Diuretics are drugs that promote the loss of sodium and water through urine, categorized into high, medium, and low efficacy types. They work by inhibiting various mechanisms in the nephron, particularly in areas such as the ascending loop of Henle and distal tubule, and are used to treat conditions like heart failure, hypertension, and edema. Side effects include electrolyte imbalances and volume depletion, depending on the specific class of diuretic used.

1. DIURETICS
BY:-ANUSHKA DUBEY

2. DEFINATION
•These are drugs which cause a net loss of
sodium and water in the urine.
• all the diuretics increases the excretion of the
water from the body.

3. ANATOMY OF KIDNEY

4. NEPHRON

5. MOVEMENT OF ELECTROLYTES

6. MAJOR SITES FOR REABSORPTION
Site 1 :- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).
Site 2 :- Ascending Loop of Henle.
Site 3 :- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT).
Site 4 :- Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct.

7. SITE OF ACTION OF DIURETIC
DRUGS

8. MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
1.) High efficacy diuretics.
2.) Medium efficacy diuretics.
3.) Low efficacy diuretics.

9. CLASSIFICATION
 There are classified into 6 types:-
1.) Loop diuretics/High ceiling.
2.) Thiazides
3.) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
4.) Potassium-sparing diuretics.
5.) Osmatic diuretics.
6.) Low ceiling diuretics.

10. HIGH EFFICACY DIURETICS
 Inhibitors of sodium , potassium and chlorides co-
transport.
 Examples :-
1.) Furosemide.
2.) Torasemide.
3.) Ethacrynic acid.

11. MEDIUM EFFICACY DIURETICS
 Inhibitors of sodium and calcium symport
system.
 Examples :-
1.) Benzthiazide.
2.) Metolazone.

12. LOW EFFICACY DIURETICS
 It is further divided into 4 sub-class :-
(a) CA inhibitors.
Example:- Acetazolamide.
(b) Potassium-sparing diuretics.
Example:- Spironolactone , Amiloride.
(c) Osmotic diuretics.
Example:- Glycerol, Mannitol.
(d) Xanthines
Example:- Theophlline.

13. MECHANISM OF DIURETIC DRUGS

14. MOA on LOOP

15. LOOP DIURETICS
1.) Site of action :- On Ascending loop of Henle.
2.) Mechanism :- Inhibits the symporter of
Na+/K+/2Cl-
3.) Urine :- Increased excretion of all ions
(sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium,
calcium as well as bicarbonates.

16. INDICATIONS & SIDE EFFECTS OF
LOOP DIURETICS
• Loop Diuretics :-
Large volume diuresis.
 Isotonic urine (compared to plasma).
• Indications :-
Edema
• Congestive heart failure.
• Acute pulmonary edema.
• Cirrhosis.
Hypertension.
 Hypercalcemia.
 Forced diuresis.
• Side Effects :-
Excess volume
depletion.
 Hypokalemia.
 Hypocalcemia.
 Hypomagnesemia.
 Ototoxicity.

17. THIAZIDE
 Act in the distal tubule.
 Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and potassium.
 Stimulate the reabsorption of calcium.
 Loss of water as urine.
 Adverse effect :- hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia,
Hypotension, Electrolyte imbalance and
Hypersensitivity.

18. MOA of DISTAL TUBULE

19. POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS
 The potassium is retained inside the body which
prevents the loss of potassium in the urine.
◦ Aldosterone joins the sodium channels in the cells of
collecting duct and lately to the distal tubule in the
nephron.
◦ But spironolactone blocks the entry of aldosterone into
the cells which prevents the reabsorption of sodium.
Mechanism of the drug :- Spironolactone
◦ Binds with the aldosterone receptor that prevents the
hormone from binding to the receptor.
◦ This binding is competitive.

21. OSMOTIC DIURETICS
 Rise in the osmotic pressure of the plasma which
draws water out from the tissue and produces the
osmotic diuresis.
 Sodium excretion does not get effected.
 The compounds are filtered by glomerulus but can
not be reabsorbed.
 This osmotic balance prevents the loss of water in
the urine.

22. CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
 CA Inhibitors inhibits the enzyme that is
present in the proximal tubule of the nephron.
 This inhibition leads to retention of several
electrolytes like bicarbonates, magnesium, etc.
 Sodium reabsorption is prevented or
decreased in the cell.

23. MEDICINAL USES
Diuretics are used to treat:-
1.) Heart failure.
2.) Liver cirrhosis.
3.) Hypertension.
4.) Certain kidney diseases.
5.) Cerebral edema.
6.) Reduction of intracranial pressure.
7.) Reduction of certain toxins.
8.) Hypercalciuria.

24. USES AND SIDE EFFECTS OF DIURETICS

25. REFERENCE
1.) Textbook of Pharmacology.
2.) Book of Medicinal Chemistry.
3.) Medical book of Pharmacotherapeutics.