Clean Steel.
36. What are the four characteristics of an abrasive?
Size
Shape
Hardness
Density
37. Why are blast hoses carbon impregnated?
To discharge static electricity
38. Name the gauge used for measuring pressure at the blast nozzle?
Hypodermic Needle Gauge
39. Name four advantages of centrifugal blasting over open blasting.
1 - Operator Safety
2 - System is more productive
3 - Quality can be adjusted
4 - Efficient use of Abrasives
40. According to BS 7079 is it possible to blast clean to an A Sa1?
Not Possible ( According to BS 7079 is it possible to blast clean to an A Sa1? )
41. Is there any difference between an A Sa1 and B Sa1?
A Sa1 – Not achievable
B Sa1 – Can be achievable
42. Could you tell the difference between rust grades A and B blasted to Sa3?
No Difference
43. Could you tell the difference between rust grades C and D blasted to Sa3?
C – Slight pitting
D – Heavily Pitted
44. What would be a typical speed of abrasives leaving a wheel abrator?
220 mph
4
5. 45. What is considered to be the most efficient blasting pressure?
100 psi is the most efficient blasting pressure
46. What is meant by the term “burnishing”?
Burnishing means Polishing
47. What would be the equivalent to St2 in the Sa grades?
St2 is equivalent to Sa 2 ½ grades
48. What is the neutral figure on the pH scale?
7 is the neutral figure on the pH scale
49. How is pH measured?
pH measured using indicator strips
50. Why are inhibitors sometimes added to water in wet blasting?
Sometimes inhibitors are added to water in wet blasting, because to retard corrosion
51. Name two typical areas where needle guns might not be used?
Rivets & bolts, Weld end preparations
52. What is the Duplex Process of surface preparation?
Duplex process system is pickling followed by passivation using Phosphoric acid or chromic
acid.
53. Why is it considered essential to remove millscale prior to painting?
Millscale being cathodic to steel and more noble than steel.
54. Which British standard would be used in determining the size of copper slag abrasive?
BS 410 (specification for test sieves)
55. Which British standard would be used in determining the size of metallic abrasive?
BS 410 (specification for test sieves?
56. Why it is important to have a good surface preparation?
Because good surface preparation provide area available for adhesion and for coating life.
57. What is meant by the term grade, relating to a blast finish?
Degree of cleanliness, Degree of roughness (surface profile)
58. What are the main factor governing the grade of a blast finish?
Time, Velocity of particles.
59. Name four advantages of centrifugal blasting over open blasting?
60. Operator safety, more productive, efficient use of abrasives, quality obtained.
61. which solvent are commonly used for degreasing?
Xylene.
62. How is abrasive cleansed in a wheel abrator system?
By Air wash separator.
5
6. 63. What would be the typical temperature and concentration of sulphuric acid in the pickling
process
70C, 5-10% concentrated sulphuric acid, 5-25 min.
64. Describe the “Duplex Process”?
Clean surface by solvent (xylene)
immerse the component is sulphuric acid 5-10% concentration, 60-70C temp, 5-25 min.
rinse with clean warm water to remove layer of soluble salts formed.
immerse in bath of phosphoric / chromic acid 2% at 80 C temp., 1-2 min with iron filling (0.5%)
rinse in clean water and check PH value.
65. What would be considered to be advantages of wet blasting over dry blasting?
Wet blasting removes toxic materials, more environmentally friendly, spark free and ideal for
removal of soluble salts etc.
66. Why is the phosphating or chromating of a steel done?
It forms a rust inhibitive layer which protect the underlying surface and increase the adhesion
properties & prevent embrittlement.
67. Name a third type of paint other solvent free and solvent borne?
Powder paint.
68. Name four or more advantages of chlorinated rubber paint?
Resistance to mould growth.
Non-flammable after solvent release.
Very high resistance to acid & alkalies
Material is non-toxic & provides a very durable film.
69. What are the three main disadvantages of chlorinated rubber paint?
Low resistance to solvent.
Low temperature tolerance, 65C maximum.
Spray application resulted in ‘cobwebs’
70. Would it be good practice to apply chlorinated rubber over alkyd resin?
No.
71. What is meant by opaque?
Hiding power, covering power (opacity)
72. What is another name for an un-pigmented paint?
Varnish
73. What are the natural properties of a resin?
Brittle by nature and fast drying, mix with oil to modify some properties.
74. What are the natural properties of an oil?
Slow drying properties, mixed with resin to modify the film properties.
75. How does the paint using the barrier principle work?
The material form a thick impermeable layer of a high electrical resistance.
76. How does the paint using the passivation principle work?
6
8. 77. How does paint using cathodic protection principle work?
Bi-metallic principle by using less noble metal.
78. Give another name for solvent free two packs?
MCL - Multi compound liquid
79. Name six properties of binder?
Viscosity
Adhesion to the substrate for the expected life of coating.
Resistance to chemical attack.
Dialectric strength.
Resistance to passage of water.
Cohesive strength.
Resistance to abrasion.
80. Name three natural resin used in paints?
Copals, Dammers & Coumarones.
81. Name five natural oil used in paints?
Linseed Oil, Tung Oil, Soya Oil, Tall Oil & Safflower Oil.
82. Name an Inorganic high temperature service binder?
Ethyl & Methyl silicate (silicone)
83. Name two pigments likely to be used for high temperature service?
Aluminium & Carbon.
84. By what name would you call the basic unit of a polymer?
monomer (mer).
85. what is polymerization?
Joining together of a string or structure of repeated units.
86. What would be the characteristics of a short oil paints?
less than 45% oil to resin, brittle and fast drying material.
87. What would be the characteristics of a long oil paints?
More than 60% oil to resin, slow drying properties, decorative material.
88. What is meant by the term opaque pigment?
Inert particle with excellent light scattering properties in order to give covering power (opacity).
89. What is the typical size of a pigment particle?
1/10 micron.
90. Briefly describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated when referring to oil or
polymers?
Saturated oil are oil which cannot combine with oxygen to form a film and unsaturated oil combine
with oxygen and solidify by polymerization to form film.
91. What is the main difference between a dye and a pigment?
Pigment used in paints must remain as solid particles within the vehicle (solvent + binder), and
not dissolve, if is dissolves it is known as a dye.
8
10. 92. Name three rust inhibitive pigments considered to be toxic?
Red lead, Calcium plumbate, coal tar & zinc chromate.
93. Name four commonly occurring minerals used as extender pigments?
Clays, chalk, talcum & slate flour.
94. If pigments was added way below the CPVC, how would it affect the film?
Good gloss properties but poor covering power (opacity), low cohesive strength.
99. The abbreviation CPVC means what?
Critical pigment volume concentration.
100. Why are thixotropes added to a paint formulations?
To stop settlement and allow higher film thickness.
101. Describe how a basic inhibitor works?
Causing a chemical reaction between the paint constituent and substrates.
102. Which of the common extenders could not be used in whites and pastels?
Slate flour (black colour).
103. How would the film affected if pigment was added above the CPVC?
Film would be porous, low in cohesive strength and adhesion.
104. Which of the rust inhibitive pigments is the most common?
Zinc phosphate.
105. Why are extenders used in paint formulation?
Provide adhesion, cohesion, film strength and durability.
106. If chromium was used as a pigment, what colour would the paint be?
Green, yellows & Oranges.
107. Why are plasticizers added to paint?
Flexibility, reduce brittleness, compatible with binder
108. Two metals are commonly used as galvanic pigmentation, name them?
Zinc & Aluminium
109. Why are driers added to oil based paint?
To allow even thorough drying of the film.
110.What is meant by the term thixotropic?
Thixotropic is an anti settling agent, a thickener, allows a higher film thickness eg bentones &
waxes.
111. What is meant by the term aggregate when referring to paint?
Degree of dispersion of fineness of grind.
112. If antioxidant was added to paint, what would it do?
Antioxidant retard the formation of a skin on the surface of the paint eg. Methy ethyl ketoxime.
10
11. 113. Give names of two plasticizers?
Castor oil, coconut oil and palm oil.
114. What is meant by the term dispersion?
A paint consist of solid particles suspended in the vehicle, where there is no solubility, so a paint is a
dispersion.
115. There are two types of dispersion, what are they?
A dispersion can be either a solid or liquid dispersed within another liquid, where there is no
solubility.
116. If paint cures by chemical reaction is it reversible or convertible?
Convertible or non reversible.
117. What type of polymerization occurs in chemically curing paint?
Cross linked polymers.
118. Name a paint, which dries solely by solvent evaporation?
Chlorinated rubber, vinyls, acrylics, cellulosic and laquers.
119. What is meant by non-convertible?
Dries solely by solvent evaporation, no chemical reaction.
120. What is meant by non-reversible?
Cures by oxidation and Chemical reaction.
121. Name four drying mechanisms?
Solvent evaporation, oxidation, chemical curing and coalescence.
122. In a coating, which dries by solvent evaporation, what type of polymerization occurs?
Linear polymers.
123. What is another name for fineness of grind?
Degree of dispersion.
124. Which generic types of paint dry by solvent evaporation followed by oxidation?
Alkyds, phenolics, natural oil and resins.
125. What type of polymers forms during oxidation?
Cross linked polymers.
126. What term applies to paint drying at ambient temperatures?
Air drying.
127. What is meant by the term coalescence?
Physically join together.
128. What is meant by the term pot life?
Pot life is the period of time after mixing in which the paint must be used.
129. Name three curing agents used in epoxies?
Amides, Amines and Isocyanates.
11
12. 130. Is paint a solution or dispersion, qualify?
Dispersion, pigment particle remain in as solid in a vehicle.
131. What is an exothermic reaction?
heat off from the container.
132. What is meant by the term induction period?
The length of time after mixing which the paint should stand before use.
133. What is the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting?
Thermosplastic material soften with the application of heat, therefore reversible or non convertible
Eg. Polyethylene and polypropalene
Themosetting means the material will cure with the application of heat, therefore are convertible or
non-reversible eg. Epoxy and urethane.
134. Two other terms relate to induction period, what are they?
Stand time and lead time.
135. Does a phenolic resin have an induction period?
No.
136. Name some reversible binders?
Chlorinated rubber, vinyls, cellulose etc.
137. Is an epoxy powder paint thermoplastic or thermosetting?
Thermosetting
138. If a coating is permeable, what does it mean?
Allow water to penetrate to the substrate.
139. What is meant by cross-linking, give two binders as an example?
Cross linking or chemical curing is a three dimensional polymerization process eg. Epoxy &
urethane.
140. What is the opposite to exothermic?
Endothermic.
141. What is the term used for paints needing temperature in excess of 65C to cure?
Stoving.
142. Name a material used as a driers in paint formulation?
Octoates, manganese and zirconium.
143. Why would bentones or wax be used in paint formulation?
Used as anti settling agents.
144. What generic type of paints would use anti-oxidants?
Alkyd, natural oil, resin
145. How does a single pack, epoxy ester paint dry?
Oxidation.
12
13. 146. How is dew point defined?
The temperature at which water vapour in the air will condense.
147. When using a whirling hygrometer which bulb should be read first and why?
Wet bulb, the water in the wet bulb uses heat energy from the air to change into water vapour.
148. At what speed should the thermometer bulbs pass through the air?
4m/sec.
149. By what other name can we refer to a whirling hygrometer?
Aspirated hygrometer or psychrometer.
150. What is the stated criteria for acceptance, prior to calculations on a whirling hygrometer?
On two consecutive spin the reading should be within 0.2C, wet bulb to wet bulb and dry bulb to dry
bulb.
151. Name two pieces of equipment used for taking steel temperature?
Magnetic and digital.
152. Define viscosity?
Viscosity is defined as being a fluid resistance to flow.
153. Approximately, what is the viscosity of water?
One centi poise
154. Name the cgs and SI units of dynamic viscosity?
Poise, centi poise, dyne, N. s/m2.
155. Name three different flow cups?
Zahn, Frikmar, Ford, ISO and DIN
156. When using a flow cup which unit of viscosity would be used?
Second.
157. In ford flow cup no 4 what does 4 relate to ?
Hole size in mm.
158. Give the names of three different rotational viscometers?
Rotothinner, Kerbs Stormer Viscometer and Flow viscometer.
159. Give a reason for performing a viscosity test on site?
To obtain the percentage of thinner used.
160. Which viscometer would not be used on thixotropic paint?
Flow viscometer.
161. Why is temperature very important when doing viscosity tests?
Increase or decrease in temperature will effect the viscosity.
13
14. 162. What is the main difference between the rotathinner and krebs stomer?
Rotothinner measures dynamic viscosity and kerbs stomer measures kinematic viscosity.
163. Describe how to use a ford flow cup?
Level the stand and cup. Place another cup under the flow cup to catch the paint, fill the cup with
paint ensuring it is full whilst covering the 4mm hole in the bottom. Run a straight edge over the lip
of the cup to ensure it is full simultaneously remove finger from bottom and start stop watch. Time
until 1st
break in flow. The time recorded is the viscosity in seconds at the temperature.
164. Give another name for a fineness of grind guage?
Hegman grind gauge
165. How and for what is a hegman grind gauge used?
Paint is added to the deepest point of the scale and drawn along to totally fill the groove using a
specially profiled scraper bar. Within 3mm band, five to ten aggregates break through the surface of
the paint, this is the point where surface will change from gloss to matt, thus measuring the degree of
dispersion of paint.
166. Briefly describe how to do the volatile, non-volatile test to BS 3900 Pt B2?
A dry glass stirring rod and watchglass along with 2gm of paint is weighted, watchglass containing
paint is place into a hot air oven, stir to drive away volatile content, take a final weight of the glass,
rod, and dry paint and simple calculation will give volatile / non volatile ratio by weight.
167. Name the equipment used to determine the flash point of a solvent?
Abel cup.
168. What colour should the flame be at the flash point?
Blue colour.
169. What formula is used to calculate the density?
Density = Weight / volume
170. What formula is used to calculate specific gravity?
Specific gravity =Density / Density of water
171. What is relative density?
Weight of material divided by of volume of water
172. What are the other names for a density cup?
Relative density cup, specific gravity cup, weight per liter cup, weight per gallon cup and
pyknometer.
173. What is a stoke, the unit for ?
A viscosity unit frequently used for kinematic viscosity is the stoke. (kerbs units or poise).
174. Which test is used to determine Abrasion resistance?
Taber rotary abraser.
175. Which equipment would be used to determine flexibility?
Cylindrical mandrels.
14
15. 176. Which equipment would be used to measure impact resistance?
Tubular impact testers.
177. For what reason would the Koeing albert apparatus be used?
To test the hardness of a film.
178. For which two reason could a density cup be used on site?
To calculate the density of the solvent.
To calculate the 2 pack are mixed in correct proportion.
179. Name four accelerated test boxes?
Humidity cabinets, salt spray cabinets, water soak tests, temperature cycling and prohesion testing.
180. Why would a tropical box be used?
For testing tropical conditions.
181. Would a paint be higher or lower density than water?
Higher
182. How would the density be affected if solvent was added to paint?
The density of paint decrease
183. What is the capacity of a density cup?
100 cc.
184. What difference is there between SG and Density?
185. What information could be obtained from a water soak test?
Painted panels submerged to test for water absorption.
186. What information could be obtained from temperature cycling test?
Maximum and minimum temperature can be set and cycle time, over a running period to 1000 hrs.
187. What information could be obtained from a cold check test?
188. Name four drying and curing tests?
Mechanical thumb test, Pencil scratch test, mechanical scratch test and gold leaf test.
189. What stage of the BK test would be recorded as the drying time?
Solvent Evaporation time, the solgel transition, surface drying time and final dry time.
190. Name three methods of determining opacity?
Trough type, black and white fused plate and cryptometer.
191. What effects the opacity of a paint film?
Pigment volume concentration.
192. Why would a Pfund cryptometer be used?
To measure Opacity.
193. Give one reason why an inspector would use a PIG gauge?
To measure MIO.
15
16. 194. Why are wet paint film thicknesses needed?
To ensure that the DFT would be ok.
195. Name two methods of measuring WFTs?
Eccentric wheel and comb gauge.
196. What is the reason for taking WFT immediately after application?
To obtain true readings (solvent start evaporating as it exits the spray tip).
197. Can a banana gauge be used on non-ferromagnetic substrate?
No.
198. Could an eddy current gauge be used on ferromagnetic substrates?
No.
199. Can a horseshoe gauge be used on non-ferromagnetic substrates?
No.
200. As part of which test would a bar applicator be used?
Opacity.
201. Which instruments would be used to measure reflectivity?
Gloss meter.
202. How does a gloss meter work?
A light source direct a beam of light onto the surface under test and a photo cell, set at the same
angle, collect the reflected light and quantifies it and convert it digitally into a percentage of the
incident light. A high percentage of reflection will be gloss and a low percentage will be matt.
203. Which factors in paint govern the degree of gloss?
Degree of dispersion, resin type and PVC
204. In a primer/mid coat what would be the expected degree of grind?
40-45.
205. In a gloss paint what would be a typical degree of grind?
20.
206. What percent reading would be expected when measuring gloss on a glass panel?
Near 100%
207. Using a gloss meter a reading of 25% would signify what?
Matt.
208. If an aggregate size of 35 um was present in a paint of 30 um DFT what would be a likely
result when using a gloss meter?
Matt.
209. Name three common tests for determining adhesion of a paint film?
V cut test, cross cut and dolly test.
16
17. 210. Which adhesion test are quantitative?
Dolly test and hydraulic adhesion test.
211. Inter coat adhesion and primer to substrate adhesion are two adhesion faults name the third?
Cohesive failure.
212. What chemical solution is used to conduct a cathodic disbondment test?
Sodium chloride.
213. What criteria is used when assessing a cathodic disbondment test panel?
214. Name the methods of applying cathodic protection?
Sacrificial anodes system and impressed current system.
215. What is used to determine the potential of a pipeline?
Copper sulphate half –cell electrode.
216. Would it be advisable to refill a pipe trench with carbonaceous backfill?
217. Does a cathodic protection system eliminate corrosion?
It controls where corrosion occurs.
218. Can the external surface of a tank be protected?
No, In order for cathodic protection to be applied, an electrolyte must be present.
219. What voltage would be used on a 250 um thick paint using a sponge pinhole detector?
9V.
220. What voltage would be used on a 450 um thick coating with sponge pinhole detector?
90V.
221. What function does the above additive perform?
Surface tension.
222. Would it be advisable to do wet sponge detection on galvanizing?
No.
223. Does a sponge detector work on AC or DC?
DC.
224. Other than the wet sponge which other equipment could be used to determine the presence of
pinhole/holidays?
Spark detector (high voltage)
225. Name two categories of paint mill?
Ball mill and attritor mill.
226. What is the main reason for processing paint in a mill?
Dispersing or Grinding or milling aggregates and agglomerates down to a suitable size for the paint.
17
18. 227. Briefly describe how a ball mill works?
Mill base is added to the drum until the balls are covered, about 50% capacity of the drum. The hatch
is then sealed off and the drum started rotating at such speed so that the balls cascade down and do
not stick on the drum due to centrifugal forces. Shear forces are applied to the mill base as the balls
cascade between the balls and vessel walls. A typical dispersion time would be overnight.
228. Briefly describe how a attritor mill works?
The attritor mill is a vertical version of the ball mill, but more efficient and also static. The balls are
driven by paddles. The mill base is continually circulated by pump from bottom to top and gives
adequate dispersion in less time.
229. A bead mill is sometimes called by which other names?
Sand mill or pearl mill.
230. How does a colloid mill work?
Using grinding discs containing carborundum, approx. 10” diameter. The top stone is stationary and
the lower stone is rotating fast at a speed up to 3600 revs per/min. Gravity fed low viscosity slurry
enters the centre of the top stone and is passed between the two stones by centrifugal force, where it
is subjected to extreme turbulence and shear forces to affect the dispersion.
231. What do you understand from the term halogenated hydrocarbon?
232. How can we determine the viscosity of a high viscosity paint?
233. Briefly describe the principle of CP?
A metal less noble than steel is included in the film and an electrolyte eg. Water passes through the
film contacting substrate and pigment particle, then a circuit can engaged whereby the pigment
particles will receive the hydroxyl iron and thus suffer corrosion in preference to the steel substrate.
234. What function does a primer have in a paint system?
Primer is normally low volume solid material, wets out substrate and provide excellent adhesion and
also provide a key for any subsequent layer.
235. In a mordant primer what is the main working constituent?
Mordant means of a corrosive nature or will bite into and as suggested contains an acid, phosphoric
acid.
236. What advantages do electrostatic application methods provide?
The coating material is positively charged and is attracted to the component when using powder
coatings, wastage is significally reduce and it produces a more uniform coating.
237. Define exothermic?
Giving off heat, the container will warm up.
238. Define endothermic?
Taking in heat, the container will cool, forming condensation.
239. What is cohesive failure in paint give the main cause?
Over thickness of a layer can entrap solvent during drying process and stop formation of film,
reducing cohesive strength. The main reason for cohesive failure is solvent entrapment and incorrect
ratio mix to two pack.
18
20. 240. Why does a zinc rich paint need a strong binder?
241. Why are etch primers not spray applied?
242. What do you understand by the term over spray?
243. Name four methods of determining DFTs?
Test panels, Calculations, Destructive test gauges & non-destructive test gauges.
244. What is a psychrometer used for?
Psychrometer or whirling hygrometer used to determine wet and dry bulb temperature from which
relative humidity and dew point is calculated.
245. What colour should a galvanized surface be after application of ‘T’ wash?
246. How soon can ‘T’ washed substrate be coated?
247. Other than pigment, base and curing agent name two other constituents fo FBE powder paint?
248. Give the main differences between airless and conventional spray.?
Conventional spray Airless spray
Slow application Excellent application rate
Low air pressure 40-75 psi Can need 100 psi to operate pump
Delivery pressure greater than 20 psi Delivery pressure greater than 6000 psi
Need special paint container use manufacture container
Low maintenance high maintenance
Easy to clean need flushing to remove traces of paint.
249. Brush application has advantages over spray application, what are they?
Environmentally friendly, less waste of material, any dust or detritus on the substrate present worked
in to the film.
250. What is the main consideration when selecting a metallic pigment for a sacrificial paint?
The metallic pigment must be less noble (more electronegative)
251. What is mean by sheredizing?
Nuts, bolts or any fasteners rely on tension are tumble in the powdered zinc, the tem used is
sheredizing.
252. Name three types of paint feed for a conventional spray?
Suction Feed, Gravity feed & remote pressure pot.
253. What is calorising process?
Calorising is coating with aluminium, one way of calorising a component is to dip it into molten
aluminium.
254. What is the BS 2015 term for skipped or missed areas?
Holidays.
255. A colour has three properties, what are they?
Hue, Brightness & Saturation.
20
22. 256. Why would be paint applied by hot spray?
When paint is heated it reduce in viscosity and cure or drying starts quicker and reduces the need for
solvent addition.
257. On an airless spray tip how are blockage cleared?
By turning the tip through 180o
, triggering to ground or a container to clear the blockage.
258. How is atomization achieved using conventional sprays?
Approximately 25mm in front of the aperture two channels blow air to converge at the paint stream.
At this convergence the paint is atomised into vary minute droplets and conduted onto the workpiece
259. How is atomisation achieved using airless sprays?
Atomisation occurs by forcing the paint at extremely high pressure usually 2000 to 2500 psi, through
a very small aperture 12 to 23 thou diameter into a volume of air offering resistance to paint flow as
the air & paint meet the paint atomized.
260. What is dip coating?
A component is dipped into a paint and hung to dry.
261. What do you understand from the term ropiness?
Brush marks.
262. What is efflorescence and how does it occur?
A whitish crystalline formation on bricks, mortar, plaster etc.
263. What is flocculation?
The development of loosely cohesive pigments agglomerates in coating material.
264. What could be the cause of bittiness in a paint film?
Inculsion of foreign matter or within paint itself.
265. What are the hazard signs for Toxic, very toxic, harmful and corrosive?
Black symbol of skull and crossbones on orange square for toxic, very toxic.
Black diagonal cross on an orange square for harmful.
Black symbol showing a tilted test tube dripping onto a hand for corrosive.
266. What is saponification?
The formation of a soap by the reaction of a fatty acid ester and an alkali?
267. What units are used for measuring toxicity?
PPM.
268. Which material would have to be used on a perpetually damp surface?
Moisture curing polyurethane.
269. What is padding?
Pads of mohair or foam are used to apply brush paint.
270. What causes lifting of a paint film?
Strong solvent over a coating using weak solvent.
22
23. 271. Why would a paint inspector use potassium hexacyonoferrate?
To detect iron soluble salt.
272. What would be an average thickness for galvanizing?
100 um.
273. How can you tell the difference between blooming and chalking?
Blooming – under surface , chalking – over surface
274. What could be the reason for inter coat adhesive failure?
Oil , Grease etc.
275. Why are manufacturer developing solvent free, water borne and powders?
Environment protection act requirement.
276. How can bleeding be avoided?
By applying sealer first.
277. In less than 30 words explain the duties of a painting inspector?
Activities such as measuring, examining, testing, gauging, storage of materials, quality plan, site
plan and relevant local requirements.
278. What is meant by the term stripe coats?
Paint applied by brush to welds and edges.
279. How many cm3
are there in 4.5 litres?
4500 cm3
.
280. Name two types of mill & describe their work?
Direct charge mill and pre-mix mill.
Direct charge mill – which takes and mill all the raw ingredients together eg. Ball mill, attritor mill
& high speed dispenser.
Premix mill – Take the ingredients which have been premixed to a rough consistency and refine this
mixture to a high quality paint. This system is used for large production runs. Eg. Sand mill, colloid
mill, single row mill & triple row mill.
281. What is compliant coating ?
A coating which complies with the requirement of environment protection Act. 1990.
282. What is damp surface?
Surface on which water is not readily detectable but of which the temperature is below the dew
point.
283. What is fully weathered galvanizing?
A galvanized steel surface on which a cohesive oxide layer has formed by natural weathering. The
surface will normally be dull and lacking in metallic sheen.
284. What is hot duty surface ?
Metal surfaces on the assembly that will attain a temperature of 100o
C or above during use.
23
24. 285. What is moist surface?
Surface from which standing water and droplets have been removed but on which there is a
noticeable film of water.
286. What is T-wash?
A non-proprietary material used as a primer or pretreatment for zinc metal surfaces.
287. What has to be considered for maintenance or repainting?
Based on a survey of the item or plant which would determine :
The existing paint system.
The extent of breakdown and corrosion.
The in service environment conditions.
The nature and extent of any surface contamination.
288. Why & What Equipment to be protected and masked before preparation and painting?
Prior to any cleaning, surface preparation or painting, the contractor shall protect and mask
equipment and areas in need of protection, with masking material. Eg. Fire protection equipment,
weld end preparation, lubrication paints and nameplates.
289. What is the name of the mill used to produce mastics, fillers and putties?
Tripple roll mill.
290. What special surface preparation are required for coating on concrete ?
Scrabbling.
291. Give the reason why different surface require different paint systems?
Painting always depends on the nature of surface (rusted, pitted, or new), type of surface (ferrous or
non-ferrous) condition (industrial or marine) cost, temp. etc.
292. What additional information would you record when maintenance painting a pipeline without
removing the previous coats?
What the existing painting is ?, The extent of breakdown and corrosion, the in service environmental
conditions, the nature and extent of any surface contamination.
293. If you worked on a contract where frequent stoppage occurred for poor weather, what
additional information would you record?
what the weather conditions were, how long stoppage lasted, progress of work to stoppage,
assessment of damage caused by weather to wet painted areas, loss of material due to stoppage.
294. Name an equipment used to test for opacity?
Pfund cryptometer, hiding power chart with applicator.
295. What is another name for a sand mill and describe its operation?
Pearl or bead mill, rotation disc attached with vertical shaft aid to shear as paint, slurry, forced
through steel ball which present between the disc. The degree of dispersion is high. Suitable for long
production run of popular paints.
24
25. 296. Briefly state the preferred paints system ( and DFT) for new and maintenance painting at
works and site for above ground pipeline and plant installations?
High build aluminium primer - 75 um.
MIO - 75 um
High build epoxy - 75 um
Epoxy or polyurethane acrylic - 40 um
Total - 265 um
297. List ten duties of paint inspector ?
Learn the specification, get to know the plant, ensure all concerned understand the specification,
keep the engineer informed at all times of any departure from the specification, make written reports
at an agreed frequency, conduct and attend site meetings, before commencing the work, check
environment, equipment, materials, check previous days work, agree the day work programme with
contractor’s senior personnel. On the completion of the each stage, ensure that, system meets the
specification by carrying out witness tests and check for application faults. On completion of the
work, make the final check and the summary reports.
298. Describe contractors mall practice, which you are aware?
Use of unskilled labours, unsafe scaffolding, use of unsuitable equipment, leaking compressor,
brushes, damaged ladders, etc. Insufficient blasting or paint in difficult areas likes underneath of the
pipe etc. painting and preparing the surface during in inclement weather conditions, painting before
inspection of substrate or previous coats. Reusing of expandable abrasives, use wrong solvent or an
excessive solvent, use diesel in the paint as a solvent or plasticizer, use of incorrect paint or different
manufactures paint. Applying of low thickness etc.
299. What is the procedure to remove algae and mould growth?
Algae and mould growth shall be removed by scrubbing with stiff bristle brush, using clean water,
after the removal of a boicidal wash to be acceptable to prevent contamination of the new paint
system. All surfaces shall be dry before painting commences.
300. What particular problems relate to the splash zone?
Possibility of surface contamination (salt, water), damage (from service & work coats), mould and
algae growth high salt contamination, restricted areas etc.
25