OliX Pharmaceuticals is developing siRNA therapeutics to treat COVID-19 by targeting viral genes essential for replication. They filed a patent on siRNA designs targeting more than 30 regions in the COVID virus genome. These target highly conserved regions in coronaviruses and could work against SARS, MERS and other coronaviruses. The siRNAs would interfere with viral gene expression through the RNAi pathway, degrading viral mRNA and preventing translation into proteins. Previous research on respiratory illnesses provides a starting point for a COVID-19 therapy. RNAi shows potential as a specific antiviral approach and has been applied in research against coronaviruses like SARS-CoV.
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
INTERFERENCE means the act of interfering with something, here, with RNA. RNAi is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism triggered by dsRNA molecules, to prevent the expression of specific genes or the translation, causes sequence-specific degradation of the targeted mRNA molecules of that particular gene. It was also known as CO-SUPPRESSION, POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING [PTGS] in plants and QUELLING in fungi.
In my report on the cell cycle and its checkpoints, I delve into the phases of cell division and the regulatory mechanisms that ensure accurate replication. By examining these checkpoints, I uncover the essential processes that safeguard genomic integrity and maintain organismal function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
INTERFERENCE means the act of interfering with something, here, with RNA. RNAi is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism triggered by dsRNA molecules, to prevent the expression of specific genes or the translation, causes sequence-specific degradation of the targeted mRNA molecules of that particular gene. It was also known as CO-SUPPRESSION, POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING [PTGS] in plants and QUELLING in fungi.
In my report on the cell cycle and its checkpoints, I delve into the phases of cell division and the regulatory mechanisms that ensure accurate replication. By examining these checkpoints, I uncover the essential processes that safeguard genomic integrity and maintain organismal function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. ROLE OF DNA & RNA IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA is a double stranded nucleic acid
consisting of deoxyribose sugar and carries the
genetic instructions used in the development
and functioning of all known living organisms.
RNA is a single stranded molecule consisting of
ribose sugar and it is transcribed (synthesized)
from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases.
RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the
protein synthesis complexes known as
ribosomes
Proteins are one of the vital biomolecules of
life. These compounds perform a variety of
essential processes to sustain an organism's
survival, which include clotting of blood,
transporting oxygen, contracting muscles and
catalyzing chemical reactions. The building
blocks of proteins are called amino acids.
Two type of sugar found in Genetic materials 1. Deoxyribose sugar 2. Ribose
sugar.
RNA is a single stranded molecule consisting of ribose sugar.
It is transcribed (synthesized) from DNA by enzymes called RNA
polymerases
The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids and their functions
Functions
of RNA
3. SOME ORGANISMS HAVE RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
RNA virus may have ssRNA or ds RNA enveloped in protein
coat
Have human diseases like SARS, HIV, Hepatitis and Rabies etc
DNA synthesis in host cell
5. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
The synthesis of proteins starts with
transcribing the instructions in DNA into
mRNA.
The mRNA is then carried out of the cell's
nucleus into the cytoplasm, specifically into
structures called ribosomes.
Protein production occurs in ribosomes
containing rRNA.
The tRNA transports the amino acids to the
ribosomes.
The code sequence in mRNA is then translated
and specific proteins are synthesised by stringing
amino acids together.
The production or synthesis of polypeptide
chains (proteins) includes two phases:
Transcription & Translation.
RNA is synthesized RNA polymerases which act as messenger
for transports amino acids to ribosomes.
Proteins are one of the vital biomolecules of life.
specific proteins are synthesized by stringing amino acids
together
6. Gene “knockdown”
A cellular mechanism that degrades
unwanted RNAs in the cytoplasm but
not in the nucleus
A way for the cell to defend itself
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY’S CENTRAL
DOGMA
7. TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS IN
EUKARYOTES
RNA Polymerase:- All eukaryotes possess three type of RNA polymerases called RNA
polymerase I,II and III .
RNA polymerase I is located in nucleolus, and is responsible for transcription of genes for
rRNA, it is responsible for 50-70% of the activity in eukaryotes.
RNA polymerase II is located in the nucleoplasm, constitutes 20-40% of total activity and
transcribes all the genes that produce mRNA.
RNA polymerase III also occurs in nucleoplasm, provides ~10% of total polymerase
activity, and transcribes tRNA and other small RNA genes.
Transcription Factors
Transcription Factors are those points that are essential for transcription initiation, but they
are not a part of RNA polymerases. A large number of transcription factors function with
RNA polymerase II, they are divided into the following three groups: (1) basal, (2) upstream
and (3) regulatory transcription factors.
8.
9. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
Basal Transcription Factors:- These factors are required for transcription initiation at
all the promoters. They join RNA polymerase II to form a complex around the start
point, and determine the site of transcription initiation. The different basal factors are
follows:
(1) TFIIA, (2) TFIIB, (3) TFIID, (4) TFIIE, (5) TFIIF, (6) TFIIH, and (7) TFIIJ.
Upstream transcription Factors:- These transcription factors are found in all cell
types and bind to specific short sequences located upstream of the start point. These
factors act on any promoter having the appropriate sequence and increase the
frequency of initiation. Protein (Salmonella pathogenicity island) SPI is an example of
upstream transcription factors.
Regulatory Transcription Factors:- These factors function just like upstream factors,
by they have a regulatory role. They are produced or activated at specific times or in
specific tissues. As a result they control transcription of the concerned genes.
Promoters:- Eukaryotic promoters are defined as regions that can support transcription
at normal efficiency and with the proper control. The organization of promoters for
the three types of RNA polymerases differ markedly. The promoters for RNA
polymerase II usually have the some modules or functional sequence
Enhancer:- An enhancer can stimulate any promoter that is placed in its vicinity. The
essential role of enhancer seems to be to increase the concentration of some of the
transcription factors in the vicinity of the promoter, this they achieve by binding to
these factors.
10. RNA FAMILY AND TYPE OF RNA INTERFERENCE
mRNA- Protein and sRNA= RNA Modification, Translation &
RNA Silencing
1. miRNA- micro
RNA interference
2. siRNA – small
interference
3. shRNA- short
hairpin
interference
11. THE MECHANISM OF RNA INTERFERENCE
Interference means the act of interfering with something here with RNA.
RNAi- is a mechanism that inhibits gene expression the stage of translation or by
hindering the transcription of specific genes.
RNAi targets include RNA from viruses and transposons.-gene expressions
Also known co-suppression, Post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants.
Quelling in fungi and RNAi in animal kingdom
12. THE RNAi ROLE AND PATHWAYS
Protects against RNA virus infections, especially in plants
Maintain genome stability by keeping mobile elements silent
Represses protein synthesis regulates the development of
organisms
Keep chromatin condensed and suppress transcription
14. RNAi INDUCED GENE SILENCING IN
PETUNIA PLANTS
Co-suppression of gene expression
Enhanced tolerance or resistance to
virus infection/ protection and Potent
gene silencing in 1998
A type of gene regulation
Involve small RNA
molecules and
induce a ds RNA
RNAi
34. South Korea based OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a leading developer of RNA interference
(RNAi), has announced that it will leverage previous preclinical research for developing
siRNA therapeutics in treating respiratory illnesses to investigate a path forward for
developing a COVID-19 therapy.
OliX Pharmaceuticals filed a provisional patent application to advance the development of
RNAi therapeutics against COVID-19 on February 25, 2020. The patent provides broad
composition of matter claims to more than 30 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) designs
that target available genomes of the COVID virus, which are highly conserved regions
compared to other coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS and can potentially be used
effectively against coronaviruses.
Specifically, the target regions are coding the proteins for playing an important role in virus
replication (e.g., 3CL-protease, RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase, and Spike
protein). The siRNAs would operate within the RNAi pathway, where it interferes with the
expression of the genes with complementary nucleotide sequences by degrading mRNA
after transcription, resulting in no translation.
OliX Pharma employs
RNAi Approach for COVID-19 Therapy
no translation.
35. Antiviral applications of RNAi for coronavirus
Until the appearance of severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused
by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in
early 2003, coronavirus infection was not
considered to be serious enough to be
controlled by either vaccination or specific
antiviral therapy. It is now believed that
the availability of antiviral drugs effective
against SARS-CoV will be crucial for the
control of future SARS outbreaks.
Recently, RNA interference has been
successfully used as a more specific and
efficient method for gene silencing. RNA
interference induced by small interfering
RNA can inhibit the expression of viral
antigens and so provides a new approach
to the therapy of pathogenic viruses. This
review provides an overview of current
information on coronavirus and the
application of small interfering RNA in
viral therapeutics, with particular
reference to SARS-CoV.