Diversity Module 4 AssignmentOverview You will create a short
1. Diversity: Module 4 Assignment
Overview
You will create a short Power Point presentation teaching your
audience how to put into practice the fundamental principles
that influence transcultural interaction and communication. You
will develop a 4-slide presentation, a title slide, presentation
slides with narrative notes and a reference slide. Review the
information below prior to starting your PowerPoint
presentation.
Scenario:
Everyone entering a healthcare system should obtain evidence-
based care that is culturally and linguistically appropriate. The
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of
Minority Health developed the Culturally and Linguistically
Appropriate Services Standards (CLAS Standards) to improve
quality, advance health equity and help eliminate health care
disparities (Andrews et al., 2020).
Utilizing 4 (2 from Communication and Language Assistance
and 2 from other area of standards) of the National CLAS
Standards, in your own words, build a 4 slide presentation
teaching your peers how to address the standards at your work
place.
The PowerPoint presentation should be in APA format and
include:
· Title slide (include your name and section number) and brief
introduction of project (1 slide – No narrative notes)
· 4 total CLAS Standards (2 slides – Narrative notes in APA
format with APA formatted citations)
· Select 2 of the 4 Communication and Language Assistance
Standards
· Select 2 of any other standards from:
2. Governance, Leadership, and Workforce, or
2. Engagement, Continuous Improvement, and Accountability
· References slide (2 references required: 1 course material and
2. 1 peer-reviewed reference) (1 slide – No narrative notes)
You might consider using one of these templates for your
presentation (you can use any PowerPoint template that you
choose).
Microsoft PowerPoint templates
.
OU DIY Presentation templates. .
.
It may need to be modified based on your individualized
presentation. Remember content on slides should be brief and
bullet-points - you can describe and discuss each slide, but not
too many words per slide. Add picture clips for creativity.
.
.
Due Date: Sun, April 17 @ 11:59pm (Eastern Standard Time
(EST) of the US).
.
..
Points: 15
.
Instructions:
To be successful, complete the following steps in order:
STEP 1: Review the above overview.
STEP 2: Click here to download the rubric.
STEP 3: Create your final presentation. Save the document with
the filename: "Lastname_Firstname_M4_A8_title.docx"
(Example: HoodBrown_Terri_M4_A8_CLASPresentation.ppt
STEP 4: Submit the presentation by clicking the link on the left
titled "M4 A8 WA: SUBMISSION AREA - CLAS
PRESENTATION"
Got questions? Please post them to the 'QUESTION &
ANSWER FORUM' in Blackboard.
Diversity: Module 4
4. are mitigated. Often, nurses are
migrants themselves. Leveraging nurses’ knowledge,
experience, talents, and compassion is cru-
cial for attaining the objectives of both the Global Compact for
Migration and the Global Compact
on Refugees. Nurses are large contributors to the United
Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The
global nursing workforce has enor-
mous potential to advance the achievement of these goals and
objectives. In a world that appears
to be increasingly xenophobic and hostile to migrants, nurses
stand out as professionals who can
change the narrative while providing compassionate care for the
most vulnerable. Key words:
advocacy, Global Compact, migration, refugees, sustainable
development, United Nations
NURSES AND THE GLOBAL COMPACTS
FOR MIGRATION AND REFUGEES
Nurses and other health care profession-
als are looking to amplify their voices in a
variety of policy discussions. Many do this
through their professional organizations. His-
torically, nursing organizations have been ap-
prehensive about wading into broader policy
Author Affiliations: CGFNS International, Inc,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Dr Shaffer, Ms Farrell,
and Mr Álvarez); and CGFNS Alliance for Ethical
International Recruitment Practices, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (Dr Bakhshi).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
6. Refugees 11
(an organization that focuses on those who
care for others in Europe, both as unpaid and
paid caregivers), and a consortium of 14 other
European organizations have released a state-
ment lauding the Global Compact as an “op-
portunity to commit to reforms and policies
that provide social protection and sustainable
and quality domestic and care services for
those needing care, and decent work for those
working in the sector.”2 In the United States,
the American Nurses Association has not spo-
ken directly on the Global Compact but has
stated, “The Code of Ethics for Nurses with
Interpretive Statements calls on all nurses to
always act to preserve the human rights of vul-
nerable groups such as children, women and
refugees.”3 The American Nurses Association
has also cited that Code in a statement oppos-
ing the US policy toward migrants and asylum
seekers that led to the separation of parents
from their children.4
Nurses can leverage their favorable pub-
lic perception to shift the paradigm around
migration debates. Globally, many destination
countries have highly politically charged en-
vironments around immigration policy. Wor-
ries about loss of national identity, jobs be-
ing “stolen” by migrants, and crime have
prompted increasingly xenophobic rhetoric
along with the election of officials who fa-
vor restrictive immigration policies. However,
most countries are more welcoming of nurses
and other health care providers. Even as coun-
7. tries have generally moved against support-
ing immigration, the skills of foreign nurses
and health care professionals are still sought
after.5
This phenomenon is not new—the global
need for health care workers makes them pre-
ferred migrants. Even when the US Congress
was acting to restrict immigration through the
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Re-
sponsibility Act of 1996, nurses were kept on
a shortlist of occupations with an assumed
shortage,6 who would therefore be eligible
for migration to the United States. Currently,
while the Trump Administration has targeted
categories of immigrants, such as those who
are undocumented or under the H1-B pro-
gram for rule changes, it has not spoken
about reducing the number of visas in the
visa categories that include most nurses. Re-
cently, in the United Kingdom, where con-
cerns about migration were a motivation for
the vote that the United Kingdom leave the Eu-
ropean Union (known informally as “Brexit”),
the British Home Office exempted doctors
and nurses from the cap placed on the num-
ber of skilled workers who could immigrate
to the United Kingdom.7 By highlighting the
importance of health care professionals to sys-
tems and patients, the polarizing immigration
rhetoric that paints migrants as criminals and
job stealers can be mitigated, allowing for a
more reasoned discussion of how to lever-
age migration to strengthen the economies
of both origin and destination countries.
9. 12 NURSING ADMINISTRATION QUARTERLY/JANUARY–
MARCH 2019
Refugees outline these protections and pro-
vide pathways for more organized, stable, and
safer migration for both groups.
THE GLOBAL COMPACTS
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and
Regular Migration and the Global Compact
on Refugees stem from the 2016 UN General
Assembly Resolution 71/1, New York Dec-
laration for Refugees and Migrants.10 The
New York Declaration states that, although
refugees are a subset of the larger migrant
population, the 2 groups are distinct. The
New York Declaration contains commitments
to refugees and nonforcibly displaced mi-
grants (together); commitments to migrants
(only); and commitments to refugees (only).
It also contains 2 annexes that serve as the
foundations for the 2 Compacts. Annex I
outlines a Comprehensive Refugee Response
Framework (CRRF). The CRRF explains that
the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees is responsible for creating a com-
pact specifically for refugees, with the CRRF
at its core, as well as programs of action that
can be implemented around the world. An-
nex II contains the basis for the Global Com-
pact for Migration that will “set out a range of
principles, commitments and understandings
among Member States regarding international
10. migration in all its dimensions.”10(p1)
The Global Compact for Migration is signif-
icant because it is the first international com-
pact of its kind to specifically address migra-
tion. The Compact emphasizes “common un-
derstanding, shared responsibilities and unity
of purpose,” aiming “to facilitate safe, orderly
and regular migration, while reducing the
incidence and impact of irregular migration
through international cooperation . . . .”11(p1)
Bi- and multilateral agreements between
countries about how to achieve this aim are
critical. However, civil society, academia, and
other stakeholders also play an important role
in helping migrants thrive in their current
situations. The Global Compact for Migration
stresses the importance of migrant empower-
ment and its impact on inclusion and stability.
It also identifies the immense potential mi-
grants possess, which can be used to attain
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).11
The cofacilitators of the Global Compact
for Migration (the Permanent Missions of Mex-
ico and Switzerland to the United Nations)
outlined 23 objectives and commitments that
must be attained for safe, orderly, and regular
migration. These include—but are not limited
to—supporting vulnerable groups within
migrant populations, identifying and fighting
human trafficking, improving migrant identi-
fication and documentation, combating xeno-
phobia, and tapping into migrants’ skills and
11. resources to help improve stability, achieve
sustainability, and provide a much-needed
sense of purpose.10 While the New York
Declaration was adopted by all United Na-
tions member states, the Global Compact for
Migration is not legally binding.12 Its efforts
were hampered when the United States with-
drew from the Compact in December 2017,
stating that it interfered with its sovereignty
and domestic immigration policy.13
Refugees, a particularly vulnerable popula-
tion, have historically received international
protections. This began on a global scale with
the 1951 United Nations Convention Relat-
ing to the Status of Refugees. The Conven-
tion was born out of the atrocities and mass
displacement caused by World War II. It ex-
plains what determines refugee status, out-
lines refugee rights, and explicitly states that
a refugee should not be forced to return to
a place where his or her life is endangered
(nonrefoulement).14 It applied only to those
displaced by violence or persecution within
Europe before January 1, 1951. The 1967 Pro-
tocol Relating to the Status of Refugees ex-
panded the scope of the 1951 Convention to
refugees around the world and from all time
periods.15
The Global Compact on Refugees has 4
main objectives: “Ease the pressure on host
countries; enhance refugee self-reliance; ex-
pand access to third-country solutions; and
support conditions in countries of origin
for return in safety and dignity.”12 As pre-
13. sure ethical recruitment. In 2008, a multi-
stakeholder task force including recruiters,
employers, unions, nurse representative orga-
nizations, and credential evaluation organiza-
tions established a code of standards of prac-
tice to ensure that recruitment of international
health care workers is ethical. From its incep-
tion, the Code has been administered by the
Alliance for Ethical International Recruitment
Practices, now a division of CGFNS Interna-
tional, Inc. It was updated as the Health Care
Code for Ethical International Recruitment
& Employment Practices in 2016.17 The Code
was designed to set best practices to ame-
liorate contract and other problems rampant
during the 2003-2007 boom years for the re-
cruitment of foreign-educated nurses (FENs)
to the United States.18
The Alliance Code preceded the devel-
opment of the World Health Organization’s
(WHO’s) 2010 Code of Global Practice on
the International Recruitment of Health Care
Personnel, which provides voluntary guid-
ance for member states. Members promise
to report on their progress on following this
guidance every 3 years.
The two codes support each other and work sym-
biotically, with the WHO Code articulating global
principles and a framework for international aware-
ness and cooperation, and the Alliance Code pro-
viding detailed guidance to individuals and com-
panies operating in the healthcare recruitment
sector.19 (p1)
14. The Global Compact for Migration con-
tains a number of objectives and priorities.
Objective 1 cites the need for data as the
basis of evidence-based policies. The Inter-
national Centre on Nurse Migration, created
by CGFNS and the International Council of
Nurses, represents an effort to aggregate re-
search in this sector.20 While these volun-
tary initiatives have had challenges in gaining
traction, they provide guidance as the United
Nations, regional cooperatives, and individual
countries seek to promote fair and ethical re-
cruitment at both the national and grassroots
levels.
NURSING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
GLOBAL COMPACT FOR MIGRATION
OBJECTIVES
Nurses play a critical role in achieving the
goals and objectives of the Global Compact
for Migration. Migrant nurses “address and
reduce vulnerabilities in migration” (objec-
tive 7).11 Migrant populations are largely com-
posed of women and children, many of whom
need medical attention.21 These groups are
also at a greater risk for gender-based vio-
lence and harassment. Certain cultural norms
often prevent women from reporting violence
and seeking help, particularly if the authority
figure is male. Nurses can help bridge this gap.
As the majority of nurses are female, women
of vulnerable populations who experience vi-
olence, harassment, or need medical attention
can find refuge in a female nurse. As a re-
16. the host country. Migrant nurses contribute
to the health and well-being of the migrant
and host communities. Healthy migrants are
better able to work and provide for their fam-
ilies. More migrants in the labor force lead to
increased interaction and cohesion between
the migrants and host country and potentially
increase the economic activity of the host
country. The theme of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development is “leave no one
behind”; migrant nurses are crucial in this
fight.24
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop-
ment outlines 17 specific goals (SDGs) that
the United Nations has set for the world to
reach by 2030. The SDGs were promulgated
in 2015, replacing the Millennium Develop-
ment Goals. As indicated in the Figure, the
SDGs cover almost every facet of life from
“Clean Water and Sanitation” to “Peace, Jus-
tice and Strong Institutions.”24(p1) The SDGs
and the Global Compacts go hand in hand.
The Global Compact for Migration seeks to
“empower migrants to become full members
of our societies, highlight their positive con-
tribution, and promote social cohesion.”11(p1)
The Global Compact on Refugees seeks to pro-
mote self-reliance and equitable burden- and
responsibility-sharing.16 Both Compacts view
migrant talents and experiences as resources
that can be utilized to achieve the SDGs.
18. Nursing also promotes gender equity (goal
5).24 Nursing is a female-dominated profes-
sion. Furthermore, nursing is one of the few
professions women are encouraged to pur-
sue, as opposed to remaining in the home as
wives and mothers. Female nurses are role
models for younger generations of women.
While nursing is not a well-respected profes-
sion in many parts of the world, it is essen-
tial for quality health care. Nurses in these
countries not only provide extremely impor-
tant health care but also serve as beacons of
female empowerment.
Nursing is fundamental to the SDGs as a
whole. Poverty cannot be eradicated without
health care providers. Hunger cannot be sus-
tainably eliminated without nutritional educa-
tion. Sustainable cities will not develop with-
out a strong, healthy workforce. A healthy
workforce leads to the achievement of SDGs,
such as caring for life below water and life
on land. Development is impossible without
health. Good health leads to better workers,
and increased stability, which reduces the
push to migrate.
NURSES AS FACILITATORS
FOR MIGRATION
Nurses are on the front lines in serving
the world’s most vulnerable populations, in-
cluding refugees and migrants. As previously
noted, there are an estimated 262 million
international migrants, an increase from
19. 155 million in 2000.8 Women represent 48%
of all international migrants.27 Refugee and
migrant populations possess a unique set of
medical needs. A report on refugee patient
outcomes in Geneva, Switzerland, found that
language barriers and cultural differences be-
tween patients and practitioners negatively
impact the health deliverance outcomes.28
This study found that adequate (interpretive)
language services are associated with a higher
and more accurate reporting of medical his-
tory, past trauma, and mental illness, as well
as an increased level of psychological refer-
rals. Similarly, when asylum seekers perceived
their communication with nurses to be good,
they reported 2 to 3 times as many symptoms
as when they rated their communication to
be poor.28
Migrants around the world, particularly
women and children, are more susceptible to
abuses such as extortion, sexual and physi-
cal assault, and human trafficking. As previ-
ously noted, nurses can help mitigate these
abuses, particularly human trafficking, in sup-
port of objective 10. In the case of hu-
man trafficking, the nursing profession is in-
volved in its prevention throughout the care
continuum—from initial discovery and identi-
fication to intervention and finally to restora-
tion of health.29 Nurses are often the first
to encounter victims of human trafficking,
whether they are able to identify them or not.
In the United States, for example, trafficking
21. sionally positioned and possess the emotional
sensitivity to identify and treat these victims.
NURSES AS MIGRANTS THEMSELVES
Since its inception, the nursing profes-
sion has crossed borders to deliver nursing
care.30 Western nursing methods have been
exported from the developed to the devel-
oping world since the 1800s.31 American
missionaries shared their nursing practices
with Korea and China,32 as did British citi-
zens with colonies throughout the world.33
During the World War II era, the United
States introduced Western-style nursing meth-
ods to the Philippines, which, in turn, became
the global leader for creating and exporting
nurses internationally.34
While international migration continues to
intensify, international nurse migration in-
creases in tandem. Globally, the demand for
nurses has reached unprecedented heights
because of factors that include aging pop-
ulations, increased health coverage, and in-
creases in chronic diseases worldwide. To ad-
dress these challenges, many countries are
relying more heavily on nurse migration to
fill vacancies and address demand. Nurse mi-
grants are highly skilled and have more re-
sources and means to migrate than lower-
skilled workers. In the United States, FENs
make up between 6% and 15% of the RN
workforce and women represent 83% of this
number.35,36 FENs make up an estimated 7.9%
22. of the nursing workforce in Canada, 15.2%
in the United Kingdom, 18.3% in Australia,
and 26.7% in New Zealand.37 As discussed ear-
lier, these nurses are pivotal to advancing the
objectives of the Global Compacts and the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
NURSES AS REFUGEES
While highly skilled workers such as nurses
are often the first to migrate in situations of
conflict or natural disaster, they are not al-
ways able to migrate. Some become forcibly
displaced and forced to flee their countries,
along with other refugees. The case of these
nurse refugees is a topic that has become in-
creasingly visible in discussions surrounding
refugees around the globe. Global discourse
surrounding refugees does not typically recog-
nize nurses for the educational or professional
competencies that they possess. The narrative
around refugees and displaced persons needs
to evolve to highlight their skill sets and their
social and economic potential. The skills of
nurse refugees should be better leveraged to
further advance the goals and objectives of
the Global Compacts. Nurse refugees possess
the cultural, linguistic, and experiential skill
sets to serve refugee populations, especially
in populations from their countries of origin.
The Global Compact on Refugees empha-
sizes refugee self-reliance and burden- and
responsibility-sharing, which are particularly
pertinent for refugee nurses. The Compact
24. tions may be more inclined to receive care
from a fellow refugee health care provider.
Often, noncommunicable diseases, such as
mental health disorders, are the leading health
issues facing refugee communities. In most
cases, cultural and linguistic competency is
key to delivering adequate care to these pop-
ulations. A refugee nurse would be more qual-
ified and appropriate to care for refugee pop-
ulations than local or foreign volunteer health
workers. Apart from gains to patient care
delivery, tapping into this labor pool would
bring desired economic benefits, including
relief to strained health workforces in host
countries.
CONCLUSION
The Compacts described in this article are
an attempt to holistically address the chal-
lenges and opportunities of migration, given
current global realities. Nurses have a key
role to play in advancing these objectives
in a world where migration will continue
to rapidly increase. Nurses are migrants in
demand and can help shift the often toxic
rhetoric around migration issues. They are at
the front lines in helping migrant and refugee
populations escape poverty or oppression
and then integrate into their new countries.
Nurses can use this opportunity and their piv-
otal role to advance the core objectives of
the profession’s advocacy—to support nurses
and protect their patients—by ensuring that
nurses’ expertise is embedded in efforts to ap-
ply the principles of these United Nations’ ini-
25. tiatives on the ground in both migrant source
and destination countries.
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