5. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB)
(Dreadly disease)
CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus
larvae larvae.
It is the most widespread and
destructive of the honey bee
brood diseases. It affEcts queen,
drone, and worker larvae alike.
PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut
SYMPTOMS-
turn dark brown and later
changes into sticky mass
producing foul smell (Infected
larvae darken and die)
Dead Pupae
Irregular and sunken brood
6. STAGE INFECTED – larvae
MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics
such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin)
and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with
sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot
paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite
solution(bleach)
Burning of infested comb
7. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD :
CAUSAL ORGANISM-
Melissococcus plutonius, Bacillus
pluton (bacterium)
PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut
SYMPTOMS –
The diseased larvae turns yellow
and then brown and the tracheal
system becomes visible.
Larvae dies in a coiled stage
causing foul smell. Cells are poorly
capped and mixed with normal
cells.
8. STAGE INFECTED-Larvae
MANAGEMENT-
Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride
The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can
also be used to effectively control the disease
10. CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):
CAUSAL
ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis
PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut
SYMPTOMS :The fungus will
consume the rest of the larva’s
body, causing it to appearwhite
and ‘chalky’.
STAGE INFECTED:larvae
MANAGEMENT:Prevent during
wet spring .Transfer of healthy
bees into another bee hive
.Increase the ventilation through
the hive.
11. STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):
CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus
fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger
PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal
SYMPTOMS –
Dead larvae turn black and become
difficult to crush, hence the name stone
brood
Fungus erupts from the integument of
the larva and forms a false skin and
larvae are covered with powdery fungal
spores
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults
MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive
with formaldehyde fumes
12. ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by acute bee paralysis virus
(ABPV) and affects only the adults
which only show signs of trembling
,sprawled legs and wings .
Occasionally ,they also exhibit
partial hairlessness and in some
case a black shiny appearance.
The death rate may be high,but the
disease may be mild or transient at
times .Infected adults bees usally
show the first symptom of acute
paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die
within a day .
13. CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by the chronic bee paralysis
virus (CBPV) and the infected adult
may take many days to die .
Adult bees infected
SYMPTOMS:
the adults have a bloated abdomen,
which is caused by the distension of
the honey sac with liquid.
They do not fly, instead they crawl on
the ground, exhibiting an abnormal
trembling motion of the wings and
bodies.
They become almost hairless,
appearing dark or almost black and
shiny.
Uninfected bees nibble at them and
prevent their return to the colony.
14. COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER
(CCD)
CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses,
malnutrition, pathogens and
genetically modified (GM)crops
PLACE OF INFECTION -
colony
SYMPTOM–worker bees from a
beehive colony abruptly
disappear
STAGE INFECTED – worker
bees
MANAGEMENT – Exact causes
are not known so following
natural beekeeping practices.
