This document discusses the diversity of natural enemies that help farmers control pests. It describes natural enemies as beneficial organisms like ladybird beetles, dragonflies, and parasitic wasps that prey on pest insects and keep their populations under control. These natural enemies can be conserved through farming practices that do not harm them. The document outlines different types of natural enemies - predators that feed directly on pests, parasitoids whose larvae feed on and kill a single host pest, and pathogens like Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, fungi, and viruses that infect and kill pest insects. Ladybird beetles, mantises, ants, and parasitic wasps are provided as examples of important predator and parasitoid natural enemies.
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
Arthropod predators and insect pest controlResearchWap
Insect pests are those insect species that are injurious or a nuisance. They cause injury or damage to crops in the field and grains in storage. Man and his domesticated animals are also attacked by insect pests. Arthropod predators belong to the phylum Arthropoda and are most times beneficial in the control of insect pests. Arthropod predators are members of the phylum Arthropoda which capture and feed on the prey. They are generally larger than their prey and kill or consume many prey during their life time.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota.
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Growers Conference, Beginning Grower Workshop
Biological control approaches in tomato pestsSalu Maharjan
Tomato crops are affected by number of insect pests, but all of them do not cause economic damage. The major insect pests of tomato along with the their biological control is given in this slide.
Dr. Curtis Young - Beneficial Insects and Cover CropsJohn Blue
Beneficial Insects and Cover Crops - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
Arthropod predators and insect pest controlResearchWap
Insect pests are those insect species that are injurious or a nuisance. They cause injury or damage to crops in the field and grains in storage. Man and his domesticated animals are also attacked by insect pests. Arthropod predators belong to the phylum Arthropoda and are most times beneficial in the control of insect pests. Arthropod predators are members of the phylum Arthropoda which capture and feed on the prey. They are generally larger than their prey and kill or consume many prey during their life time.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota.
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Growers Conference, Beginning Grower Workshop
Biological control approaches in tomato pestsSalu Maharjan
Tomato crops are affected by number of insect pests, but all of them do not cause economic damage. The major insect pests of tomato along with the their biological control is given in this slide.
Dr. Curtis Young - Beneficial Insects and Cover CropsJohn Blue
Beneficial Insects and Cover Crops - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
A pest is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.
Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snakes, wasps, ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork, and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like cockroaches, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions. Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being insects, mites, nematodes and gastropod molluscs. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results.
Humans have traditionally performed pest control in agriculture and forestry by the use of pesticides; however, other methods exist such as mechanical control, and recently developed biological controls.Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are invasive species or weeds. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district's inhabitants."[12] An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop, Tribulus terrestris, which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny burrs.Animals are considered pests or vermin when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample. Mosquitoes and ticks are vectors that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance. Many of the anima
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1. Diversity of natural enemies in farmer field
Submitted to : Dr. Najitha Banu
Submitted by: Navdeep Singh
B.Sc Zoology (honours)
Regd. No.:11700891
Section: B1724
Roll No. 01
2. Natural Enemies
•The natural enemies of plant pests are
considered as farmers' friends.
•Various beneficial organisms that
can help the farmer to keep pests
under control and prevent them from
causing economic damage.
•These so-called natural enemies can be conserved
by taking care with farming practices so that they are not killed or are actually
encouraged.
3. Ever heard the term ??
Like Dissovles Like
But
here is a twist
Here Like Kills Like
4. How farmers can help to protect
Farmers can help to keep the balance in their favour in
trying not to harm predatory arthropods such as
ladybirds, spiders and hover fly larvae.
Use control pesticide products only when necessary and
then not broad spectrum ones
If control products are used –
use them selectively
6. Predators
These are organisms that prey and feed on other organisms
They often feed on various stages of the host (pest): eggs,
larvae, pupae and adult.
Example: ladybird beetles,
dragonflies,
7. Lady bird beetle
Important predators of aphids
Single ladybird can eat 200-300 aphids over its lifetime.
Adults ladybirds are 7-10 mm long,oval
both adults and larvae
prey on aphids, leafhoppers,
mealybugs,mites, scales
And whiteflies
8. Preying mantis
Characteristic forelegs that assume a posture similar to
praying when resting,
Lay their eggs in hardened foam case attached to weeds or
twigs
Wings develop gradually as the
Nymphs get older
They feed on pests such
as moths,flies, crickets, bugs,
11. Parasitoids
Organisms that during the larval stages feed on pests
(external parasitoids) or in the pest (internal parasitoids).
They complete their development on a single host, killing
it. In their adult stages they are mostly free-living
The most common parasitoids
are parasitic wasps and flies.
14. Pathogens
Bacteria:
Bacillus thuringiensis is the best-known insect pathogen.
naturally occurring bacterium that produces substances
toxic to some insects.
Kills moths (caterpillars),
mosquitoes, black flies
and fungus gnats
15.
16. Fungi
Fungal strands (hyphae) enter the insect body through
openings
Insects and mites killed by fungi become stiff and,
Spores are transferred on insect bodies,
wind, rainwater or wind.
17.
18. Viruses
A wide range of viruses has been identified attacking
insects, and some of them have been used as biological
pesticides
They are species specific. Viruses need to be ingested
Infected caterpillars appear pale or have a chalky colour,
Become swollen and the development is retarded
