The dissertation by Jagriti Patel explores the redevelopment of slum dwellings through the use of recycled materials and eco-friendly techniques, with a focus on improving the quality of life for impoverished populations. It investigates the characteristics of slums, historical context, and current issues affecting residents, while proposing sustainable design solutions and government schemes aimed at addressing housing challenges. Case studies, particularly of Dharavi, exemplify the economic activities and social diversity present in slum communities.

1. DISSERTATION REPORT
Session: Sep.2018-Dec.2018
“ ECOFFORDABLE SPACES :
Redeveloping slum dwellings using recycled material & eco- friendly techniques”
Undertaken by:
JAGRITI PATEL
Roll No. :
II Year B.Sc.(ID)
AR. NEHA BHUSRI
GUIDE
Ms. ARPITA RANJAN
H.O.D.
IVS SCHOOL OF DESIGN
PITAMPURA

2. DISSERTATION REPORT
Session : Sep.,2018 – Dec., 2018
“ ECOFFORDABLE SPACES :
Redeveloping slum dwellings using recycled material &
eco- friendly techniques”
Undertaken by:
JAGRITI PATEL
Roll no. :
II year (B.Sc. ID)
AR. NEHA BHUSRI
GUIDE
Ms. ARPITA RANJAN
H.O.D.
IVS School of Design
Pitampura

3. DECLARATION
I , JAGRITI PATEL , here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me , titled “ [ A-RRAY]
of hope: redeveloping slum dwellings using recycled material & eco- friendly techniques” is my original
work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs , text, data, maps,
drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.
This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the IVS SCHOOL
OF DESIGN.
JAGRITI PATEL
II Year B.Sc. ID
IVS school of design
i

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledging in meagre words is a different and insufficient tool. I would like to pay my
sincere thanks to all those people who have helped me in completing my dissertation with
their able guidance and valuable advice . And special thanks to Ar. RUPIKAASHTT for
helping me out. They have not only helped by imparting their knowledge in fieldwork, but
also reframing my thought process. I would first and foremost like to express my deep
gratitude towards my guide Ar. NEHA BHUSRI , without whose tremendous support, this
endeavour would not have yielded successful results. I would like to thank her for her
helpful comments, encouragement throughout and for vital assistance during all stages.
JAGRITI PATEL
II Year B.Sc. ID
IVS school of design
ii

5. CONTENT
Page no.
i
ii
iii - v
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Content
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HYPOTHESIS
1.3 AIM
1.4 OBJECTIVE
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
1.6 METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 2: SLUM
2.1 WHAT IS SLUM ?
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS
2.3 HISTORY
2.4 CURRENT SUITATION OF SLUM
2.5 MATERIALS
CHAPTER 3: SCHEMES PROVIDED BY GOVT.
3.1 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA
CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE CASE STUDY
4.1 DHARAVI
4.2 ECONOMIC DATA
4.3 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
4.4 COMMERCIAL AREA
4.5 SOCIO CULTURAL SCENARIO
4.6 FACTS
4.7 CURRENT SCENARIO
4.8 REDEVELOPMENT PALN OF DHARAVI
iii
1-3
1
2
2
2
2
3
4-9
4
5
6-7
8
9
10-11
10-11
12-17
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
17

6. CONTENT
iv
CHAPTER 5: KUMBHARWADA
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 CULTURAL SCENARIO
5.3 URBAN FABRIC
5.4 PLANNING
5.5 MATERIAL
5.6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER 6: LIVE CASE STUDY
6.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SCENARIO
6.2 MASTER PLAN
6.3 INTRODUCTION
6.4 URBAN FABRIC
6.5 OBSERVATION
6.6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER 7:RECYCLED MATERIAL & ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES
7.1 RECYCLED MATERIAL
7.2 RECYCLED MATERIAL & ECO- FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES
7.3 ECO- FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 8: DESIGN PROCESS
8.1 BASIC PLANNING
8.2 SITE ANAYLSIS
8.3 IDEATION
8.4 CONCEPT
8.5 BINISHELLS
8.6 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
18-23
18
18
19
19-20
20
21-23
24-32
24
25
26
27
28-30
31-32
33-37
33-35
36
37
38-43
38
39
40
41
42
43
Page no.

7. CONTENT
v
CHAPTER 9: SUGGESTIVE MEASURE
9.1 KILNS
9.2 OTHER SUGGESTION
CONCLUSION
BIBLOGRAPHY
44-45
44
45
46
47
Page no.

8. 1. INTRODUCTION

9. CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION
➢ “Good housing is obviously better than a slum, but a slum is better than none“
➢ SLUM is highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit
housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure.
➢ An area in city where living conditions are very bad and where the houses are also in bad
conditions.
➢ Cause of slum formation and growing is different in many parts of the world. Causes include rapid
rural-to-urban migration, economic stagnation and depression, high unemployment, poverty,
informal economy, forced or manipulated ghettoization, poor planning, politics, natural disasters
and social conflicts.
➢ Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums with the rapid shift from rural to
urban life. slum is the only option for the urban poor.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
➢ The slum aren’t a problem, they are a solution for families who cannot
afford a house, generally because of economic problem.
➢ It may be dirty, poorly serviced and over crowed, but are also places of
great human energy, community spirit, kinder, hardworking, creative and
happy places that many consider as home.
1

10. CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HYPOTHESIS :
AFFORDABILITY, MAINTENANCE, HYGIENE COULD BE ACHIEVED BY SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICE FOR REDEVELOPING SLUM DWELLINGS.
1.3 AIM
▪ The aim is to improve the quality of life for poor people by providing access to improved sanitation and affordable housing.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
▪ To study the history and evolution of slum.
▪ To study the need of redevelopment of slum dwellings and give better living standards, amenities and creating a well suited
environment for people to live and work in the slum.
▪ To study the various type of characteristics and problems faced by the slum dwellers.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
▪ While understanding the concept of slum dwellings , the scope and application is limited to Indian context.
▪ The purpose of the study is to understand the importance of redevelopment of slum dwellings, two case study would be taken
in place one literature case study ( Dharavi) and second is live case study ( potters village, Delhi).
2

11. CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION
1.6 METHODOLOGY
Collecting data from different resources.
Structuring the data according to research.
Introduction and historical background from literature studies.
Studying and understanding the different data.
Conducting case studies, both literature and live.
Analysing the data collected from various case studies.
Tacking with the problems and coming up with suggestive measures.
Concluding hypothesis on the basis of research and analysis.
3

12. 2. slum

13. CHAPTER- 2 SLUM
2.1 WHAT IS SLUM ?
A slum as defined by the united nations agency UN- HABITAT, is rundown area of a city characterized by
substandard housing and squatter and lacking in tenure security.
According to UN more than one billion people live in slum.
The term has traditionally referred to having areas that were once respectable but which deteriorated as the
original dwellers moved on to newer and better part of the city, but has come to include the vast informal
settlement found in cities in the developing world.
4

14. CHAPTER- 2 SLUM
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS
▪ Not permanent or durable house.
▪ Insufficient living space.
▪ No easy access to safe water.
▪ No access to proper sanitation.
▪ Lack of security of property and life.
▪ Built according to possibilities
▪ Simple Construction techniques
▪ Simple Construction techniques
▪ Low rise and high density
▪ Simple Sizing of Interiors space
CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUM DWELLINGS
5

15. CHAPTER- 2 SLUM
2.3 HISTORY
1845 (public health act)
▪ The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist authors such as Charles dickens – most famously Oliver twist
(1837-9), which soon found legal expression in the public health act of 1848.
19th & 20th century
▪ Slum were widespread in Paris and other urban areas like united states Europe and London’s east end in end of 19th century.
1896(a child of the jago)
▪ As the slum clearance movement gathered pace, deprived areas such as old Nichol were fictionalized to raise awareness in the
middle classes in the form of moralist novels such as a child of the jago (1896) resulting in slum clearance.
1893-1900 (boundary estate)
▪ reconstruction programmers such as the exemplary boundary estate were started and the creation of charitable trusts such as
the Peabody trust founded in 1862.
6

16. CHAPTER- 2 SLUM
2.3 HISTORY
1960 (war on poverty)
▪ Most of these slums had been ignored by the cities and states which encompassed them until the 1960s’ war on poverty was
undertaken by the Federal government of the United States.
1947 India
▪ Before India’s independence, the national birth and mortality rates were at the same pace. Due to the dramatic rise of slums after
India’s independence in 1947, its population has tripled.
1980 Slum increasing
constantly
▪ By 1980, slum-dwellers were half of India’s entire population. Slum-dwellers constantly deal with issues such as: lack of clean
water, constant migration, no sewage or waste facilities, pollution, and unsanitary living conditions.
1945(after world war 2)
▪ After World War II, French people started mass migration from rural to urban areas of France. This demographic and economic
trend rapidly raised rents of existing housing as well as expanded slums.
7

17. CHAPTER- 2 SLUM
2.4 CURRENT SUITATION OF SLUM
On the basis of hygiene, affordability, maintenance are the
following-
• Open Drainage and disposal of waste water
• Maintenance of the drainage system.
• Garbage and waste disposal
.• Cost of fuel for cooking is so high they can’t afford that
• No Access To Health Facilities.
• Polluted Environment .
.• Small And Congested Work Places.
• 9-12 Person Live In 1 Slum Room Or House
• No Proper Education Facilities
• No Proper Drinking Water Facilities
8

18. 2.5 MATERIAL
Material used by slum dwellers for constructions of house are :
TIN SHEET
▪ Multiple layers of materials.
▪ different size of units.
PLASTIC COVERING
▪ Weak joinery .
▪ Poor ventilation.
KITCHEN SLAB
▪ Waste marble or granite.
Brick Wall
▪ Use Of Locally Available And Recycled Materials.
▪ Unplastered Brick Wall.
▪ Poor Structure Stability.
FLOORING, STORAGE & LIGHTING
▪ Poor natural lighting.
▪ Lofts are made for storage .
▪ No foundation.
▪ Concrete and reused tile flooring.
LADDER
▪ Require maintenance.
▪ Low plinth allow water logging.
CHAPTER- 2 SLUM9

19. 3. SCHEMES PROVIDED BY GOVT.

20. 3.1 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA
▪ Welfare housing scheme intended to provide housing to all.
▪ Two crore houses to be set up across the country by 2022.
▪ Infrastructure upgradation in 500 cities.
▪ Special considerations for senior citizens, women and SC/ST in the allotment process.
▪ This scheme is converged with other schemes to ensure houses have a toilet, Saubhagya Yojana electricity
connection, Ujjwala Yojana LPG gas connection, access to drinking water and Jan Dhan banking facilities, etc.
CHAPTER- 3 SCHEMES PROVIDED BY GOVT.10

21. 3.1 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA
▪ The govt. has launched a new scheme “ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana “- “ housing for all [ urban] “ mission, which will be
implemented during 2015- 2022
New and resale purchase of home
[ carpet are enclosed with in walls ]
construction Extension or improvement
of Room , kitchen etc.
For EWS or LIG
➢ Mandatory female property owner
➢ Lender may inform you in case of
exception.
➢ Applicant should be first buyer and
should not have a pakka house
Document required for
this scheme
➢ KYC document and photograph
➢ Aadhaar card is mandatory
➢ Salary slip or certified & updated bank statement
for salaried applicants
➢ Income tax return of last two years & bank
statement for self employed applicants
➢ Self certified / affidavit as proof of income
➢ Customer declaration undertaking
➢ Additional application form
CHAPTER- 3 SCHEMES PROVIDED BY GOVT.11

22. 4. LITERATURE CASE STUDY

23. People don’t come to cities in search of housing,
they come in search of jobs
- Charles correa

24. CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY
4.1 DHARAVI
▪ founded in 1883 during the British colonial era
▪ It is one of the largest slum dwelling region in the Asia.
▪ Dharavi is located b/w Mumbai’s two main suburban railway lines , the western and central railways.
▪ Dharavi provides a cheap and affordable option to those who move to Mumbai to earn their living.
▪ It is centrally located in Mumbai.
▪ It lies exactly b/w mahim in west and sion in east.
▪ At the north of dharavi , lies mithi river which flows into the Arabian sea.
▪ DHARAVI COMES UNDER THE ZONE 5 , CENTRAL REGION.
12

25. 4.2 ECONOMIC DATA
Problem of slum
✓ BUILDING- unsafe, no proper openings , disorganised .
✓ STREETS – occupied with human or objects , narrow , unclean , unpaved .
✓ SERVICES- no proper services like water , electricity , drainage etc.
✓ ENVIRONMENT – polluted, less plants , less sunlight etc.
Greater Mumbai area
468 sq. km.
Slum area 21 sq. km.
Greater Mumbai population
12 million
Slum population 6.5 million
4.3 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
▪ This place generate whopping revenue of more than 650 million dollars one million dollars each day.
▪ Many movies have depicted dharavi or were shot here . Like slumdog millionaire , bhootnath return etc.
▪ 85% of people have a job in the slum and work locally.
▪ Dharavi exports good all around the world.
▪ The dharavi has different type of business like pottery , textile, recycling factories and some single room factories .
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY13

26. Recycling industries –
• dharavi has the most
polluting industries such as
plastic melting , steel and
rubber and it also consist of
non- polluting work such as
textile, food factories and
pottery etc.
• It recycle about 80% of
Mumbai’s plastic waste .
• The recycling industry
employs thousand of
residents in dharavi.
Leather manufacturing and
textile industries
• the biggest business in
dharavi is leather
manufacturing .
• People from Uttar
Pradesh work in textile
industry .
• These factorise tend to be
small spaces with lack of
light and ventilation .
• Products of these
factorise are exported
globally.
Kumbharwada [pottery
industry ]
• This industry is the one
of the long standing
industry in dharavi.
• The kumbhars [
potters] in dharavi are
mostly Guajarati’s.
• The small houses are
build of multiple layers
with ladders , lofts ,
small openings in order
to create work space in
living quarters .
Food factories –
• Dharavi has a big food
business of
manufacturing chiki,
channa, chakli, papad,
bread, bun and Mysore
pak.
• It is home based
industries runed by
womens initially .
• Lijjat papad 50
organisation are set up in
dharavi.
▪ Dharavi is divided into commercial and residential area with a combined population.
▪ There are about approx. 20,000 small scale industries.
▪ There are many type of small and big business in dharavi like plastic , steel , rubber , etc. recycling industries , food factories ,
leather manufacturing , pottery making and etc.
4.4 COMMERCIAL AREA
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY14

27. 4.5 SOCIO CULTURAL SCENARIO
▪ Dharavi is also known as mini India , as it is multi- religious and multi-ethnic
culture.
▪ The slum has numerous mosques, temples and churches to serve people of Islam ,
Hindu and Christian faiths .
▪ People migrate from all over India travelled to Mumbai and settled in dharavi.
▪ Those from the western part state of gujarat set up a pottery colony known as
kumbharwada.
▪ Clothing embroiders came from the northern state of Uttar Pradesh and leather
tanners from south state of Tamil Nadu.
▪ Dharavi is the hub of informal economy, most residents have job within the slum.
▪ As more people come to Mumbai to earn a living, they bring their traditions and
culture with them .
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY15

28. Total area
520 acres.
Slum population
6.5 millions
Average household 9-12
Earning member 6-7
Average unit area. 15sq.m.
4.6 FACTS
4.7 CURRENT SCENARIO
• Narrow spaces
• Highly dense
• No proper ventilation3
• Low rise & not durable
• Use of local available material
• Air & noise pollution
• Bad living condition
• Self built
• Unhygienic
• No sanitation facilities
• Compact space
• No proper services available
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY16
DHARAVI

29. ▪ They have been many plan since 1997 to redevelop dharavi.
▪ In 2004 , the cost for redevelopment of slum was estimated to be ₹
5000 cr.
▪ The companies around the world bid for redevelopment of dharavi
like Lehman brothers , Dubai's limitless etc.
▪ The latest urban redevelopment plan proposed for dharavi is managed
by Mukesh Mehta [ American trained architect ].
▪ The plan involves the construction of school, roads , park,
residential and commercial space for more than 57000 families.
▪ There has been significant local opposition to the plans , because of
they have fear that some of their small business in the ‘informal
sector’ may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan.
▪ The govt. has said that they will only legalize and relocate industries
that are not ‘polluting’.
4.8 REDEVELOPMENT PALN OF DHARAVI
ARCHITECT - Mr. Mukesh Mehta
on February 4, 2004
-Proposed by govt.
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY17

30. 5. KHUMBHARWADA

31. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
▪ Kumbharwada (Kumbhar means potter & wada means settlement) .
▪ It is the potters colony in dharavi, Mumbai.
▪ Originally located in Southern Bombay , potters families had to relocate multiple times as the
city grew until they resettle in dharavi .
▪ It occupies 22 acre of land that houses around 1400- 1500 families.
▪ The potters are mostly Guajarati's migrated from Gujarat and others are Muslim’s &
Marathi’s .
▪ It is one of the oldest settlement of potters in dharavi.
▪ Navratri is mainly observed by the Gujarati’s and most of the potters in kumbharwada is
Gujarati’s.
▪ In kumbharwada they dance around the kilns in open space.
▪ Potters wait for Navratri , Diwali and new year because this the time when they can earn
extra money.
▪ Festivals are celebrated around the kilns.
5.2 CULTURAL SCENARIO
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY18

32. ▪ Kumbharwada is made up of four lanes, dotted with over 120 kilns, with houses and
workshops crowded around them.
▪ Streets in kumbharwada are dense and dark full of smoke .
▪ Kumbharwada has front and back open space which is
converted into clay storage , pottery making and drying area .
▪ The kumbharwada have some permanent and temporary settlements .
▪ Kumbharwada have open spaces used by potters to burn the pots in kilns , making pots
and drying them in sun.
5.3 URBAN FABRIC
5.3 PLANNING
▪ The external road or main roads have the shops for selling there products.
▪ These kholis are mostly two stories , ground is used for working and storage
space and 1st is used for living.
▪ The internal street or back streets are multi- function area used as-
- Storage
- Drying pottery
- Kilns
- Festivals celebration etc.
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY19

33. External shop front. Living + working space
and storage space too
Internal street with kilns.
5.3 PLANNING
▪ The ground floor of the houses are generally built with brick and tin
sheet cladding.
▪ Open area is converted in storage space .
▪ Houses are generally made of 3rd and 4th class brick .
▪ Potters don’t maintain there houses.
▪ Concrete flooring and have wall with shelves.
▪ Upper stories are built with either wooden or steel frames and clad
with tin or cement sheets.
5.4 MATERIALS
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY20

34. ▪ One of the common problem faced by potters is Walls of houses around the kiln are
continuous covered with thick soot.
▪ life in Kumbharwada is challenging because basic amenities are absent
- lack of street drainage,
-never ending thick smoke from kilns,
-dicey community toilets,
-no proper ventilation
- no access to clean drinking water etc.
▪ no proper space for working , living and storage of
raw materials and finished products .
5.6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY21
thick soot
street drainage
no proper space
thick smoke from kilns
no proper ventilation

35. PROBLEM OBSERVATION ANAYLSIS POSSIBLE
SOLUTION
• Slum dwellers use public
toilets , local rivers.
• Almost 1500 people
share 1 toilet , its
unhygienic to use one
toilet among 1500
people.
• As per the standard:
Above 100 persons
require: 8, plus 1 WC and
washbasin for every unit .
• More public toilet can be
build.
• Dharavi is very polluted
area. It face a lot of
problem like noise ,air
and water pollution.
These pollution affect the
health of the people.
• The main problem is
kilns location in
kumbharwada , but kilns
can also not be located
far away because
carrying potter can be a
problem so kilns are
located near there homes.
• Smoke proof kilns can be
used.
• It has no proper sewage
and drainage system .
Next to the sewage are
water pipes, which can
crack and take in sewage
.
• Dharavi slum is built
around this water pipe .
This settlement is not
planned i.e. there is no
proper sewage and
drainage system.
• Proper sewage and
drainage system can be
planned.
5.6 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
NOTE - These problem exist because those people aren’t living on their own property and Because it is poor piece of land so, the govt. is
trying to redevelop the area, this cause many problem and issues to the people such as poverty and hunger.
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY22

36. PROBLEM OBSERVATION ANAYLSIS POSSIBLE
SOLUTION
• Monsoon flooding is the
main disaster that occur in
dharavi , as it is near mithi
river and open sewage and
naalis.
• The analysis of the
problem is that the plinth
level of the houses is not
much raised so it allows
the water to come in the
habitat.
• In suggestion to this
disaster the plinth level of
the houses can be
increased so it doesn’t
allow the water to come in
side the house.
• All the above issues lead
to bad environmental
conditions and cause
diseases like asthma , eye
problems , typhoid etc.
• In Dharavi there is one
Municipal Hospital, one
Municipal Maternity
Home, 10 Municipal
Dispensaries.
• There public health
facilities are not enough ,
there are some private
hospitals near dharavi but
many people can’t afford
them.
• More hospital and clinic can
be open and make people
more aware about the
disease. And regular health
camps should be
undertaken.
• Any solid material
become building material
in dharavi. These units are
not constructed to set
standards.
• These units not durable
and require regular
maintenance
• Because of this the
dharavi has heterogeneous
nature .
• There should be a proper
standards or rules for slum
dwellings , which must be
followed by all the dwellers.
5.6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE CASE STUDY23

37. 6. LIVE CASE STUDY

38. POTTERS VILLAGE
UTTAM NAGAR EAST

39. ▪ potters village is located in uttam nagar east.
▪ It is nearest to the uttam nagar east metro station.
▪ As you enter in this area you will start feeling you have entered
in some unhygienic , narrow , clustered area.
▪ When you enter the potters village you will see potters shop [
commercial area] first and go along with the street then will the
residence and kilns [ residential area ].
▪ Potters village b/w Najafgarh drain and Dwarka sector 2.
▪ It is located on the out skites of Delhi .
Potters village, Bindapur , Delhi 110059
6.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SCENARIO
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY24

40. 6.2 MASTER PLAN
▪ Delhi is divided into 15 zones.
▪ Bindapur village in which potters village is located
come under ZONE K-2 [approved 2010].
▪ And b/w 13 -14 undeveloped village area.
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY25

41. 6.3 INTRODUCTION
• Pottery in Indian Villages is one of the most ancient
and popular art forms of Indian village. Pottery is
still practiced in most of the Indian villages.
• Kumbhar village or potters village is two rustic or
old fashioned and non-commercial village in out
skirts of West Delhi.
• It is home for 800 families.
• Migrated in search of good business opportunities.
• Migrated from Rajasthan [ Alwar ], UP, Haryana.
• Potters village was set up in 1970’s.
• Pottery for them is not only their livelihood , it is a
way of life
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY26

42. 6.4 URBAN FABRIC
▪ Urban fabric of potters villages represents
history of communities in its habits.
▪ It has developed over generations but need more
development.
▪ Pottery shops are on the main road , as you come
in narrow streets you will see their residence +
working space.
▪ These narrow streets are lined with two to three
storey structure that are work space on street
level and residential too.
▪ most of the houses have terrace kilns and terrace
is often use as storage space.
▪ The street contain storage for raw material and
also used for casual meetings.
▪ There is no large open space for social
gatherings, sports and festivals celebration etc.
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY27

43. 6.5 OBSERVATION
▪ Some houses planning is inspired from the raj mahals, the
courtyard spaces .
▪ Generally it is multi- functional room, used as living cum
working space.
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY28
▪ With small openings for light and ventilation.
▪ Exposed brick wall is gives you the rustic look.
▪ Rust mental railings and doors.
▪ Iron beams and tin roofing.

44. 6.5 OBSERVATION
▪ Owing to environment & pollution norms, the area’s
potters have different working hours.
▪ The kilns are operated at night to bake pots . Because
baking pots during the day time exhaust them.
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY29
▪ Mostly kilns are made of-
MUD PLASTER
BRICK
▪ Mostly Bhatti’s or kilns are on the terrace or the entrance of the house

45. CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY
6.5 OBSERVATION
▪ Window in basement for ventilation and light.
▪ SMALL WINDOW
The interiors of the building is protected by almost blank
wall with small openings from dust.
▪ Houses are raised from road level.
▪ Mostly exterior of building are pink and yellow colour
gives you the essence of vernacular Rajasthani architecture.
▪ The heat inside of the building is controlled by the use of
texture surface in façade of building.
▪ They store clay or mud on roads as they don’t have proper
space for storage.
30

46. PROBLEM OBSERVATION ANAYLSIS POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
• They have there toilets in
there house.
• Almost 25 people share 1
toilet, its unhygienic but
potters village have
better sanitation facilities
than dharavi.
• As per the standards:
Above 25 persons require:
5 WC and washbasin for
every unit .
One toilet should be used by 5
people max. and min. 3
according to standards
• More public toilet can be
build.
• Major problem of this
area is the smoke that
arises out of burning
kilns . This cause air
pollution and thus health
related problem.
• The main problem is
kilns are located on
terrace. So the location
kilns should not be on
the terrace.
• Solution to this problem
is that potters should me
encourage to use smoke
free kilns.
• kilns should be located in
open space and one kilns
should be shared among
10 units or less than that.
• The sewage line are
blocked by the clay and
mud , as mud and clay
are stored on the roads
near sewage lines in
monsoon reason this
sewage lines are blocked
and it cause water
logging.
• This problem arises
because of choking of
clay . So, the should not
be stored on the road .
• Different space should be
provided for the storage
of raw materials .
6.6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY31

47. PROBLEM OBSERVATION ANAYLSIS POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
• The main disaster take
place is fire due to kilns
because they are located
either on terrace or in
entrance .
• The blockage of sewage
lines can also allow the
water logging.
• The analysis of the
problem is that the plinth
level of the houses is not
much raised so it allows
the water to come in the
habitat.
• The problem can be
solved by giving higher
plinth level . And not
storing raw materials on
roads.
• The main health issue is
cause due to air pollution
and storing water for clay
making process allow
insects to breed , this also
cause illness.
• There are no proper
hospitals near potters
village , there are small
clinic and chemist shops.
• More hospital and clinic
can be open and make
people more aware about
the disease. And regular
health camps should be
undertaken.
• The houses in potters
village are paka houses
but are small because they
require storage and clay
making space .so they
require more working
space.
• Smalling openings are
given for ventilation .
• Houses are inspired from
vernacular Rajasthani
architecture.
• The houses should be fire
proof as kilns are located
on the terrace and it can
cause fire.
• The solution to the
problem is that houses
can be made of fire
retardant material or may
be change the location of
kilns.
6.6 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
CHAPTER- 6 LIVE CASE STUDY32

48. 7. RECYCLED MATERIAL
&
ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES

49. 7.1 RECYCLED MATERIALS
CHAPTER- 7 RECYCLED MATERIALS33
RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
BINDING MATERAIL
▪ It’s a lower density, elastic modulus, strength and a
higher water absorption capacity.
▪ Recycled aggregate has a proportional mortar which
attached to aggregate, it gives a higher porosity and a
lower strength.
▪ It requires more water than natural aggregate.
PROPERTIES
▪ Less specific gravity.
▪ High water absorption.
▪ Less bulk density.
▪ Relatively less compressive strength.
▪ Less modulus of elasticity of 15% from natural aggregate.
▪ Flexural strength(0.95-7.2MPa).
▪ Splitting tensile strength (0.3-3.1MPa).
DEMERITS
▪ Decrease in strength &modulus.
▪ Greater moisture shrinkage potential.
▪ Higher absorption capacity from 3%-9%.
▪ Reduced workability
▪ Low bulk specific gravity.
MERITS
▪ Keeping concrete debris out of landfills saves landfill
spaces.
▪ Using recycled material as gravel reduces the need for
gravel mining.
▪ Using recycled concrete as the base material for
roadways reduces the pollution involved in trucking
material.

50. CHAPTER- 7 RECYCLED MATERIALS34
RECYCLED WOOD WALLS
▪ Wood recycling is the process of turning waste timber into
usable products.
▪ Recycled wood is also know as Reclaimed wood.
▪ Reclaimed wood is any wood used for building or furniture
that’s already served a purpose in a previous life.
PROPERTIES
▪ Reclaimed wood is popular for many reasons: the wood's
unique appearance, its contribution to green building.
▪ The wood's physical characteristics such as strength,
stability and durability.
DEMERITS
▪ The trade in recycled timber is not well-established
everywhere.
MERITS
▪ An environmentally friendly product.
7.1 RECYCLED MATERIALS
▪ Recycled wood can be used after treatment like polish or
paints.
▪ Different forms of wood can used like battens, boards, MDF
etc. for partition wall, furniture.

51. CHAPTER- 7 RECYCLED MATERIALS35
MOSAIC TILE FLOORING
▪ A mosaic is a decorative design or work of art made up of
small materials (such as pieces of stone or glass) arranged
to create a pattern or image.
▪ Mosaic patterns vary greatly, featuring a multitude of
different materials, colors, and tile shapes
▪ mosaics consist of tiny, flat, square and colored glass or
stone pieces called tesserae.
PROPERTIES
▪ can be use them on the kitchen, bathroom or bedroom
floors.
▪ It uses less energy consumption to make a tile out of
glass compared to other traditional tiles.
▪ Replacing a shattered mosaic tile with a new one is also
easy, because of its disintegrated sizes.
DEMERITS
▪ Slippery.
▪ Mosaic tiles is that small size makes them fragile.
▪ Sharp objects will often scratch or crack the floor.
MERITS
▪ Versatile and flexible in designs.Easy to clean.
▪ Green products.
▪ Mosaic tiles are durable and easy to maintain.
▪ environmentally sustainable.
▪ cheaper to install.
7.1 RECYCLED MATERIALS

52. CHAPTER- 7 RECYCLED MATERIALS36
WASTE EARTHEN POTS INSULATION
MATERIAL
▪ Earthen pots are made of clay and other ceramic
materials, which are fired to give them a hard, durable
form.
▪ the same material are called terracotta.
▪ They are handmade and unglazed pots.
▪ Darker-colored terracotta earthenware, typically orange
or red due to a comparatively high content of iron oxide.
PROPERTIES
▪ Capillary action causes water to evaporate from the mini-
pores in the pot, taking the heat from the water inside,
thus making the water inside cooler than the outside
temperature.
▪ Heat conduction through a materials can be lowered by
using earthen pots.
DEMERITS
▪ It can crack and deteriorate quickly if left unsealed.
▪ The material is very porous and can absorb moisture
quickly.
MERITS
▪ Earthenware has lower mechanical strength.
▪ Due to its porosity, earthenware, with a water absorption
of 5-8%.
▪ Gives thermal comfort in interiors.
▪ It can be used in construction for insulation
purpose, especially suited to the climate of the India.
▪ Reduction in electricity bills due to lesser cooling
requirement
7.2 RECYCLED MATERIAL & ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES

53. CHAPTER- 7 ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES37
EXCAVATION OF SOLI
▪ Excavation work generally means work involving the
removal of soil or rock from a site to form an open face,
hole or cavity using tools, machinery or explosives.
7.3 ECO- FRIENDLY TECHNIQUES.
DEMERITS
▪ Interruption or damage to underground services such as
gas, water, sewerage, telecommunications, electricity,
chemicals, fuel and refrigerant in pipes or lines.
▪ Vibration and noise related injuries
▪ Skill worker required.
MERITS
▪ Green products. .
▪ environmentally sustainable.
▪ Economical
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
▪ Rainwater harvesting will improve water supply, food
production, and ultimately food security.
▪ Water insecure households or individuals in rural areas
will benefit the most from rainwater harvesting systems.
▪ Since rainwater harvesting leads to water supply which
leads to food security, this will greatly contribute to
income generation.
DEMERITS
▪ Starting cost is high
▪ Storage limit.
MERITS
▪ Reduce soil erosion and flood.
▪ Lower water bills.
▪ environmentally sustainable.

54. 8. DESIGN PROCESS

55. SMALL
HOUSE
[ space
planning ]
Recycled
materials
[ materials ]
Low income housing
[ easy to afford &
maintain & energy
efficient ]
PROPOSED CONCEPT
+
Main floor mezzanine floor
Interior view
Small house
• is the living simply in small house.
• Small houses are less expensive, less
maintenance and repair cost.
Recycled materials-
• Recycling means converting waste into
reusable materials.
• we can use the waste material which is
generated by the recycling industries in
the dharavi.
• Like plastic pipes, car tyres , metals
,bamboo etc.
• Main floor can be used
for work and storage.
• Mezzanine floor can be
used for living space.
• And terrace can be the
additional space for
storage and drying
pottery.
+
=
Low income house
• is the house which is easily affordable to
weaker section of society and easy to
maintain.
8.1 BASIC PLANNING
CHAPTER- 8 DESIGN PROCESS38

56. CHAPTER- 8 DESIGN PROCESS39
8.2 SITE ANAYLSIS
8.3 IDEATION
▪ Spread over 13 acres.
▪ 120 kilns are fired up.
Main road with small shops
▪ 5000 potters families.
▪ Made up of five lanes.
KUMBHARWADA, DHARAVI
Potters village,
Bindapur ,
Delhi 110059
POTTERS VILLAGE, UTTAM NAGAR EAST
▪ 5000-8000 potters
families.
▪ Near uttam nagar east
metro station.
▪ 200 kilns are located.
▪ Shops are located
inside narrow lanes
What potters do the most ?
?
POTTERY
▪ Inspired from earthen pot.
▪ Turn is upside down.
▪ Try out different shapes forms.
▪ Material.

57. 40
8.4 CONCEPT
EARTHEN POTS
▪ Matki ( or matka) is
Hindustani word used for an
earthen pots
▪ It is used as a home water
storage cooler.
▪ Terracotta material
▪ porous
▪ In the design the figurative form of earthen pot has
being embossed.
▪ The pots are turn upside down cut into half (shape
like hemisphere).
▪ The intersection b/w two hemisphere or dome is
used as entrance and this intersection keep the
living and working area separate.
LIVING + WORKING
▪ The point of giving living and working space
different space is first privacy & second is
keeping living area clean and hygienic.
Recycled concrete
Mosaic flooring
Terracotta insulation
Entrance
PLANNING
LAYOUT
▪ To give the dome shape and affordable option
Binishells technique is suggested.
▪ Binishells technique is quick affordable
option for dwelling.
▪ Recycled concrete used as binding material
and waste terracotta pots are used for
insulation.
CHAPTER- 8 DESIGN PROCESS

58. 41
8.5 CONCEPT
▪ Mezzanine floor is suggested for extra space.
▪ The total height of dwelling is 15’.
▪ Smalling opening are also suggested.
▪ For windows skylight is given but
▪ The placement of skylight depend up on the sun direction.
▪ Every dwelling has different placement for the skylight.
▪ One have to study sunpath diagram of the area for
building a dwelling. Open space
Rain water
harvesting
Dwellings
Rain water
harvestingMulti – purpose
area
Green area
SECTION URBAN PLANNING
6 dwelling = block A
▪ Block A use one smoke free kiln for firing up the
pots.
▪ Between two dwelling there is a open space for
making pots etc.
▪ It can be used a multi purpose area.
▪ Every 6 unit or dwelling use one smoke free kiln.
▪ Rain water harvesting tanks are placed in parks
and parking both.
▪ More green spaces.
CHAPTER- 8 DESIGN PROCESS

59. ▪ Are reinforced concrete thin-shell structures that are lifted &
shaped by air pressure.
▪ Binishells can be formed into an infinite variety of shapes,
they can be used to build anything from schools, to offices,
to low-cost housing, to emergency shelters and everything in
between.
▪ Binishells can be built on any site.
▪ Open interior plans enable them to be used the space in
different manner.
▪ Binishells can incorporate all the ducting , venting, piping
and conducting .
▪ Binishells can minimise on site waste .
This is because their buildings are made of reinforced
concrete ,no other material are used.
▪ Binishells can be easily designed to provide high
performance building at affordable costs.
▪ The efficient use of materials and structural system , make
Binishells stronger both symmetrical loading and
asymmetrical loading.
8.6 BINISHELLS
CHAPTER- 8 DESIGN PROCESS42

60. 8.7 ADVANTAAGES & DISADVANTAGES
COST
– less material (all locally sourced)
– less labor (all locally sourced)
– less construction time.
SPEED
– reduces overall construction speed
– three times faster than construction
FLEXIBILITY
– built in an infinite no. of shapes & sizes
– allows total interior flexibility.
– no load bearing walls or columns
+ = LESS
COST
LESS MATERIAL LESS LABOUR
+ =
+ =
AIR PRESSURE APPLICATION
ANY SHAPE NO INTERIOR STRUCTURE
SPEED
FLEXIBILITY
A
D
V
A
N
T
A
G
E
S
D
I
S
A
D
V
A
N
T
A
G
E
S
=
LESS
COST
LESS MATERIAL LESS LABOUR
+ =
+
SPEED
FLEXIBILITY
=
ENGINEERING
-Only specially trained construction crews.
-Using the modern techniques.
-Wasted space in narrow corners.
-Lack of seams.
ENGINEERING
RENOVATION
-difficult because of its unconventional appearance.RENOVATION
CHAPTER- 8 DESIGN PROCESS43

61. 9. SUGGESTIVE MEASURE

62. Smoke free kilns :
▪ Now , Dharavi Kumbharwada using the Advance Pottery smoke free kilns to control
the Smoke & Pollution compare to the old Mud Bhatti.
▪ These type of kilns should be used by all the potters as it does not harm the environment
.
▪ Every 10 unit should have one kilns and should be used by turn by turn .
▪ These type of kilns require initial cost , funds can be raised for these kind of kilns to
promote them.
Chimney kilns :
▪ this idea of chimney kilns was developed by Urbz company .
▪ consists an exhaust fan placed in the center to accumulate the smoke in an upward
direction. And with the help of 5 meter long chimney, the smoke is directly sent
upwards not allowing it to spread.
9.1 KILNS
CHAPTER- 9 SUGGEESTIVE MEASURE44

63. 9.2 SUGGESTIONS
WALL WITH SHELVES
▪ can be used for storage and display
unit.
▪ Its can solve the purpose of
storage.
▪ The empty wall can to turn into
great storage and display of there
products.
SKY LIGHT WINDOW
▪ The purpose of providing
skylight is allowing daylight
to enter.
▪ These type of windows can
provided on roof on the
staircase mumty top.
ECO- COOLER
▪ Eco- cooler works like fan , creating
ventilation.
▪ It works without electricity and
reduce temp. up to 5˚C.
▪ It is created using waste materials
like plastic bottles and cardboard
box.
▪ It work exactly like air conditioners.
▪ It cheap and easy to make .
▪ It is eco- friendly and reduce
electricity bills.
CHAPTER- 9 SUGGEESTIVE MEASURE45

64. CONCLUSION46
CONCULSION
▪ Designing dwelling which is
affordable , easy to maintain and
hygienic by using recycled
material and eco- friendly
techniques.
▪ The majority of population lives in slum. ▪ The framework presented in this dissertation is what problem are
facing by the dwellers & what are the current living conditions.
▪ By using recycled material and
eco-friendly techniques sustainable
practice is achieved .
▪ Hence, hypothesis is justified.
▪ By redeveloping the
dwellings will solve
there problem and
will improve their
living standards &
provide them better
quality of life.
HYPOTHESIS:
AFFORDABILITY, MAINTENANCE, HYGIENE COULD BE ACHIEVED
BY SUSTAINABLE PRACTICE FOR REDEVELOPING SLUM
DWELLINGS.
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5

65. ▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum
▪ https://greentree.global/blog/cool-roof-technology/
▪ https://www.washroomcubicles.co.uk/how-many-toilets-do-you-need/
▪ https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/dharavi-masterplan/
▪ https://sites.google.com/site/livingconditionsinindianslums/introduction-to-sl/environment/brief-history
▪ http://blog.guidetrip.com/potters-colony-delhi/
BIBLOGRAPHY47
BIBLOGRAPHY