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SOCIAL SCIENCE
(Maam LARA SHALOM A. ABRERA)

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS
IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. It is a body of knowledge characterized
by an objective to understand what society
is through different disciplines that deals
with the scientific study of society.
A. SOCIAL SCIENCE
B. HUMANITIES
C. SOCIOLOGY
D. POLITICS

2. ________________ is the holistic
“science of man”, a science of the
totality of human
existence.
A. Anthropology B. Sociology
C. Archaeology D. Etymology

3. Which statement is the aim of Social Science?
A. understanding all aspects of society as well
as finding solutions to deal with social problems.
B. it entails a systematic and disciplined
method of acquiring knowledge.
C. helps understanding and solving particular
problems of an individual within the society.
D. it is composed of different disciplines.

4. Which among the following statements shows the
similarities and differences of Humanities and Social
sciences?
A. Humanities and Social Sciences deals with different
human aspects, but between the 2, humanities involve a
more critical and analytic approach whereas social sciences
are more of scientific approach.
B. Humanities deals with the heritage and the question of
what makes us human, while social sciences let us
understand how human interacts with each other.
C. There were disciplines in social sciences that can also be
considered to be a branch of study in Humanities.
D. These 2 are helpful in understanding different aspects of
human life.

5. Which of the following statement is TRUE about
Social Sciences?
A. The Term Behavioral Sciences was often
applied to the discipline designated to Natural
Sciences.
B. Social Sciences emerged only in this present times
because people nowadays are getting more curious
about society.
C. in the beginning of 1950 marked the coining of the
term behavioral sciences which was often applied to
the disciplines designated for social sciences.
D. all the mentioned statements are not True.

6. How do Social Sciences become a
science?
a. it has a systematic way of studying
things based on its different branches.
b. it is simply called science to match
it with the word social.
c. it is a science because it is being
studied and introduced by different
scientist
d. all of the above mentioned are
correct.

7. It is the discipline under social science
that deals with the study of allocating
scarce resources and the production and
exchange of goods and services in the
society.
A. POLITICAL SCIENCE
B. ECONOMICS
C. SOCIOLOGY
D. DEMOGRAPHY

8.It is a scientific study of population
across time which includes examining the
changes in population.
A. DEMOGRAPHY
B. ANTHROPOLOGY
C. SOCIAL SCIENCE
D. POLITICAL SCIENCE

This is an educational courses that aim to
teach individual about human condition in
a variety of forms by focusing more on the
interpretation and ideas rather than
concrete facts.
A. SOCIAL SCIENCE
B. HUMANITIES
C. NATURAL SCIENCE
D. ANTHROPOLOGY

10. It is the lifelong process of learning
the ways and behavior appropriate to
a particular society, it is a mental
process.
A. SOCIALIZATION
B. INTERACTION
C. COMMUNICATION
D. DELIBERATION

DEFINING SOCIAL SCIENCE:
• Social science is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the
manner in which people behave and influence the world around us.
• Behavioral science
• Social science is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the
manner in which people behave and influence the world around us.
• Social science tells us about the world beyond our immediate
experience, and can help explain how our own society works – from
the causes of unemployment or what helps economic growth, to
how and why people vote, or what makes people happy. It provides
vital information for governments and policymakers, local
authorities, non-governmental organisations and others.

What is scientific about social science?
• “Social science, which is generally regarded
as including psychology, sociology,
anthropology, economics and political
science, consists of the disciplined and
systematic study of society and its
institutions, and of how and why people
behave as they do, both as individuals and in
groups within society.

What is scientific about social science?
• it would appear that to be “scientific” entails a
systematic and disciplined method of acquiring
knowledge, and that knowledge must be
verifiable knowledge. So, we enter a problem area
at the outset for it may be argued (Gareau, 1987)
that society, its institutions and social
relationships are not susceptible to scientific
study, and that the methods of the natural
sciences should not be applied to social
phenomena.

AIMS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES:
• It gives knowledge about civilization and culture.
• It provides knowledge of social development.
• It develops social behavior.
• It develops civil qualities.
• It develops the power of thinking and reasoning.
• It develops the feeling of universal brotherhood.
• It develops modernization.
• It develops suitable proficiency and good habits.
• It develops the moral and social values.
• It develops the all-round personality.

ANTHROPOLOGY:
• Scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present times. To
understand the complexity of cultures across the human history, anthropology draws
and build upon knowledge drawn from the social and biological sciences and the
humanities and physical sciences.
• Its studies are commonly associated with the study of culture of preliterate and
unindustrialized societies.
• Major concern is the application of knowledge to help solve problems through the
study of culture. Anthropologists are trained in the different areas, namely,
sociocultural anthropology, biological and physical anthropology, archeology and
anthropological linguistics.

SOCIOLOGY:
• Systematic study of people’s behavior in groups. It is
derived from the Latin word “socio” means “people
together” and Greek “logos” means “study of”.
• It attempts to understand why and how people interact
with each other and how they function as a society or social
subgroups. This discipline looks onto general and regular
patterns of human behavior and it examines social
structures, collective human actions, social relationships
and norms, and its impact on individual behavior.
• It is one of the most diverse fields of the social sciences

POLITICAL SCIENCE:
•Primarily studies human behavior in relation to
political system, governments, laws, and
international relation. It examines the relationship
between people and policy at all levels from the
individual to national and international level.

ECONOMICS:
• Studies the allocation of scarce resources and the
production and exchange of goods and services in the
society. It endeavors to understand and explain human
activities in relation to the production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services. As a discipline, it
analyzes the supply and demand principles, economic
fluctuations, savings, and investments and cost and pricing.

GEOGRAPHY:
• Study of the interaction between people and their
environment.
• Derived from the Greek word “geo” means “Earth” and
“graphos” meaning “charting” or “Mapping”.
• It explores both the physical properties of Earth’s surface
and their relationship with human societies. It also studies
how many cultures interacts with the natural environment
and the impact of locations and places on people.

HISTORY:
• Systematic study of human past events in order to understand the
meaning, dynamics and relationship of the causes and effects of
events in the development of societies.
• It is derived from the Greek word historia, means “inquiry” or
“investigation”.
• As social science, history focuses on the reconstruction and
recreation of the past events as they actually happened through the
use of primary sources and secondary resources.
• Primary Resources – refer to eyewitness accounts or
contemporaneous accounts about the event. They also used
secondary resources or evidences that are not eyewitness accounts
and are based from the primary sources.

PSYCHOLOGY:
•Studies how the human mind works in
consonance with the body to produce thoughts
that leads to individual action. It analyzes how
people and groups experience the world
through various emotions, ideas and in
different conscious state.

DEMOGRAPHY:
• It is a scientific study of human population across time. It
examines the changes in population growth through the
analysis of statistics of birth, human movement and
morbidity, agedness and mortality.
• One important subfield of Demography is Population
Studies or Social Demography. Social Demographers
analyze demographic data to define, explain and foresee
social phenomena. It also studies social-status composition
and population distribution.

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
• Functionalism
• society as a structure with interrelated parts designed
to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in
that society.
• Hebert Spencer (1820–1903), who saw similarities between society
and the human body;
he argued that just as the various organs of the body work
together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society
work together to keep society functioning.

• It is a school of thought according to which each of the institutions,
relationships, roles, and norms that together constitute a society
serves a purpose, and each is indispensable for the continued
existence of the others and of society as a whole.
• In structural functionalism, social change is regarded as an adaptive
response to some tension within the social system. When some part
of an integrated social system changes, a tension between this and
other parts of the system is created, which will be resolved by the
adaptive change of the other parts.

•The origin of contemporary references to social
structure can be traced to the French social scientist
Emile Durkheim, who argued that:
• parts of society are interdependent
• interrelations between the parts of society contributed to
social unity
• groups can be held together on two contrasting bases:
mechanical solidarity

theory to explain how societies change and survive over time.
• society is a complex system of interrelated and
interdependent parts that work together to maintain
stability and that society is held together by shared
values, languages, and symbols.
• individuals may make up society, but in order to study
society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals to
social facts. Social facts are the laws, morals, values,
religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the
cultural rules that govern social life.

Criticism
it can’t adequately explain social change. Also problematic
is the somewhat circular nature of this theory; repetitive
behavior patterns are assumed to have a function, yet we
profess to know that they have a function only because
they are repeated. Furthermore, dysfunctions may
continue, even though they don’t
serve a function, which seemingly contradicts the basic
premise of the theory.

MARXISM
• It is a social, political, and economic philosophy named
after Karl Marx. It examines the effect of capitalism on
labor, productivity, and economic development and argues
for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of
communism.
• Marxism posits that the struggle between social
classes—specifically between the bourgeoisie, or capitalists,
and the proletariat, or workers.

MARXISM
• MARXIST PHILOSOPHY
• grounded in a philosophy that is both dialectical and
materialist. With dialectics, changes and interaction are
brought into focus and emphasized by being viewed as
essential parts of whatever institutions and processes are
undergoing change and interaction.
• Marx's dialectic is materialist.
• Marx was primarily concerned with capitalism as lived
rather than as thought about, but people's lives also
involve consciousness.

MARXISM
Class conflict and the demise of capitalism
• Capitalist society is made up of two classes—the
bourgeoisie, or business owners, who control the means of
production, and the proletariat, or workers, whose labor
transforms raw commodities into valuable economic
goods.
• To maximize profits, business owners have an incentive to
get the most work out of their laborers while paying
them the lowest possible wages. This creates an unfair
imbalance between owners and the laborers whose work
they exploit for their own gain.

MARXISM
Class conflict and the demise of capitalism
• The bourgeoisie also employ social institutions, including
government, media, academia, organized religion,2 and
banking and financial systems, as tools and weapons
against the proletariat with the goal of maintaining their
position of power and privilege.

MARXISM
ALIENATION
• In the theory of alienation, Marx gives us his answer to
this question. Workers in capitalist society do not own
the means—machines, raw materials, factories—which
they use in their work. These are owned by the capitalists
to whom the workers must sell their "labor power", or
ability to do work, in return for a wage.

MARXISM
This system of labor displays four relations that lie at the
core of Marx's theory of
alienation:
1. The worker is alienated (or cut off) from his or her
productive activity.
2. The worker is alienated from the product of that activity
3. The worker is alienated from other human beings
4. The worker is alienated from the distinctive potential for
creativity and community

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•A theoretical approach to understanding the
relationship between humans and society. The
basic notion of symbolic interactionism is that
human action and interaction are understandable
only through the exchange of meaningful
communication or symbols. In this approach,
humans are portrayed as acting, as opposed to
being acted upon.

•The main principles of symbolic interactionism are:
1. Human beings act toward things on the basis of
the meanings that things have for
•them. These meanings arise out of social
interaction
2. Social action results from a fitting together of
individual lines of action.

The Looking Glass Self
“the looking glass self,”- refers to our ability to think
about how other people will think about us.
Charles Horton Cooley developed the social
psychological concept of the looking glass self. The
term was first used in his work, Human Nature and
the Social Order.

Cooley developed the idea of the looking glass
self.
o We imagine how we must appear to others
o We imagine the judgment of that
appearance
o We develop our Self through the
judgments of others

• In hypothesizing the framework for the looking glass self,
Cooley said, “the mind is mental” because “the human
mind is social.” As children,
humans begin to define themselves within the context of
their socializations.
• George Herbert Mead described self as “ ” the premise
for which the self is actualized. Through interaction with
others, we begin to develop an identity about who we
are, as well as empathy for others.

Constructivism is an extension of symbolic
interaction theory which proposes that reality
is what humans cognitively construct it to be. We
develop social constructs based on
interactions with others, and those constructs that
last over time are those that have
meanings which are widely agreed-upon or
generally accepted by most within the society.

11. It is a social, political, and economic
philosophy named after Karl Marx
which examines
the effect of capitalism on labor,
productivity, and economic
development.
a. Marxism
b. Darwinism
c. Symbolism
d. Interactionism

12. Which of the following situation shows that the
worker is being alienated from his
productive activity?
a. Hotdog factory workers did not know the market
price of the products they are doing.
b. Mila is just following the instructions about how to
do her work.
c. Ana was promoted to higher position because the
company’s owner is their family friend.
d. All of the above.

13. The worker is alienated from the distinctive
potential for creativity and community when
_____.
a. When he/she plays no part in deciding what to do
or how to do it.
b. There is a competition but the one who will decide
whose worker will be retained is the employer.
c. When workers gradually lose their ability to develop
the finer qualities which belong to them as members
of the human species.
d. When they have no control over what is made or
what happens to it, often not even knowing what
happens to it once it has left his hands

14. It is a theoretical approach to understanding the
relationship between humans
and society and its basic notion is that human action
and interaction are understandable
only through the exchange of meaningful
communication or symbols.
a. Symbolism
b. Marxism
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Structural-functionalism

15. They are workers whose work is intended to
transforms raw commodities into valuable
economic goods and do not own the means of
production, such as factories, buildings,
and materials, have little power in the capitalist
economic system.
a. Proletariat
b. Bourgeoisie
c. Capitalist
d. Economist

“Psychoanalysis”
• It is defined as a set of psychological theories and
therapeutic methods which have their origin in the work
and theories of Sigmund Freud.
• The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief
that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories.
• The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed
emotions and experiences, i.e., make the unconscious
conscious. It is only having a cathartic (i.e., healing)
experience can the person be helped and "cured.

• Freudian, or classical psychoanalysis.
Freud believed human behavior is motivated by biological
drives, or instincts. He divided these instincts into two
broad categories:
• Eros, the self-sustaining life instinct, and
• Thanatos, the self-destructive death instinct.

•The conscious, consisting of everything a
person is aware of at a given moment in time
•The preconscious, comprised of memories
that can easily be brought back to awareness
•The unconscious, or everything that a person
is unaware of at a given time

•Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego (Elements of
Personality)
Id - driven by the pleasure principle, which
strives for immediate gratification of all
desires, wants, and needs.1 If these needs are
not satisfied immediately, the result is a state
anxiety or tension.
- It is the only component of personality that
is present from birth.

•Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego (Elements of
Personality)
Ego - operates based on the reality principle, which
strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and
socially appropriate ways. The reality principle
weighs the costs and benefits of an action before
deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.
- develops from the id and ensures that the
impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner
acceptable in the real world.

•Freud's Id, Ego, and Super ego (Elements of
Personality)
Super Ego - superego begins to emerge at around
age five.
- The superego provides guidelines for making
judgments.
- holds the internalized moral standards and ideals
that we acquire from our parents and society (our
sense of right and wrong).

•Freud's Id, Ego, and Super ego (Elements of
Personality)
The superego has two parts:
1. The conscience includes information about things
that are viewed as bad by parents and society.
These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to
bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt
and remorse.
2. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for
behaviors that the ego aspires to.

“Rational Choice Theory”
• Rational choice theory expresses that individuals are in
control of their decisions. They don’t make choices
because of unconscious drives, tradition or
environmental influences. They use rational
considerations to weigh consequences and potential
benefits.
• Rational choice theory assumes that individuals, or
rational actors, try to actively maximize their advantage
in any situation and, therefore, consistently try to
minimize their losses.

“Rational Choice Theory”
• In order to fit the criteria for rational choice theory, the
following assumptions are made.
All actions are rational and are made due to
considering costs and rewards.
The reward of a relationship or action must outweigh
the cost for the action to be completed.
When the value of the reward diminishes below the
value of the costs incurred, the person will stop the action
or end the relationship.
Individuals will use the resources at their disposal to
optimize their rewards.

“Institutionalism”
• It is an approach that emphasizes the role of
institutions.
• It is a general approach to governance and social
science. It concentrates on institutions and studies
them using inductive, historical, and comparative
methods. Social science, no matter how one
defines it, has from its inception put great
emphasis on the study of institutions.

•Institution:
is a social structure in which people
cooperate and which influences the behavior of
people and the way they live.
An institution has a purpose. Institutions are
permanent, which means that they do not end
when one person is gone. An institution has rules
and can enforce rules of human behavior.

•Characteristics of Institution:
Culture:
Values:
Hierarchy:
Roles:
Expectations:
Behaviors:

•FORMAL INSTITUTION:
Formal institutions are those that are created
with the intention of governing human
behavior, formal institutions do not have to
have the force of the law at their disposal.

• INFORMAL INSTITUTION
Informal institutions are those that are not designed to
regulate conduct, but often end up doing so as members
seek to conform to communal standards. Institutions can
also be abstract, such as the institution of marriage. This
means that marriage has become a social expectation,
with informal rules for how married people are expected
to behave

•TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS
FAMILY
RELIGION
GOVERNMENT
EDUCATION
ECONOMIC

“Feminist Theory”
The term feminism can be used to describe a
political, cultural or economic movement aimed at
establishing equal rights and legal protection for
women.
Feminism involves political and sociological
theories and philosophies concerned with issues of
gender difference, as well as a movement that
advocates gender equality for women and
campaigns for women's rights and interests.

“Feminist Theory”
• Feminist theory is an extension of feminism into theoretical or
philosophical fields. It encompasses work in a variety of
disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, economics,
women's studies, literary criticism, art history, psychoanalysis and
philosophy. Feminist theory aims to understand gender
inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and
sexuality. While providing a critique of these social and political
relations, much of feminist theory focuses on the promotion of
women's rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory
include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially
sexual objectification), oppression and patriarchy.

16. Social process that have undesirable
consequences for the operation of society are called
dysfunction. Which of the following is a good
illustration of having societal dysfunction?
a. Students having bad grades in all his/ her
subjects.
b. Education graduate become a teacher.
c. Allan finds a suitable job for himself.
d. Parents provide all the basic needs of the family.

17. How can institutionalism be helpful in
understanding society?
a. By learning and using this approach, we
were able to satisfy our self-interest.
b. This approach will make us see the
importance and function of every institution
toward meeting the needs.
c. It can helps different institutions to
interact with each other.
d. None of the above.

18. What will happen if there is an imbalance
between id, ego and super ego?
a. An overly dominant ego could lead to a
personality who is extremely moralistic and
judgmental.
b. An overly dominant ego might become
impulsive, uncontrollable or even criminal.
c. A healthy personality is a result of
imbalances between id, ego and super ego.
d. A maladaptive personality of a person
occurs when there are imbalances between id,
ego, and super ego.

19. Which statement shows a negative criticism
in psycho analysis?
a. It would not be suitable for individuals
preferring for a brief problem focused approach
to therapy.
b. It is being used to treat mental disorder.
c. It has different theories that aims to
understand individual.

20. How societies change and survive under
structural functionalism?
a. The members of the society work together
to maintain stability and that society is held
together by shared values, languages and
symbols.
b. It is important to only study individuals and
how they interact with each other.
c. Parts of society are totally independent
from each other.

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