2. TOPIC:
DISEASES AND PEST ASSOCIATED WITH HONEY
BEES.CAUSES,SYMPTOMS AND THEIR CONTROL
SUBMITTED TO: DR: FAHAD NAZIR KHOSO
SUBMITTED BY:MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH BHUTTO
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2K18-PT-134
FACULTY: OF CROP PROTECTION SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY
TANDOJAM
DATE: 22/08/2020
3. TYPES OF DISEASES
Protozoan -Nosema, Amoebic
Bacterial- American and
Europian Foul brood
Fungal -Chalk brood, Stone brood
Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute and Chronic
bee paralysis
Diseases caused by Mites viz. Acarosis
(Tracheal mite) and
Varroasis (Varroa mite)
Disorder- Colony Collapse Disorders
(CCD)
5. ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite)
Also known as Acarine
disease, Isle of Wight
( because it was observed
in Isle of Wight in 1904).
CAUSAL AGENT- honey
bee tracheal
mite, Acarapis woodi, a
small parasitic mite. It
affects mostly the trachea
and body fluid.
6. Nature of damage:-
It infects worker, drone and
queen honey bees. mites live and
reproduce in trachea.
They pierce the tracheal tube
walls & feed on the hemolymph
of the bees.
feeding on blood & depositing
their faeces in the passage.
STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult
PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea
and body fluid
7. MANAGEMENT:-
Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part vegetable
shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed on
top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from crystal
form or mixed into the grease patties.
Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee,
developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey.
Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive
in flat perforated lid.
Destruction of affected colony.
Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate
Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer
8. VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite)
CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa mite, Varroa destructor
Symptoms:
Varroa reproduce on honey bee
pupae and feed on bee
hemolymph.
Varroa are also known to carry and
vector bee viruses that are
particularly damaging to the bees.
Varroa infestations can cause
irreversible damage to honey bees
that can lead to honey bee colony
losses.
STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval
9. PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e.
haemolymph
MANAGEMENT:
Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites,
Apistanresistant varroa mites, and Checkmite+
resistant varroa mites.
Using 65% formic acid
Mite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day, single
application mite control product registered for use
against varroa and tracheal mites.
Time of control: Spring and early summera
10. PROTOZOAN DISEASES
NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease)
Hind gut is
inflamed
CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema
apis and Nosema ceranae.
that infects the intestinal
tract of adult bees. It is a
serious adult disease.
SYMPTOMS:-
Bees become dysenteric with distened
abdomen with faeces, shining and
swollen abdomen.
Affected worker bees have disjointed
wings & are found crawling near the hive
entrance.
On dissection of the infested bees, the
mid intestine is seen swollen & dull
greyish-white in colour as it is full of
spores. by protozoa Many bees loose
body hairs.
11. STAGE OF INFECTION: Adult
SITE OF INFECTION: Stomach
MANAGEMENT:-
Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @
455mg/lt. Of sugar syrup at weekly interval.
Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with
Glacial acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag
at 120ml/hive) or 40% formalin fumes only after
the queen and the bees have transferred to new
foundation combs.
Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter
12. AMOEBIC DISEASE
CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba mellifeicae
SITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules.
SYMPTOMS:
The bees get infected by ingesting the
cysts which accumulate in the posterior
end of the midgut or in the rectum.
The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the
glassy malpighian tubules entering
intestine and show faecal matter at that
place.
Mostly dominant in April and May.
MANAGEMENT:
Only way to control is by proper hygiene
and by the disinfection of equipments by
2% carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a
fumigated box.
13. BACTERIAL DISEASES
CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus larvae
larvae.
It is the most widespread and destructive
of the honey bee brood diseases. It affEcts
queen,
drone, and worker larvae alike.
AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB) (Dreadly disease)
Dead Pupae
PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut
SYMPTOMS-
turn dark brown and later
changes into sticky mass producing foul
smell (Infected larvae darken and die)
Irregular and sunken brood
14. STAGE INFECTED – larvae
MANAGEMENT – Hive to
completely Use of antibiotics
such as oxytetracycline
hydrochloride (terramycin) and
tylosin tartrate Dusting the
combs with sulphathiazole
powder Dipping the hive partsin
hot paraffin wax or a 3%sodium
hypochlorite solution(bleach)
Burning of infested comb
15. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD
CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus plutonius, Bacillus pluton
(bacterium)
PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut
SYMPTOMS –
The diseased larvae turns yellow and then brown and the tracheal
system becomes visible.
Larvae dies in a coiled stage causing foul smell. Cells are poorly
capped and mixed with normal cells.
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae
MANAGEMENT-
Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride
The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can
also be used to effectively control the disease
16. FUNGAL DISEASES
CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):
CAUSAL
ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis
PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut
SYMPTOMS :The fungus will
consume the rest of the larva’s body, causing
it to appearwhite and ‘chalky’.
STAGE INFECTED:larvae
MANAGEMENT:Prevent during wet spring
.Transfer of healthy bees into another bee
hive .Increase the ventilation through the
hive.
17. STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):
CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus fumigates, A.
flavus and A. niger
PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal
SYMPTOMS –
Dead larvae turn black and become difficult to
crush, hence the name stone brood
Fungus erupts from the integument of the larva
and forms a false skin and larvae are covered with
powdery fungal spores
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults
MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive
with formaldehyde fumes
18. VIRAL DISEASES
THAI SAC BROOD.
It is a serious brood disease of Apis cerana indica
caused by virus Morator aetatulus (Thai strain)
during spring season.
SYMPTOMS:
Spotty brood appearance (pepper box.)
capping tends to be darker, concave & punctured
frequently.
Dead larvae dry up in brood cell forming loose scale
or sac like
Brood die in pre pupal stage but in unsealed stage
Dead larvae lie on their back, tip of head capsule
turned upward.
19. MANAGEMENT:
Destruction of frame
Maintenance of strong and vigorous
colony
Sterilisation of beekeeping
equipments with KMnO4 @ 50g/lit
water followed by hot water dipping.
Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%)
@ 5ml/hive
Caging queen for 21 days for creating
broodlessness condition.
20. ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)
and affects only the adults which only show
signs of trembling ,sprawled legs and wings .
Occasionally ,they also exhibit partial
hairlessness and in some case a black shiny
appearance.
The death rate may be high,but the disease
may be mild or transient at times .Infected
adults bees usally show the first symptom of
acute paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die
within a day .
21. CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by the chronic bee paralysis virus
(CBPV) and the infected adult may take
many days to die . Adult bees infected
SYMPTOMS:
the adults have a bloated abdomen, which is
caused by the distension of the honey sac
with liquid.
They do not fly, instead they crawl on the
ground, exhibiting an abnormal trembling
motion of the wings and bodies.
They become almost hairless, appearing
dark or almost black and shiny.
Uninfected bees nibble at them and prevent
their return to the colony.
22. COLONY COLLAPSE
DISORDER (CCD)
CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses,
malnutrition, pathogens and genetically
modified (GM)crops
PLACE OF INFECTION - colony
SYMPTOM–worker bees from a beehive
colony abruptly disappear
STAGE INFECTED – worker bees
MANAGEMENT – Exact causes are not
known so following natural beekeeping
practices.
