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Dispositional factors
- 1. SITUATIONAL VS. DISPOSITIONALDEBATE… • What factors affect the likelihood of whether someone will obey an authority figure to the extent of harming another individual?
- 2. SITUATIONAL DISPOSITIONAL • Authoritarian Personality •Agentic State • Legitimate Authority • Proximity to Victim • Proximity to Authority • Presence of Allies • Diffusion of Responsibility
- 3. SITUATIONAL ARGUMENT • SituationalFactors are those present in the social situation that may influence aggressive behaviour
- 4. LATANE’S SOCIAL IMPACTTHEORY • Social impact theory was created by Bibb Latané in 1981 and consists of 3 basic rules which consider how individuals can be “targets of social influence”
- 5. LATANÉ’S SOCIAL IMPACTTHEORY • 1. Strength… of the social force • 2. Immediacy… of authority and victim • 3. Number… of allies
- 6. MILGRAM’S SITUATIONAL FACTORS… •Original Experiment = 65% went to 450v • Run down office (lack of legitimacy) = 48% • Proximity of Learner (same room) = 40% • Proximity of Learner (holding hand) = 30% • Proximity of Authority = 20% • Presence of rebellious allies = 10% • Someone else giving shock = 93%
- 7. SITUATIONAL VS. DISPOSITIONALDEBATE • Does Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) support the situational or dispositional argument?
- 8. SITUATIONAL ARGUMENT... ABUGHRAIB • In 2003, an Iraqi torture camp was exposed in the media after photos of violence and humiliation were leaked
- 9. SITUATIONAL ARGUMENT… ABUGHRAIB • Who’s to blame? • Are the American military involved in the camp inherently evil? • Or did the context of the military and prison institution influence their aggressive behaviour? • Zimbardo provided an expert witness during the trials of the American soldiers, arguing that their behaviour was a result of the situation which led good soldiers to do bad things…
- 10. SITUATIONAL ARGUMENT #1… •Status & Power The guards involved in Abu Ghraib were army reservists and ‘bottom of the barrel’. They had little control over their duties and were made to work night shifts. They asserted their power over the prisoners instead. Superior guards rarely made checks during these shifts.
- 11. SITUATIONAL ARGUMENT #2… •Revenge & Retaliation Prisoners were ‘tarred with the same brush’ as the terrorists who had been at war with American soldiers. Humiliation was used to teach them a lesson
- 12. SITUATIONAL ARGUMENT #3… •Deindividuation & Helplessness… The behaviour was in automatic response to the expected authoritative role and the prison environment. It was not pre-meditated.
- 13. • “…Instead ofembracing the moral high ground that distances us good folks from the bad ones and gives short shrift to analysis of causal factors in that situation the situational approach gives those ‘others’ the benefit of attributional charity”
- 14. HOWEVER… • The situationalargument is a Deterministic argument • It assumes that all of us will behave in the same manner when put in the right situation • It fails to explain why 35% were disobedient…
- 15. THE DISPOSITIONAL ARGUMENT… •Explains behaviour according to characteristics of the individual; (i.e. Genetics; Personality)
- 16. AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY ADORNO’S F-SCALE RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM KEYSTUDY (ELMS & MILGRAM) RM: EVALUATION OF STUDIES INTO OBEDIENCE
- 17. WHAT MAKES SOMEPEOPLE MORE OBEDIENT THAN OTHERS? Pacifists in WW2 Nazis in WW2 What differences are there between the pacifists and the Nazis in WW2… What made the pacificists “disobedient?”
- 18. ADORNO (1950) • “Obedienceto authority is determined by an individuals personality” • Adorno (1950) Wanted to test the idea that a person may be obedient because of their personality and developed the F-Scale as a measure of ‘Authoritarian Personality’
- 19. ADORNO’S F-SCALE • Writedown a -4 if you very strongly disagree with the statement. • Write down a -3 if you strongly disagree with the statement. • Write down a -2 if you moderately disagree with the statement. • Write down a -1 if you slightly disagree with the statement. • Write down a +1 if you slightly agree with the statement. • Write down a +2 if you moderately agree with the statement. • Write down a +3 if you strongly agree with the statement. • Write down a +4 if you very strongly agree with the statement.
- 20. 1. One ofthe most important things children should learn is obedience to authority 2. All children need strict discipline 3. All children should learn respect for authority 4. Some professionals in society (i.e. businessmen) are much more than others (i.e. artists) 5. If you have a problem, it is best not to think about it. You should keep busy with other more cheerful things 6. If people talked less and worked more, everyone in society would be better off 7. If people commit serious crimes, such as rape, prison isn’t enough and they should be publicly punished. 8. Many problems in society faces today would be solved if we could somehow get rid of the less intelligent members 9. Homosexuals should be considered in the same category as homosexuals 10. If you are not taught manners from a young age, you cannot expect to mix with decent people later in life. 11. Rules are there for people to follow, not change
- 21. AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY • Resistantto change, prefer routine • Hold traditional beliefs • Stick rigidly to beliefs • Obedient to authority figures • Look down on those of lower status
- 22. ADORNO, (1950) • Adornofound a positive correlation between scores on the F-Scale and strict upbringing.
- 23. ADORNO, (1950) • Heconcluded that those who have been brought up with strict, authoritarian parents, are accustomed to obeying orders from figures of authority.
- 24. ADORNO AND MILGRAM… •How can Adorno’s Authoritarian Personality be applied to Milgram’s findings? • Does is support the situational or dispositional argument?
- 25. RIGHT – WINGAUTHORITARIANISM • Bob Altemeyer (1981) refined the Authoritarian Personality and identified 3 key attributes that he referred to as Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)
- 26. 1. One ofthe most important things children should learn is obedience to authority 2. All children need strict discipline 3. All children should learn respect for authority 4. Some professionals in society (i.e. businessmen) are much more than others (i.e. artists) 5. If you have a problem, it is best not to think about it. You should keep busy with other more cheerful things 6. If people talked less and worked more, everyone in society would be better off 7. If people commit serious crimes, such as rape, prison isn’t enough and they should be publicly punished. 8. Many problems in society faces today would be solved if we could somehow get rid of the less intelligent members 9. Homosexuals should be considered in the same category as homosexuals 10. If you are not taught manners from a young age, you cannot expect to mix with decent people later in life. 11. Rules are there for people to follow, not change
- 27. BOB ALTEMEYER (1981)RWA • 1. Conventionalism – Adhere to conventional norms • 2. Authoritarian Aggression – Aggressive toward those who violate norms • 3. Authoritarian Submission – Uncritical submission to Legitimate Authorities
- 30. SUPPORT FOR THEDISPOSITIONAL ARGUMENT… • 2 Key studies support the idea of dispositional factors influencing the likelihood of an individual obeying… 1) Altemeyer (1981) 2) Elms & Milgram (1966)
- 31. ROB ALTEMEYER (1981)RWA • Replicated Milgram’s experiment… • However… the participants were allowed to choose the voltage they administered to the ‘learners’ • Before the experiment, each ppt was given an RWA scale
- 32. BOB ALTEMEYER (1981)… • Altemeyer found a positive correlation between RWA levels and voltage administered.
- 33. ROB ALTEMEYER (1981)… • There was also one more difference…
- 34. HOW MANY PUSHEDTHE BUTTON? • 91% of ALL participants!!! • Low RWA took slightly longer to push the button, and high RWA took on average 4 seconds. Yet the majority pressed it
- 35. KEY STUDY FORTHE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY… • Was Obedience in Milgram’s experiment as a result of situational or dispositional factors? • Elms & Milgram (1966)
- 36. ELMS & MILGRAM(1966) • conducted a follow-up study of Milgram’s original experiment… • Interviewed 20 of the ppts who had given the final shock and 20 ppts who were ‘defiant’ and stopped before 450v • All ppts were given the F-scale and interviewed with open questions about their upbringing and attitudes to experimenter and ‘learner’
- 37. ELMS & MILGRAM(1966) • Higher levels of Authoritarianism in the obedient ppts • Obedient ppts also reported being less close to the father’s during childhood and were more likely to describe them in negative terms who strictly disciplined • Obedient ppts saw the experimenter as admirable and the learner much less so.
- 38. CRITICISMS OF THEDISPOSITIONAL APPROACH… • Doesn’t explain the differences in obedience in the variations of Milgram’s study… If the Deindividuation argument is completely true, the differences in situations (downtown office etc…) should also have received an obedience rate of 65%.
- 39. EVALUATION OF THEDISPOSITIONAL ARGUMENT • Not all of the obedient ppts had strict upbringings… • Authoritarian personality was not present in all obedient ppts.
- 40. RESEARCH METHODS… • 1.Does the F-scale consist of Open or Closed Questions? (1 mark) • 2. The research found that people who were high on Authoritarianism were also more obedient. Is this a positive or negative correlation? Explain your answer. (2 marks) • 3. Sketch a graph to show the relationship you identified in Q2. Ensure you label the axes carefully (3 marks) • 4. In the second part of the study, the researchers decided to interview ppts instead of using questionnaires. Give 2 advantages of using an interview rather than a questionnaire in this study. (2 + 2 marks) • 5. Suggest an open question that might have been used in the interviews. Explain why your question is an open question (2 marks)
Editor's Notes
- #10 Read page 125 and condense arguments down into bullet points