Honey bees are affected in the Pests, disease, age of queen all affect colony health Fungi, viruses, protozoa, bacteria,
insects etc. Types of Diseases and Control measures are included. Parasites and diseases
“Apiculture is the scientific method of rearing honeybees. “ The word 'apiculture' comes from the Latin word 'apis' meaning bee. So, apiculture or beekeeping is the care and management of honey bees for the production of honey and the wax.
Honey bees are crucial pollinators for many fruits and vegetables. They pollinate about 30% of the food consumed in the US. However, honey bee populations have declined by 30-50% over the last 20 years due to various factors like pesticides, malnutrition, mites, and viruses. If honey bee populations continue to decline, it could significantly impact food prices and availability. There are steps people can take to help honey bees, such as planting bee-friendly gardens and donating to research on solving colony collapse disorder.
Honey Bee Biology by Madam Ayesha Department of Zoology University of Peshawa...Samiullah Hamdard
Beekeeping involves managing honey bee colonies. Bees are social insects that evolved from wasps millions of years ago. A bee colony consists of one queen, thousands of female worker bees, and hundreds of male drones. Workers perform different tasks as they age, initially cleaning cells, then receiving and storing nectar and pollen, before becoming foragers. The queen lays eggs and controls the colony with pheromones. Workers care for larvae, build comb, regulate temperature, and defend the hive. Colonies have distinct seasons for foraging, brood production, and swarming or supersedure of the queen.
Habit, Habitat,Description, Biology and Distribution of Hymenoptera Insects B...Dinesh Dalvaniya
The document summarizes the habits, habitats, biology, and distribution of honey bees and ants. It describes that honey bees live in colonies consisting of a queen, drones, and workers, and details their life cycles, roles, and habitats in different climates. It also outlines the nesting and foraging habits of ants, their food sources, and describes their body structures. The distribution of honey bees originated in Africa and spread worldwide, while ants can be found everywhere except very cold areas and have diverse species in tropical rainforests.
The science that aims to study the life, behavior & activity of honey bee in order to obtain bee products and crop pollination. Honey bee is a social & beneficial insect. They lives in hive.
Stingless bees are effective pollinators of many crops. Studies have found that pollination by stingless bees increased yields of sunflower, Niger, and chow chow. Pollination of onion by stingless bees resulted in more fruits per umbel than other methods. Analysis of honey from Trigona iridipennis found the highest amounts came from Moringa oleifera and Scaptatrigona emerginatus crops. Pollination of greenhouse peppers by Melipona subnitida achieved a 70% fruit set. Stingless bees are suitable for greenhouse pollination due to their adaptability and horizontal flight patterns. However, their use in crop pollination is limited by the lack of
This document discusses the classification and types of honey bees. It begins by outlining the scientific classification system for honey bees, with Apis mellifera being the species and different races/stocks being subspecies. The most common types discussed are German Black, Italian, Caucasian, Carniolan, Russian, Africanized, and Buckfast bees. Each subspecies has different traits relating to productivity, gentleness, propolis production, overwintering ability, and disease/mite resistance. Choosing the appropriate race depends on the beekeeper's location and goals.
“Apiculture is the scientific method of rearing honeybees. “ The word 'apiculture' comes from the Latin word 'apis' meaning bee. So, apiculture or beekeeping is the care and management of honey bees for the production of honey and the wax.
Honey bees are crucial pollinators for many fruits and vegetables. They pollinate about 30% of the food consumed in the US. However, honey bee populations have declined by 30-50% over the last 20 years due to various factors like pesticides, malnutrition, mites, and viruses. If honey bee populations continue to decline, it could significantly impact food prices and availability. There are steps people can take to help honey bees, such as planting bee-friendly gardens and donating to research on solving colony collapse disorder.
Honey Bee Biology by Madam Ayesha Department of Zoology University of Peshawa...Samiullah Hamdard
Beekeeping involves managing honey bee colonies. Bees are social insects that evolved from wasps millions of years ago. A bee colony consists of one queen, thousands of female worker bees, and hundreds of male drones. Workers perform different tasks as they age, initially cleaning cells, then receiving and storing nectar and pollen, before becoming foragers. The queen lays eggs and controls the colony with pheromones. Workers care for larvae, build comb, regulate temperature, and defend the hive. Colonies have distinct seasons for foraging, brood production, and swarming or supersedure of the queen.
Habit, Habitat,Description, Biology and Distribution of Hymenoptera Insects B...Dinesh Dalvaniya
The document summarizes the habits, habitats, biology, and distribution of honey bees and ants. It describes that honey bees live in colonies consisting of a queen, drones, and workers, and details their life cycles, roles, and habitats in different climates. It also outlines the nesting and foraging habits of ants, their food sources, and describes their body structures. The distribution of honey bees originated in Africa and spread worldwide, while ants can be found everywhere except very cold areas and have diverse species in tropical rainforests.
The science that aims to study the life, behavior & activity of honey bee in order to obtain bee products and crop pollination. Honey bee is a social & beneficial insect. They lives in hive.
Stingless bees are effective pollinators of many crops. Studies have found that pollination by stingless bees increased yields of sunflower, Niger, and chow chow. Pollination of onion by stingless bees resulted in more fruits per umbel than other methods. Analysis of honey from Trigona iridipennis found the highest amounts came from Moringa oleifera and Scaptatrigona emerginatus crops. Pollination of greenhouse peppers by Melipona subnitida achieved a 70% fruit set. Stingless bees are suitable for greenhouse pollination due to their adaptability and horizontal flight patterns. However, their use in crop pollination is limited by the lack of
This document discusses the classification and types of honey bees. It begins by outlining the scientific classification system for honey bees, with Apis mellifera being the species and different races/stocks being subspecies. The most common types discussed are German Black, Italian, Caucasian, Carniolan, Russian, Africanized, and Buckfast bees. Each subspecies has different traits relating to productivity, gentleness, propolis production, overwintering ability, and disease/mite resistance. Choosing the appropriate race depends on the beekeeper's location and goals.
This document provides an overview of honey bees and apiculture (beekeeping). It discusses the composition of honey bee colonies including the queen bee, drone bees, and worker bees. It describes the life cycle and development of honey bees from eggs to larvae to pupae. Key aspects of beekeeping covered include the history of scientific study of bees, common bee species, honey extraction methods, and bee pasturage (plants used for nectar and pollen).
1. There are five main types of honey bees - the rock bee, eastern bee, European bee, garden bee, and dammer bee. Each type varies in size, habitat, aggressiveness, and annual honey production.
2. Honey bees live in highly organized colonies consisting of a queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of worker bees that fulfill different roles.
3. Honey bees progress through four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The queen lays eggs that hatch into larvae in 3 days, and adults emerge 16-24 days later depending on their caste.
The document discusses bee behavior and communication. It describes different types of bee dances that communicate important information like the location and distance of food sources, the need for swarming or absconding, and warnings of threats. The main dances covered are the round dance for nearby food (<100m), the waggle dance indicating direction and distance of distant food (>100m), and alarm, joy, cleaning, massage, tremble, shake, and whir dances that communicate threats, celebration, requests for grooming, arrival of nectar, and motivation to swarm. Effective bee communication involves the use of chemicals, touch, sound, and sometimes visual cues.
The rice weevil is a small beetle that infests grain products like rice and wheat. The adult is 1/8 inch long with reddish-brown or black coloring and four spots on its wings. It lays eggs in grains, and the legless white larvae feed within the grains. The full lifecycle from egg to adult can take as little as 26 days in warm conditions. Rice weevils damage grain by eating into it and reducing its quality. Control methods include inspecting for infestation, discarding heavily infected material, freezing food below 0°F for 3 days or heating to 140°F for 15 minutes to kill all life stages.
Bee farming can be done as a hobby or profession with little investment. It provides products like honey, beeswax, propolis, and royal jelly. Honey bees pollinate crops and can be farmed for pleasure or profit. The equipment needed includes bee hives, frames, a honey extractor, and protective gear. Duties of honey bees include comb building, feeding broods, foraging, and defending the hive. Farmers must be aware of pests, diseases, and effects of pesticides on bees. Testing can determine if honey is pure or adulterated. Bee farming is an economically viable small-scale activity.
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
Honeybee castes include the queen bee, drones, and worker bees. The queen bee is the only fertile member of the hive and lays all the eggs. Her genetic traits can be passed on to offspring. Drones exist solely to mate with the queen in a sometimes fatal act. Worker bees perform all the activities to maintain the hive, such as building comb, foraging, and caring for the queen and larvae. A honeybee's diet determines whether it develops into a queen or worker, as queen larvae are fed exclusively royal jelly.
Seasonal management of honey bee and pollinators deficit in onionHem Raj Pant
- The document discusses seasonal management of honey bees, focusing on different management practices needed during different seasons like spring, summer, monsoon, winter, etc. to meet the colony's changing needs over the year.
- It also discusses the importance of pollinators like honey bees for crop pollination and seed production. Studies have shown insect pollination, especially by honey bees, can increase onion seed yield, number of seeds per umbel, seed weight, and germination rate compared to no insect or self-pollination.
- The major honey bee species that pollinate onions in Nepal and India include Apis laboriosa, A. dorsata, A. mellifera, A.
Honeybees play an important role in pollination and food production. They pollinate over 90 crops worldwide. Honeybees have various roles within the hive including workers that do tasks, a queen that lays eggs, and drones that mate with queens. However, honeybee populations are declining due to threats like parasites, diseases, and pesticides which could disrupt global food supply if not addressed. Loss of honeybees would have significant economic and environmental impacts.
The document summarizes research conducted on stingless bees in the Bicol region of the Philippines. The key findings are:
1) Stingless bee colonies were found in 20 barangays across 6 provinces in Bicol, with species including Tetragonula biroi and Tetragonula sapiens. Colonies were observed nesting in trees like coconut, seo, and narra.
2) Pollen sources for the bees were identified at 13 meliponaries, including 88 plant species like coconut, banana, avocado, and rambutan.
3) Bees showed high pollination efficiency of 96.88% for pigeon pea flowers when 15 bees were c
Mass production technology of helicoverpa armigera Babita Kaushal
Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) an agricultural pest has been recorded to feed on more than 180 cultivated and wild plant species. The cotton bollworm is a threat to intensive agriculture. Its economic importance as a pest is exaggerated due to its direct violence on fruiting construction, voracious feeding habit, high mobility and fecundity, as well as adaptable in nature. Annual losses due to this pest worldwide are estimated in billions of dollars. Helicoverpa armigera is a serious polyphagous plant pest-made invasion all over the world and now still occupying many continents. It is the only highly serious quarantine agricultural pest for several countries. Helicoverpa armigera. Polyphagous pest The young larva feeds on tender leaves, buds, flowers. Bores into the pods and feeds on the seeds. A single larva may destroy 30-40 pods before it reaches maturity.
Honey bees are herbivorous, eating pollen and nectar from flowers. Workers collect nectar and convert it to honey stored in the hive. Larvae are fed honey but future queens are fed royal jelly, which allows them to grow larger. Honey bees are oviparous - the queen lays eggs that grow inside the hive. She mates with multiple drones and stores sperm for life, using it to fertilize some eggs that become females, while unfertilized eggs become drones.
Bees are important pollinators for many food crops. They pollinate about one third of crop species in the US, contributing over $15 billion to the US economy. A healthy bee hive contains approximately 40-45,000 bees organized with one queen, several thousand drones, and thousands of female worker bees. Worker bees progress through different roles within the hive over their lifespan, beginning with cleaning cells and feeding larvae before transitioning to other tasks like producing wax and guarding the hive.
Pollination services and pollinator diversity are essential in preserving food security and conservation of biodiversity. Bees are one of the very important pollinators. Besides the very well-known honeybees there are many other bee species that play significant roles.
A basic introductory overview of honey bees and beekeeping. Some slides specific to Northern California and the San Francisco bay Area. The deck has been used at corporate team-building events along with honey tasting and a live hive inspection.
This document provides an overview of bees and wasps, including their taxonomy, diversity, and key characteristics. It discusses that bees and wasps are in the order Hymenoptera and includes sawflies, parasitoids, wasps, ants, and bees. Bees are noted as the primary pollinators of flowering plants. Taxonomies of different bee and wasp families are then outlined, along with characteristics of bees, wasps, the worker bee, queen, and drone.
short and brief ppt about the Bracon hebetor (insect predator) for entomology department. it is an informative presentation for students as well as knowledge seekers. it will be more helpful for entomological department students.
This document summarizes various diseases that affect honeybees, including those that impact brood (larvae and pupae) as well as adult bees. The major brood diseases discussed are American foulbrood, European foulbrood, chalkbrood, and stonebrood. Viral diseases like sacbrood are also mentioned. Adult bee diseases include Nosema disease and those caused by parasitic mites like Varroa destructor and Tracheal mites. Control methods focus on antibiotics, chemicals, and improved beekeeping practices like ventilation and sanitation.
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including protozoan diseases like Nosema and Amoebic disease, bacterial diseases like American and European Foulbrood, fungal diseases like Chalkbrood and Stonebrood, viral diseases like Thai Sac Brood and Acute/Chronic Bee Paralysis, and mite-caused diseases like Acarosis and Varroasis. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, affected stages, infection sites, and management approaches for each disease.
Mr. S. Srinivasnaik's lecture discusses pests and diseases that affect honey bees. It identifies 10 insect pests, including the greater and lesser wax moths, ants, wasps, and wax beetles. It also lists birds, frogs, toads, lizards, and monkeys as natural enemies of honey bees. The lecture describes several honey bee diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and mites that infect both adult bees and larvae. It provides details on American foulbrood caused by Bacillus larvae, European foulbrood caused by Melissococcus pluton, Nosema disease caused by Nosema apis, and Acarine disease caused by the trache
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
This document provides an overview of honey bees and apiculture (beekeeping). It discusses the composition of honey bee colonies including the queen bee, drone bees, and worker bees. It describes the life cycle and development of honey bees from eggs to larvae to pupae. Key aspects of beekeeping covered include the history of scientific study of bees, common bee species, honey extraction methods, and bee pasturage (plants used for nectar and pollen).
1. There are five main types of honey bees - the rock bee, eastern bee, European bee, garden bee, and dammer bee. Each type varies in size, habitat, aggressiveness, and annual honey production.
2. Honey bees live in highly organized colonies consisting of a queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of worker bees that fulfill different roles.
3. Honey bees progress through four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The queen lays eggs that hatch into larvae in 3 days, and adults emerge 16-24 days later depending on their caste.
The document discusses bee behavior and communication. It describes different types of bee dances that communicate important information like the location and distance of food sources, the need for swarming or absconding, and warnings of threats. The main dances covered are the round dance for nearby food (<100m), the waggle dance indicating direction and distance of distant food (>100m), and alarm, joy, cleaning, massage, tremble, shake, and whir dances that communicate threats, celebration, requests for grooming, arrival of nectar, and motivation to swarm. Effective bee communication involves the use of chemicals, touch, sound, and sometimes visual cues.
The rice weevil is a small beetle that infests grain products like rice and wheat. The adult is 1/8 inch long with reddish-brown or black coloring and four spots on its wings. It lays eggs in grains, and the legless white larvae feed within the grains. The full lifecycle from egg to adult can take as little as 26 days in warm conditions. Rice weevils damage grain by eating into it and reducing its quality. Control methods include inspecting for infestation, discarding heavily infected material, freezing food below 0°F for 3 days or heating to 140°F for 15 minutes to kill all life stages.
Bee farming can be done as a hobby or profession with little investment. It provides products like honey, beeswax, propolis, and royal jelly. Honey bees pollinate crops and can be farmed for pleasure or profit. The equipment needed includes bee hives, frames, a honey extractor, and protective gear. Duties of honey bees include comb building, feeding broods, foraging, and defending the hive. Farmers must be aware of pests, diseases, and effects of pesticides on bees. Testing can determine if honey is pure or adulterated. Bee farming is an economically viable small-scale activity.
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
Honeybee castes include the queen bee, drones, and worker bees. The queen bee is the only fertile member of the hive and lays all the eggs. Her genetic traits can be passed on to offspring. Drones exist solely to mate with the queen in a sometimes fatal act. Worker bees perform all the activities to maintain the hive, such as building comb, foraging, and caring for the queen and larvae. A honeybee's diet determines whether it develops into a queen or worker, as queen larvae are fed exclusively royal jelly.
Seasonal management of honey bee and pollinators deficit in onionHem Raj Pant
- The document discusses seasonal management of honey bees, focusing on different management practices needed during different seasons like spring, summer, monsoon, winter, etc. to meet the colony's changing needs over the year.
- It also discusses the importance of pollinators like honey bees for crop pollination and seed production. Studies have shown insect pollination, especially by honey bees, can increase onion seed yield, number of seeds per umbel, seed weight, and germination rate compared to no insect or self-pollination.
- The major honey bee species that pollinate onions in Nepal and India include Apis laboriosa, A. dorsata, A. mellifera, A.
Honeybees play an important role in pollination and food production. They pollinate over 90 crops worldwide. Honeybees have various roles within the hive including workers that do tasks, a queen that lays eggs, and drones that mate with queens. However, honeybee populations are declining due to threats like parasites, diseases, and pesticides which could disrupt global food supply if not addressed. Loss of honeybees would have significant economic and environmental impacts.
The document summarizes research conducted on stingless bees in the Bicol region of the Philippines. The key findings are:
1) Stingless bee colonies were found in 20 barangays across 6 provinces in Bicol, with species including Tetragonula biroi and Tetragonula sapiens. Colonies were observed nesting in trees like coconut, seo, and narra.
2) Pollen sources for the bees were identified at 13 meliponaries, including 88 plant species like coconut, banana, avocado, and rambutan.
3) Bees showed high pollination efficiency of 96.88% for pigeon pea flowers when 15 bees were c
Mass production technology of helicoverpa armigera Babita Kaushal
Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) an agricultural pest has been recorded to feed on more than 180 cultivated and wild plant species. The cotton bollworm is a threat to intensive agriculture. Its economic importance as a pest is exaggerated due to its direct violence on fruiting construction, voracious feeding habit, high mobility and fecundity, as well as adaptable in nature. Annual losses due to this pest worldwide are estimated in billions of dollars. Helicoverpa armigera is a serious polyphagous plant pest-made invasion all over the world and now still occupying many continents. It is the only highly serious quarantine agricultural pest for several countries. Helicoverpa armigera. Polyphagous pest The young larva feeds on tender leaves, buds, flowers. Bores into the pods and feeds on the seeds. A single larva may destroy 30-40 pods before it reaches maturity.
Honey bees are herbivorous, eating pollen and nectar from flowers. Workers collect nectar and convert it to honey stored in the hive. Larvae are fed honey but future queens are fed royal jelly, which allows them to grow larger. Honey bees are oviparous - the queen lays eggs that grow inside the hive. She mates with multiple drones and stores sperm for life, using it to fertilize some eggs that become females, while unfertilized eggs become drones.
Bees are important pollinators for many food crops. They pollinate about one third of crop species in the US, contributing over $15 billion to the US economy. A healthy bee hive contains approximately 40-45,000 bees organized with one queen, several thousand drones, and thousands of female worker bees. Worker bees progress through different roles within the hive over their lifespan, beginning with cleaning cells and feeding larvae before transitioning to other tasks like producing wax and guarding the hive.
Pollination services and pollinator diversity are essential in preserving food security and conservation of biodiversity. Bees are one of the very important pollinators. Besides the very well-known honeybees there are many other bee species that play significant roles.
A basic introductory overview of honey bees and beekeeping. Some slides specific to Northern California and the San Francisco bay Area. The deck has been used at corporate team-building events along with honey tasting and a live hive inspection.
This document provides an overview of bees and wasps, including their taxonomy, diversity, and key characteristics. It discusses that bees and wasps are in the order Hymenoptera and includes sawflies, parasitoids, wasps, ants, and bees. Bees are noted as the primary pollinators of flowering plants. Taxonomies of different bee and wasp families are then outlined, along with characteristics of bees, wasps, the worker bee, queen, and drone.
short and brief ppt about the Bracon hebetor (insect predator) for entomology department. it is an informative presentation for students as well as knowledge seekers. it will be more helpful for entomological department students.
This document summarizes various diseases that affect honeybees, including those that impact brood (larvae and pupae) as well as adult bees. The major brood diseases discussed are American foulbrood, European foulbrood, chalkbrood, and stonebrood. Viral diseases like sacbrood are also mentioned. Adult bee diseases include Nosema disease and those caused by parasitic mites like Varroa destructor and Tracheal mites. Control methods focus on antibiotics, chemicals, and improved beekeeping practices like ventilation and sanitation.
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including protozoan diseases like Nosema and Amoebic disease, bacterial diseases like American and European Foulbrood, fungal diseases like Chalkbrood and Stonebrood, viral diseases like Thai Sac Brood and Acute/Chronic Bee Paralysis, and mite-caused diseases like Acarosis and Varroasis. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, affected stages, infection sites, and management approaches for each disease.
Mr. S. Srinivasnaik's lecture discusses pests and diseases that affect honey bees. It identifies 10 insect pests, including the greater and lesser wax moths, ants, wasps, and wax beetles. It also lists birds, frogs, toads, lizards, and monkeys as natural enemies of honey bees. The lecture describes several honey bee diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and mites that infect both adult bees and larvae. It provides details on American foulbrood caused by Bacillus larvae, European foulbrood caused by Melissococcus pluton, Nosema disease caused by Nosema apis, and Acarine disease caused by the trache
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
The document discusses several diseases and pests that affect honey bees, including mites like the tracheal mite and Varroa mite, bacterial diseases like American and European foulbrood, protozoan diseases like Nosema, and fungal diseases like chalkbrood. It provides details on the symptoms, affected stages, and management approaches for each disease. The key diseases covered are Varroasis caused by the Varroa mite, American foulbrood caused by Paenibacillus larvae larvae, and Nosemosis caused by the protozoan Nosema apis and N. ceranae. Control and treatment methods include the use of essential oils, antibiotics, and destroying infected hives
This document provides information on various pests and diseases that affect honey bees, including images. It discusses American foulbrood, European foulbrood, sac brood, chalkbrood, Nosema, tracheal mites, varroa mites, small hive beetle, wax moths, and bee lice. It also mentions other potential threats like pesticides, viruses, and CCD but notes CCD's cause has not been identified. The document is intended to educate beekeepers on identifying and managing common honey bee pests and diseases.
This document provides information on common insects that attack stored grains and how to manage them. It identifies key pest types like beetles, weevils and moths. It describes several major pest species in detail with pictures of each life stage. These include granary and rice weevils, grain beetles, flour beetles, and angoumois grain moths. The document outlines the feeding damage caused by each pest. It also discusses integrated pest management methods like sanitation, monitoring, fumigation and improved storage to help reduce post-harvest losses from stored product insects.
This document discusses various diseases that affect honey bees, including protozoan, bacterial, fungal, viral diseases and disorders. It provides details on the causal agents, symptoms, stage of infection, and management for key diseases like Nosemosis, American Foulbrood, Chalkbrood, Thai Sac Brood, Acute Bee Paralysis, Varroasis and Colony Collapse Disorder. Effective management involves the use of antibiotics, grease patties, formic acid treatments, resistant bee breeds, and sterilization of equipment. Proper beekeeping practices are important to control honey bee diseases.
This PowerPoint presentation, "Parasites and their biology" is the first from a four-part webinar series on worms. The author is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This presentation on Internal Parasite Control in Sheep was given at the Indianhead Sheep Breeders Association 17th Annual Shepherd's Clinic and Trade Show on February 12, 2011.
This document discusses integrated pest management for honeybees. It emphasizes maintaining healthy hives and monitoring for pests like Varroa mites, small hive beetles, and wax moths. Natural and least-toxic treatments should be used first, starting with hive management and mechanical controls. If needed, formic acid and oxalic acid can help control mites while synthetic miticides should only be used as a last resort due to resistance issues. Regular inspection and record keeping help identify pest levels and determine the most effective treatment strategies.
mortalidad delas abejas si el ácido oxálico se aplica en temporada de frío. Posiblemente esto se deba aque las abejas mojadas no resisten bien al frío nocturno. Por lo cual se debería aplicar solamente cuando la temperatura no este inferior a 10ºC en la noche. Por otra parte, investigadores europeos mencionan que el ácido oxálico tiende a reducir la duración de vida de las abejas de invierno Esto significa que en clima templado, si se aplica este producto en otoño, puede haber problemas de despoblación en la primavera siguiente. En México y la mayor parte de américa, no se presenta el invierno drástico de los climas templados. Según nuestra experiencia, nunca ha habido problemas consecutivos al manejo de este producto, por lo cual se puede usar en Los resultados han sido muy buenos, debido a que se hace el tratamiento en épocas de invierno, que es el momento justo en el que la reina no se encuentra poniendo huevos, debido a las bajas temperaturas. Con este tipo de tratamientos se asegura eliminar cerca de 99% de la población de Varroa.
En México el fenómeno de invernación de las colonias no se produce, ya que existe cría todo el año. Esta gran diferencia hace que el combate contra Varroa no sea solo de una vez al año sino que se tiene que tratar por lo menos dos veces al año.
cualquier temporada. Sin embargo, por la falta de información, recomendamos a los apicultores de clima templado (particularmente sur de Chile y Argentina) no aplicar el ácido oxálico en otoño, sino solo en primavera, cuando las abejas no necesitan vivir por un largo tiempo.
Screwworm infestation is caused by fly larvae that feed on living flesh of mammals and sometimes birds. The larvae are laid by screwworm flies near wounds and proceed to burrow and feed on tissue, creating large lesions. The flies prefer warm humid environments and have a life cycle that can be completed in under 20 weeks. Signs of infestation include wounds with visible maggots, licking, fever, and infected areas around common sites like heads, briskets, and navels. Diagnosis involves identifying the larvae in wounds. Treatment requires removing the larvae and cleaning the wound repeatedly with antiseptic solutions until it heals. Prevention strategies include wound cleaning and use of insecticide sprays and powders
Identification of common natural enemy of crop pests and weedsKritika Somya
This document discusses different types of beneficial insects - predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and weed-killers. It provides examples of common types in each category and the pests or weeds they target. These beneficial insects are important as natural enemies that help control crop pests and invasive weeds, replacing the need for some chemical pesticides. The document encourages mass-multiplying these beneficial insects to help enrich biodiversity and protect crops.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
This document discusses diseases and pests that affect honey bees, including their causes, symptoms, and control methods. It covers protozoan diseases like nosema and amoebic disease, bacterial diseases including American and European foulbrood, fungal diseases such as chalkbrood and stonebrood, viral diseases like Thai sac brood and bee paralysis, mite infestations from tracheal and varroa mites, and colony collapse disorder. For each disease or pest, the causal agent, symptoms, infected stage, location of infection, and recommended treatment methods are described. The goal is to provide information on properly identifying and managing honey bee health issues.
This document discusses the role of parasitoids and predators in arthropod pest management. It covers definitions and concepts of biological control strategies including classical biological control, augmentation, and conservation. Classical biological control involves importing natural enemies from other regions to control exotic pests. Augmentation aims to increase natural enemy populations through periodic releases. Conservation modifies pesticide use and farming practices to preserve existing natural enemies. The document provides examples of successful classical biological control projects and challenges with mass rearing natural enemies for augmentation.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
6. AmericanFoulbrood
Spores germinate in midgut and bacteria massively proliferate to fill the entire
digestivetract
Bacteria penetrate gut lining and burst into organ cavity Dead larvae gooey
(can pull into rope) then dry to a dark scale Infected comb is discolored, smelly,
withsunken,puncturedcaps.
7. Spreads between colonies via robbing, drifting bees, swarming,
exchanginghive materials,combiningcolonies
Spores penetrate the wood of frames and supers Colonies should be
destroyedby burningor lyeimmersion
AmericanFoulbrood
8. Terramycin used as a preventative feeding treatment 3x annually
Mixed withpowderedsugarandsprinkled overframes
No treatment is considered 100% effective Reservoirs of spores in
feralcoloniesand oldequipment
AmericanFoulbrood
9. EuropeanFoulbrood
Bacterial disease of brood caused by Melissococcus
pluton Recognized as different from AFB in the 1800’s
Transmitted in honey by nursebees
Infects very young brood who die BEFORE cells are
capped
10. Bacteriaproliferateingutbutdo notpenetratebody cavity Consume
foodingutso larvadiesfromstarvation
Larvaeappear twistedalongsidesor bottomofcells,turnyellow,
then a brown rubberyscale
Rottenodor as withAFB butnotgooey likeAFB
EuropeanFoulbrood
12. Chalkbrood
Fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis
Recognized since early 1900’s and found in CAin 1968
Spores eaten by brood who die after cell capped
Dead brood have dry, fluffy,cotton‐likeappearance
13. Chalkbro
od
Dead brood removed by workers and left at hive
entrance Spores later brought back into hive on pollen
More common in spring and often disappears in
summer No available treatments forcontrol
14. Sacbrood
A disease caused by the virus Morator aetotulus
Usually affects only a few scattered brood in the hive
Brood form watery sac and die shortly after cell is capped
Head of infected larva lifted toward top of cell like a
canoe
19. A small mite Varroa jacobsoni historicallyfound on A.cerana
Moved onto A.melliferaineasternRussia and spreadworldwide
Feedson thehemolymphofbees inclosedcellsand adults
May causemalformationoflegs,wings,body segments
Varroamite
21. Varroamite
Considered the most serious pest of honeybees worldwide
Hard to detect when in low numbers, screened bottom
helps Apistan (fluvalinate) is the only legal material used in
the US Treating with antibiotic terramycin seemsto help
22. Nosema
Fungal disease of adults caused by Nosema apis
Obtained from infected food or water
Invades the digestive tract ofworkers, drones,
queens
23. Nosema
Inhibits digestion and causes dysentery
Infected bees defecate inside and on exterior of
hive Inhibits glands that make brood food and royal
jelly
Egg production in queens slows down
24. Nosema
Organism always present and infects 20‐30% of hives
normally Becomes a problem when bees unable to leave
hive
More common after periods of stress (transport)
25. Nosema
Identification requires dissection to see spores in gut tissue,
and chalky/milky white and swollengut
Treatment consists of using fumigillin (Fumidil‐B) in syrup
27. Colony Collapse
DisorderNo single cause identified yet Research looking at
several potentialcauses
Especially considering Nosemaceranae
Nutritional health or stress of colonies may beassociated
28. IsraeliAcuteParalysisVirus isbeingconsidered
Was foundin96% ofcollapsedhivesbutalsoafewhealthy
Considering the pesticideimidicloprid
Countries where outlawed stilldealingwithCCD
Colony CollapseDisorder
29. Trachealmite
Very small parasitic mite Acarapiswoodi
Attaches inside trachea and feeds on hemolymph of adult
bees Causes damaged/obstructed trachea and flight muscle
atrophy Lowers flight efficiency and reduces
thermoregulatoryability
30. Femalemitecrawlsintospiracleofadultbee< 4 days old
Femalefeeds and laysafeweggs inspiracles
Offspring hatchdevelop,mate,migrateoutofspiracleontohairs
Femalemitescrawlintospiraclesofotheryoung bees
Trachealmite
32. WaxMoth
Medium‐sized drab miller‐type moth Galleria melonella
Fallseason threat to stored comb in frost‐free
conditions Lays eggs on the outside of hives
Small, newly hatched larvae enter hive through cracks
Tunnel throughout comb making cocoons and silken mess
33. BeeLouse
A wingless fly Braulacoeca
Hitch rides on thorax of bees but not attached
Do not feed on the bee itself but steal their
food
Lay eggs in cappings and larvae tunnel under
cappings Noreal damage or treatment
recommended
35. Pesticides
Bees are very susceptible to many kinds of pesticides Kill rates vary
above normal die off of 100 bees/day
Low toxicity = 200‐400bees/day
Moderate toxicity = 500‐1000bees/day
High toxicity = >1000bees/day
Several toxic active ingredients, most highly toxic azimphos methyl,
carbaryl,esfenvalerate A few are relatively non‐toxic(2,4‐D, aldicarb)
Formulations affect toxicity as well as active ingredient Dust or
microencapsulated are more toxic that spray solution
37. What are the
options?
Cooperation between beekeeping organization and
farmers Legal recourse, compensation if large number
affected
Small beekeepers can realistically only identify source
and prevent future contamination
Anticipate applications and protect beesaccordingly
38. PesticideProtections
Place hives on hilltops to minimize exposure to drift Check for
bee activity and don’t apply when flying
Mow attractive ground blooming flowers before treating Don’t drain
pesticides into standing water or leave puddles Move hives before
spraying or cover with wet burlap prior to
spraying and keep covered for 2‐3 days
39. Don’t apply systemic pesticides beforebloom
Don’tsprayduringbloom (Carbarylas abloomthinner istoxic)
Use less toxicformulations likegranules,solutions, emulsifiable
concentratesinstead of more toxicmicroencapsulateds,dusts,
or wettablepowders
Ifusing highly toxicinsecticides,keepbees outfor48‐72h
PesticideProtections
40. HiveStrength
Common recommendation for disease is to keep hive strong
Get disease because it’s weak or get weak because of
disease?
Beekeeper tactics have goal of increasing strength of
hives Must regularly evaluate hivestrength
41. Evaluating HiveStrength
How do you know if you have healthy number of bees?
Need method to evaluate number of bees indirectly
during pollinationseason
42. Evaluating HiveStrength
Inspect at least 10% of hives periodically
Look for: egg laying queen, large numbers of workers, empty
supers on top for honey storage
Weak colonies have small numbers of bees, usually grouped
together,and mostly located on central frames
44. While wearing protectiveequipment,inspecttheinsideofhives
When topinnercoverislifted,thereshouldbedozens ofbees When
topsuper islifted,thereshouldbehundreds ofbees
between frames in bothsupers
Evaluating HiveStrength
45. Evaluating HiveStrength
When frames are removed, you should see brood, pollen,
honey and many bees on the frames
During pollination season you want 9‐10 frames of bees with
at least 5 frames of brood and brood covering >50% of the
frame
Hundreds of bees should be on frames with brood
46. Honeybees are our mostimportant pollinator
Many kindsofpathogens,parasites,predatorsaffectmost stages
of beedevelopment
Stronghivesareimportanttomaintainhealth
Pesticidecontamination always athreat
Summary
47. The Bottom
Line
Strong colonies with good, laying queens and room to
store honey will be the healthiest, and the best
pollinators