06UCL_NeedAssessment_SlumHomes

NEED ASSESSMENT: SLUM HOMES
SETTING UP A MODEL TENT IN TUBURAHALLI SLUM
1

16-20
8-15
3
4-7
CONTENTS
BACKGROUND
SLUM HOUSING: AN OVERVIEW
An Overview
Types of Slums
Focus: Bengaluru
CASE STUDIES
Krishnappa slums
Yelahanka 4th phase
Jai prakash colony
Lingrajpuram
Pai layout
CONSTRUCTING THE SLUM HOME
Tuburahalli – an overview
General observations
Path forward
The construction process
21-35
2
RESERCH
Systems
Material
36-38
39-43
CONCEPTS AND IDEAS
Ventilation
Storage
MODIFICATIONS
Natural light
Chimney
Ventilation
Door
44-45NEXT STEPS

OBJECTIVES
• CASE STUDIES - To understand slum housing and various
adaptations and innovations done by slum dwellers
• CONSTRUCT A SLUM HOME – To get an understanding of
the finances, materials they use, their construction
techniques, lifestyle, layout plan, issues they face, etc.
• VALUE ADD’S - Using materials found locally within the
stipulated budget, making modifications to the existing slum
home
ABOUT THE PROJECT
India is urbanizing rapidly and along with this, the slum
population is also increasing. One of the ways of identifying a
slum is the distinct housing. Creating a basic shelter is a skill
that they have developed naturally, but its modification into a
comfortable home is seldom done due to various factors.
This project was done in collaboration with 5 students from
Srishti School of Art and Design.
BACKGROUND
ABOUT THE PROJECT
3

HOUSING: A PRIMARY NEED
An estimated 25% of urban population still subsists on
incomes that are below poverty line. 80% of these earnings go
towards food and energy, leaving very little for meeting costs
of living in an increasingly monetized society. The majority
then end up living in slums and squatter settlements in
inhuman conditions that deny dignity, shelter, security, right
to basic amenities, ill-health, etc.
As the percentage of urban households in the next two decades
will rise from the present 28% to 50% of the country’s
population, we can expect that slums will grow at an even
faster rate.
SLUM: THE DEFINITION
As defined by the NSSO:
“A slum is a compact settlement of atleast 20 households
with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of
temporary nature, crowded together usually with
inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in
unhygienic conditions.”
URBANISATION AND SLUMS
Sources:
Report of committee on Slum statistics/Census by GOI MHUPA
SLUMS–ANOVERVIEW
Census of India 2011
Increasing urbanization as emerging as the most prevalent and
dominant challenge in India today. With our cities becoming
centers of agglomeration economies, investments, technology,
innovation, economic growth and tertiary jobs, they now house
the hopes of millions of migrants from rural India.
Our cities are now increasingly facing the negatives of rapid
urbanization, such as polarization of population in large cities,
high density, slums and squatter settlements, acute shortage of
housing and basic civic amenities, degradation of environment,
traffic congestion, pollution, poverty, unemployment, crime
and social unrest.
INDICATOR NUMBER
Number of Slum Households (in lakh)
Total (Slum) 137
Slum in Million Plus Cities 52
Slum in other Cities 85
Number of Slum Households (in %)
Slum in Million Plus Cities 38.1
Slum in other Cities 61.9
5

TYPES OF SLUMS (CLASSIFICATION)
SLUMS–TYPESOFSLUMS
Sources:
Typology of Slums and Land Tenure in Indian Cities by Prof.(Dr.) Neelima Risbud (Co-ordinator In-charge, National Resource Centre on Urban Poverty - Est. by Ministry of
Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, GOI. School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi)
6

SLUMS IN BANGALORE
According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by
Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore has 862 slums
from total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka. It is estimated
that about 20% of Bangalore population reside in urban slums.
The families living in the slum are not ready to move into the
temporary shelters. 42% of the households migrated from
different parts of India and 43% of the households had
remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka
Municipality, works to shift 300 families annually to newly
constructed buildings. One third of these slum clearance
projects lack basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers
lack complete water supply lines and share BWSSB water
supply.
FOCUS:BENGALURU
Source:
• "Major Slum Areas in Top Ten Cities of India". WalkThroughIndia. 13 July 2010.
Retrieved 22 October 2012.
• Teja, Bhanu. "Slum dwellers rehoused Bangalore – The SoftCopy". Iijnm.org. Retrieved
22 October 2012.
• "Water India Slums". India Sanitation Portal. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
• "Slum Dwellers Illegally Tap Board of Water Supply Bangalore's Supply".
Youthkiawaaz.com. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
• "All India figures at a glance" (PDF). Department of Economics and Statistics,
Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 1 November 2010.[dead
link]http://www.webcitation.org/5hhoB0jVy
SLUM POPULATION IN BANGALORE (10%)
OWNERSHIP OF NOTIFIED SLUMS
DISTRIBUTION OF RECOGNIZED SLUMS IN BANGALORE
SUBURB
NO. OF
SLUMS
NO. OF
HUTS
POPULATION
Gandhinagar 12 1901 9925
Chikkapete 6 1343 6956
Binnypete 13 1533 9105
Chamarajpete 22 5034 26439
Shantinagar 6 1233 6795
Basavanagadi 7 1276 5985
Yelahanka 13 3297 18696
Jayamahal 16 2096 13111
Malleswaram 24 4401 25233
Bharatinagar 20 1794 11166
Shivajinagar 1 60 350
Jayanagar 24 7302 42426
Rajajinagar 10 1866 13677
Varthur 23 5916 24468
Uttarahalli 34 14758 83020
TOTAL 231 53810 297352
10% (847,497 persons) of
Bangalore's population live
in Slums.
Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, 2008
7

CASE STUDIES
KRISHNAPPA SLUM . YELAHANKA 4TH PHASE . JAI PRAKASH COLONY . LINGRAJPURAM . PAI LAYOUT
8

Name: Rosemary
No. of family members: 3
House type: Built (permanent)
Size: 12’ x 8’x 9’ (ht)
Space Study:
Material Study:
ABOUT THE SLUM
This 300 house slum is located behind Bagmane Tech park , in an area called Krishnappa garden. The slum residents are primarily
migrants from Raichur and Gulbarga. The average income per household is approximately INR 7,000 per month
HOUSE 1:
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
• Experimented with material
• Proper ventilation because of window
• Effective space utilization
• No rat issues because of proper side walls
• Cemented floor
• Shed outside the house
• Use of cement stones keeps the house cooler
• To prevent stagnant drains they had a dug a hole to collect
the waste water, and then emptied it out (cemented)
CASESTUDY1:KRISHNAPPASLUM
Type of Space Size in feet
Entrance Porch 4x2
Room(s) 8x8
Storage space Along 3 walls
Kitchen 4x2+4x6(storage + sleeping)
Wash area (common) 2x3
Bath(common) 3x3
Toilet -nil- (Open defecation)
Component Material
Floor Cement
Wall Stones and cement
Roof cover Corrugated metal sheet
Door Wood
Window Metal grill and wood
Storage Wood
Entrance Porch partially shaded with extended roof
sheet
Maximum utilization of
space for storage
Kitchen with
loft for storage
9

Name: Manjunath
House type: Built (blue tent)
Size: 7’x8’x6’ (ht)
Occupation:
8 yr old who works at a cycle shop
after school hours. Father is a
labourer and mother a cook in a
hotel nearby.
Space Study:
The house consists of just one room
of 7’x8’ with no partitions. They
have a small kitchen area and lack
storage space.
Material Study:
ABOUT THE SLUM
This slum has come up recently behind the 4th phase bus stop. Its smaller compared to the other slums (has only 8 to 10 houses) and
has been there only for the past 6 months.
HOUSE 1:
•No drinking water supply but water is available 1km away
•No electricity
•One bathroom shared amongst 8 houses
•Have one tap set up for all the 8 house to wash clothes and vessels
CASESTUDY2:YELAHANKA4THPHASE
Component Material
Floor Cement (no foundation)
Framework Nilgiri Poles
Wall -nil-
Roof cover Tarpaulin on the roof frame
Door Metal corrugated sheet
covered with banner
Storage No built storage
Basic structure Bathroom Door made of banner
No built storage Kitchen storage
Manjunath
10

Name: Narang
House type: Built (temporary)
Size: 10’ x 8’x 8’ (ht)
Space Study:
Material Study:
ABOUT THE SLUM
Located near Jaiprakash colony, this slum has been there for the past 10 years. Less than a year back, the government replaced a
few of these kuccha houses were by Pucca (cement) houses.
HOUSE 1:
• The government replaced homes have been
given water supply for 5 hrs per day and free
electricity
• Some homes have still not been replaced and
hence have not been given any amenities
• Relatively larger tents with partition walls
and segregated spaces
• Sufficient storage space is seen in all
• Use of coconut leave to keep the house cool
CASESTUDY3:JAIPRAKASHCOLONY
Room(s) 10x8
Kitchen Small area
Wash area -nil- (outside tent)
Bath
Small temporary setup
outside tent
Component Material
Floor Cement
Wall Cement blocks, brick and
stones with mud mortar
Roof cover 2 coconut leaves woven
together
Door Metal sheet
Storage Wall platform
Partition to separate
kitchen area from living.
Storage in kitchen
Partition for
changing
clothes Inbuilt storage
11

Name: Satya
House type: Built (temporary)
Size: 12’x8’x8’(ht)
Space Study:
Material Study:
ABOUT THE SLUM
Located in Henurdepo, kacharkanhalli, lingarajpuram, this land that was once a lake, now houses 300 homes. Its just along side the
Ramakeishna mandir trust. The residents are mainly migrants from different parts of Karnataka.
HOUSE 1:
•No electricity
•No water supply
•Has experimented with tiles on floor
•Rats entering the house
•Some houses have built a katte outside for seating (Porch) with good shade
•Poor drainage
•Had innovated a chimney made of sticks and cement bags
CASESTUDY4:LINGARAJPURAM
Component Material
Floor Cement
Wall Cement blocks and stones
with mud mortar (2’ ht.)
Roof cover Nilgiri poles framework
with tarpaulin
Door Scrap plywood
Storage Scrap plywood
Cooking area (mud chulha)
Huge platform made out of plywood
Roof covered with tarpaulin and structure
made of nirgiri.
Storage platforms
Room(s) 10x8
Kitchen Small area
Bath
Small temporary setup
outside tent
12

Space Study:
Material Study:
ABOUT THE SLUM
Located off Old madras road, At the end of 16th ‘A’ Cross are a few ‘houses’ built out of jute bags and plastic covers.
HOUSE STUDY (general)
• The people in this slum had no proper bath or toilet and had to use the area near the
railway tracks close by.
• The main sewer line from the residential areas passed through the slum. This caused
accumulation of garbage around it and the problem of stagnant drains.
CASESTUDY5:PAILAYOUT
Component Material
Floor Cement
Wall Cement blocks and
stones with mud
mortar (2’ ht.)
Roof cover Thatch with bamboo
framework (layer of
tarpaulin inside)
Door Deal wood
Storage Scrap plywood and
stone slabs
Room(s) 10x8
Storage space Back wall
Kitchen Small area
Bath
Small temporary
setup outside tent
Toilet
-nil- (Open
defecation)
Storage along the back wall
Typical lane
Thatch roof Wooden doorLayer of tarpaulin
13

SPACES AND LAYOUT
Type Kutcha and of temporary nature
Family type Nuclear
Monthly income INR 7,000-10,000
No. of rooms 1
Size 40-85 sq.ft.
Entrance porch Present as an extended katte in most
houses. Roof may extend over and
variation is size as per material
availability
Kitchen Small space where a mud stove is built
Wash Area Demarcated in a few cases as a
stone/tiled area
Bath Area Temporary structure without any roof.
Just a 2.5’x2.5’ cubicle.
Used by ladies to urinate in some cases.
Toilet None present. Open defecation is
predominant in all these spaces
MATERIALS USED / SPECIFICATIONS
Floor Usually cement with jelly (thin
layer). In some cases they use
broken tiles, especially at the
entrance.
Fame work/ structure General trend is to use casurina or
nilgiri poles that are easily available
Walls Walls are made by either bricks,
stones or cement block, depending
on what they find. To lay them, they
use mud mortar.
In some slums we saw the use of GI
sheets as walls
Wall finishes A few used chunha but in most cases
they stuck to mud plaster
Doors Most explored, we found doors to be
made of oil tin cans, scrap wood,
plywood, metal sheets, thatch. GI
sheets, etc.
Windows No windows or any opening as they
become an easy inlet for rats and
lead to security issues.
Roof covering Primarily used tarpaulin but had
layers like thatch/coconut leaves to
keep the tent cool.
GI sheets were also being used.
Interior storage Built storage was just pieces of
plywood hanging from the roof
framework. In some cases they used
pieces of stone of the top of the wall
CASESTUDY:INFERENCES
14

INTERESTING INNOVATIONS
CASESTUDY:INFERENCES
1.Door made with
oil tin cans
2.Door made with
crate wood planks
3.Slit bamboo door
4.Pivot for door
made with
coconut shell
1 2
3 4 1.Chimney made with
plywood embedded in the
cement and a banner
2.Outlet for chimney smoke
(can be closed)
3.Chimney with plywood
frame and cement bags
1 2
3
Tiled entrance porch and house entrancesStone slabs for storage Ply racks made for storage
15

CONSTRUCTING A SLUM HOME (TUBURAHALLI)
16

TUBURAHALLI–ANOVERVIEW
Name of location
Kundanhalli gate, Tubrahalli
Category
Slum / Low Income / Midway
Landmarks/ nature of space
Open Land surrounded by apartments
Total number of households 150 Total population 1200
Average size of families 5-6 Male: Female 500:700 approx
Infants (0-3): 150 < 15: 100 15-30: 350 30-50: 350 50+: 150
Time its existed: 15 years Land Type and details:
People staying: Locals/ migrants (mention from which areas?)- Gulbarga,khedgaon,deodurga and A.P
Land owner Link (if any):
nursappa stays near the slum
Households: Leased Rented Owned
Amt? Rent? Rs 200
On a scale of 1-10 how temporary/ permanent? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(10 months in Blore, 2 months in Village)
Type of Households? Tents
Size/ space details?
12/15 sqr fit
No of rooms:
1
Wall
No
Roof
palithin covered
Floor
Cement
Toilet / Sanitation
Bath area
Private
Private
Common
Common
No toilet/ open Basic Drains (no/yes)
Water Source:
paid/ free proximity? Half km
Piped into
dwelling
Public tap/
private tap
Tanker
Here/ There
Drinking water? no
Energy Source
Type?
Amt?
Other Gadgets
Nil
Lighting
Kerosene
Rs200/
month
Mobile Charging
Close by shop/ workplace
Rs 5/charge or free at work place
Needs (if any)
water with in their community
Cooking: Type of Fuel- Firewood
Cost: 300/ month
Type of food: Roti, Rice, Curry, Sambar, Sabji
Cost: 6000-7000/ month
Education
Literacy Level-
Opportunity
schools are in 1 km
distance from the
slum
Adults most-
0 literacy,
few- bellow
10th
Children
Basic Reading writing,
some are bellow 5th
class
Barriers
>financial issues in family
>no support from parents
>interest level low
Type of professions?
Specific jobs (predominant)
Daily wage
Labor/
construction
Salaried Per piece rate Small businesses
Average income (per household) Men-200-
250
Women- 150 Total: 10,000- 12,000/ household
Major Expenditures Rent 200 Energy 1500 Groceries 1000-1500
Health:
Expenditure on health 150-200
Most common illnesses
Fever, Cold, Cough
Health Problems (significant)
Nil
17

TUBURAHALLI–GENERALOBSERVATIONS
Cats have been adopted as a
cure to the rat problem but
this is hardly efficient as the
cat doesn’t eat the rats she
if is full
Breeding ground for
diseases
Most of the cooking is
done indoors and there is
no exhaust vent which
can severely harm the
women's health
Wood slab kept on the cement wall
used as a platform
Stone(granite) on partition wallStorage of water pots
takes a lot of space inside
the tent.
Stove right next to the door, letting
all the smoke out
OPEN STAGNANT DRAINS
HAPHAZARD STORAGE (INADEQUATE)
SMOKE ACCUMULATION RATS!!!
18

ISSUES TO ADDRESS APPROACH
RENT
• Rent out the land from the landowner
BUILD
• Work with the slum dwellers to build a tent
home from scratch
LEARN
• Through this we learn their techniques and
understand their use of materials and cost
EXPLORE
• Through case studies and research explore
issues and solutions done in other places
CONCEPTS
• Work towards 10 modifications on a
conceptual level
MODIFY
• Implementation of ideas to see their
practicality
EVALUATE
• Based on the community’s reaction, evaluate
the scope of taking the modification forward
WHY MODIFICATIONS?
TUBURAHALLI–PATHFORWARD
Ventilation & chimney smoke
storage
Natural light
Stagnant water
Cooling techniques
Storage (mainly water)
Rainwater harvesting
IMPROVE
existing problems like ventilation, water, drainage and light in
the slum houses
TIME FACTOR
Temporary settlements
INVOLVE
sharing of ideas and community involvement
UTILIZE
utilization of available cheap reusable materials
REALIZE
make them realize their problems and teach them to
implement solutions themselves 19

IDENTIFYING HELP FROM THE COMMUNITY
• We identified a person from the community (Erappa) who could help us speak to the land owner and also help us build the tent
• Erappa then finalized on a monthly rent of INR 200 with and advance of INR 800 for the already existing structure
• He then organized for the materials and labour to build the tent
• We were told that hey spent between INR 3,000-INR 5,000 on building their houses
MATERIALS BOUGHT/PICKED UP/FOUND
MATERIAL USAGE COST
Casurina poles (8 nos. big) Main framework 800
Small wooden poles Roof framework 390
Jute rope Tying framework 120
Tarpaulin sheet Roof cover 550
Sand
Mortar, plaster &
stove
300
Cement blocks Wall Free
Cement Floor 300
Jelly Floor 200
Water Mixing mortar Only labour
TOTAL MATERIAL COST 2660
LABOUR
PERSON JOB COST
Errappa Supervisor 600
Men labourers (2 nos.) Construction 600
Women labourers (2
nos.)
Water and material
sourcing
400
Yellama For stove 200
TOTAL LABOUR COST 1800
RENT
Existing structure 800
Monthly rent 200
TOTAL COST 1800
20
TUBURAHALLI–THECONSTRUCTIONPROCESS

THE PROCESS
1. Soaking the jute ropes in water (for strength)
2. Tying the bigger poles (main frame)
3. Adding in the smaller poles
4. Framework
5. Mixing mud mortar
6. Laying cement blocks
7. Applying mud plaster (very dilute)
8. Putting the tarpauline
TUBURAHALLI–THECONSTRUCTIONPROCESS
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8
21

RESEARCH:SYSTEMS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
STORAGE
One of the big concerns seems to be the cost and durability of water tanks One
way to seal the tank is to use concrete. Berhorst said. "We needed a tank that
didn't rust away every few years and a local excavating company needed to
dispose of a worn out, heavy-equipment tire. "The tank cuts down on erosion,
recycled tire tanks enable farmers, ranchers, and anyone to have a safe and
reliable way to water these tanks are virtually indestructible.
COLLECTION
A good natured bamboo can be split into half and be used to collect water.
In Africa a flat sheet with enough space to
receive lots of rain water is used to collect
water during the
rains.
Installing rain barrels around the tent at
the same level
23

SAND FILTERS – PURIFICATION AND PERCOLATION
A bio sand filter can be also used for obtaining drinking water depending on the contents and the type of water. The dirty water goes
through different layers of stone and rocks which sieves and filters the water. This is a natural process which also happens in the
soil and water gets collected.
For efficient usage of a sand filter is to level each layer of the different grades of sands and rocks according to consistency.
Discard rock > 12
mm (½“)
Drainage Gravel
6 mm (¼”) - 12 mm
(½“)
Separating Gravel
6 mm (¼”) - 1 mm
(0.04”)
Concrete Sand
1 mm (0.04”)
Filtration Sand
≤ 0 7 mm (0 03”)
RESEARCH:SYSTEMS
24

NATURAL VENTILATION
RESEARCH:SYSTEMS
25

LIGHTING
Solar bottle bulb: plastic bottles filled with purified water and some bleach serve as a light bulb in day time. In order to make the
water bottles light up, holes are cut in the metal roofs of homes and a bottle is placed and sealed into each hole so that its lower half
emerges from the ceiling. The clear water disperses the light through refraction.
RESEARCH:SYSTEMS
26
HOLES AND OPENING SIZEZ TO PREVENT RATS
The paired front teeth (inscisors) of rats and mice curve slightly inward, making it difficult for them to gnaw on reound surfaces
larger than 7/8”, flat or harder than iron (such as steel). Thus, when given a rough surface or an edge, they can quickly gnaw into
most materials.
Take special care to locate and secure all structural crevices. Rats only need slightly more than a ½” gap to enter; mice only need
slightly more than ¼” gap. Don’t ignore smaller crevices as rodent gnawing can quickly enlarge them.

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
BAMBOO
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES POSSIBLE USES PROCESS
• Bamboois a renewable
resource because it's one
of the fastest growing
plants.
• bamboo is an extremely
flexible building device
because it bends
• it's immensely durable.
• Bamboo does have to be
treated with some
chemicals in order to
ensure that it's
waterproof and insect-
resistant which is an
expensive process.
• Bamboo shrinks more
than wood when it loses
water. The canes can tear
apart at the nodes.
• It is also slightly
expensive in the Indian
market.
• Structure of the hut
• Roof
• storage.
The entire treatment process :
http://abari.org/treatment
http://www.chalet-
bamboo.com/treatment.html
27

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
SAND / EARTH BAGS
• Earth bag homes, which are
made of polypropylene or
burlap bags stuffed with
dirt and stacked like bricks,
are similarly strong.
• The dirt in the bags presses
down after each layer is
placed, and this
compression makes the dirt
into a kind of self-
supporting brick
• Earthbag homes has high
thermal mass
• The design looks very bulky.
• The houses also require a
great deal of plaster in
construction to ensure water
integrity.
• Materials used to fill the
earthbags needs to be stable
and not contain moisture.
• Wall system The walls are plastered to
add to their durability.
Make sure you level it and
check at every stage while
building
Add wire for increased
strenght
A small mixture of cement
into the bags can give
increased stability.
28

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
TYRES
• Strong, durable, and readily-
available material.
• It may be an automatic assumption
that homes made of tires, which are
highly flammable, would pose
serious fire risks. Because the tires
are sealed within thick walls, they
are not reacting with oxygen.
• Good thermal mass properties
• Wall system
• Outside seating
• Foundation
• Tires give out off-gas
when directly exposed to
the sun on daily basis
hence needs to be
plastered from outside.
• The layer of plaster
covering the tires also
provides additional fire
resistance.
29

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
COB
• Cob, is a building material
consisting of clay, sand, straw,
water, and earth.
• Cob is fireproof
• resistant to seismic activity
•inexpensive
• stays cold in summers and warm in
winters
•improper proportion of the
materials can have a ruinous
effect.
If the cob dries too fast there
may be excessive cracking.
• Wall system
• Make a furnace
• Inbuilt storage space
http://books.google.co.in/boo
ks?id=z_Y2AObA-
joC&lpg=PA150&ots=SvsdyGq
SBF&dq=cob%20house%20a
dvantages%20and%20disadv
antages%20process&pg=PA1
59#v=onepage&q=cob%20ho
use%20advantages%20and%
20disadvantages%20process
&f=false
30

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
PALM LEAVES
• The walls were made of a double
layer of tightly woven palm leaves.
The orientation was always north-
south. This keeps the house cool. Dry
palm leaves absorb the sun by about
25 degrees more than the sand.
•Warm in winters cool in summers
•Provides ventilation
• Rats can bite through
• Vulnerable to fire risk
• Labour intensive
• Roofing
• Wall systems
•Layes need to be applied to
prevent water seepage and rats.
•The pitch of the roof must not be
less than 45 degrees to faciliate fast
water run-off.the greater the steep
the higher durability.
31

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
TARPAULIN
• Tarpaulin contains special UV
stabilizing agents ensuring a longer life
without any discolouration
whatsoever.
•Tarpaulins and has the highest
strength to weight ratio among
plastics.
•Tarpaulin is water proof, rot proof
and also weather proof.That means no
leakages, no Seepages and no attacks
from Microbes or Fungus or Chemicals
•extremely flexible
• No ventilation
• Rats can bite through.
• Roofing •Layes need to be applied to
prevent water seepage and rats.
•It can bend in when too much
water is settled on top
32

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
PLASTIC BOTTLES
• lightweight
•Allows sunlight to pass when
not filled
Needs to be filled with sand
for strenght
Mesh and tie it together for
further strenght.
heat
• Walls
• Partitions
• bed
Pouring a small amount of
soil, sand or water into the
bottles prior to assembly
further reduces the risks
33

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
GLASS BOTTLES
•gives a nice soothing light
•Privacy
•Asthetically beautiful
Makes the structure weak • Walls
• Partitions
• door
embed in plaster or clay.
34

RESEARCH:MATERIAL
GI SHEET
Advantages Disadvantages Possible uses process
• It is a versatile product as it is
strong
•watertight
•easy to cut
•cheap.
•Rats cant bite through
• Due to its thinness, it has zero
insulation capacity, leaving the
interior virtually fully exposed to
the fierce tropical sun.
In the rainy season steel
roofs are extremely noisy.
• Roofing
• Wall systems
• Windows
• Doors
•It needs galvanization to
prevent it from rusting.
35

CONCEPTSANDIDEAS:VENTILATION
VENTILATION USING PLASTIC BOTTLES
USING PVC PIPES
37
The plastic bottles can be used at an downward inclination to
prevent rain water from entering but provide ventilation at the
same time.
The hole in the bottle is small enough to prevent rats from
entering.
It can be tied together using wire and put in the triangle space
on top.
Can be embedded between bricks.
It has horizontal spokes on one side to prevent rats from
entering and mesh on the other side that is inside the house.

CONCEPTSANDIDEAS:STORAGE
FOOD STORAGEWATER STORAGE
38
Tin can with holes poked in it.
Cover the tin can with clay. Provides a cooling effect.
Cover the layer of clay with jute gunny bag with water
sprinkled on it to further improve cooling.
Cover the tin can with the lid with holes small enough to
prevent rats from eating the food.
Current scenario has lots of pots filled with water which takes
up a lot of floor space.
The corners can be utilized well.
With the help of the corners on two sides and 2-3 bamboo
sticks poked into the ground on the other side can provide
enough support to store the pots vertically.

MODIFICATIONS:NATURALLIGHT
NATURAL LIGHT - GLASS BOTTLE STRIP
1. Mixing mud and water for mortar
2. Adding straw and mixing to make it thick clayey
mass (cob)
3. Pouring water to the base
4. Putting a layer of mud mortar (approx. 1”) &
placing cleaned glass bottles
5. Filling in the spaces with cob
Note: any cracks developed, need to be filled in with
mud mortar at regular intervals (every 2 days for a
week)
1 2
3 4
5
Bottles Free
Mud Used from previous
Hay Free
TOTAL COST 0
40

MODIFICATIONS:CHIMNEYSMOKE
SMOKE REDUCTION - CHIMNEY
1. Place the plywood and twigs firmly in
place to create a framework.
2. Stitch up the cement bags together.
Wrap the bag around (1.5’ above the
ground).
3. Ensure that there are no gaps present
on the top and sides
4. Create a flab system on the outside so
that the opening can be closed during
the rains
Twigs + scrap wood 70
Rope 30
Cement bags Free
TOTAL COST 100
1 2 3
4
41

MODIFICATIONS:VENTILATION
VENTILATION – PLASTIC BOTTLE PANEL (VENTURI EFFECT)
THE VENTURI EFFECT
is a jet effect; with a funnel the velocity of air increases. 1. Cut the plastic bottles and tape their mouths together
2. Place the bottles in a wooden frame and seal all gaps in
between the necks with waste plastic pieces
3. Cut out a portion of the tarpaulin where the panel fits in
(preferably in the direction of the wind)
4. Place the panel, tie it secure and close all air gaps
Twigs 10
Bottles (20 nos.) 20
TOTAL COST 30
1
2 3 4
42

MODIFICATIONS:DOOR
SECURE AND STURDY – OIL CAN DOOR
1. Straighten out the oil tin can into sheets and attach
it to the wooden frame work
2. Fix the door using wire, to the casurina pole
3. Ensure the base is even for it to rotate freely. Leave
a gap on the top for cross-ventilation
Scrap wood 60
Oil tin cans (4 nos.) 80
TOTAL COST 140
1 2
3
43

NEXTSTEPS
GLASS BOTTLE STRIP
• Highly appreciated by the community, this is a very simple
mechanism
• Bottles are usually available at any kabadi walla at a
minimum rate of INR 1 per bottle
• Doing a larger portion of the wall, along with the
construction, might be useful
OIL TIN CAN DOOR
• Making a more sturdy
framework will ensure
that the door is firm
• Work needs to be done
on the opening
mechanism
• Options of ventilation
can be explored further
CHIMNEY
• The chimney made is very
fragile with chances of
catching fire as the material
is flammable
• Work towards prototyping a
chimney (affordable) and
look at the possibilities of
making it a product
PLASTIC BOTTLE VENTILATION
• This could be replaced with glass bottles to ensure a more
sturdy set-up
• Half of the rear wall could be taken higher and a similar
glass bottle setup can be built in using cob to seal all gaps
45

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