This document discusses staging and treatment options for cervical cancer. It covers stages IA through IVB and describes the diagnostic workup, factors influencing treatment choice, and standard treatment approaches for each stage, including loop electrosurgical excision, conization, brachytherapy, hysterectomy, and radiotherapy. For early stages, options may include close observation, LEEP, conization, or hysterectomy. More advanced stages often receive combinations of chemotherapy, external beam radiation, and brachytherapy. Treatment aims to control the cancer while limiting complications based on each patient's situation.

1. Dr NANDITHA KISHORE

2. Diagnostic work-up
Staging
Stage wise Management

6. Stage IA

7. Stage IIA Stage IIB

8. Stage IIIA Stage IIIB

9. Stage IVA Stage IVB

10. Factors influencing the choice of local treatment
• Tumor size
• Stage
• Histologic features
• Evidence of lymph node metastasis
• Risk factors for complications of surgery or radiotherapy
• Patient preference

11. It includes higher grades of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.
Initial colposcopic and careful clinical examination to define
extent of disease to be performed
Options of treatment
LEEP
Therapeutic Conization
LDR or HDR Brachytherapy
Simple vaginal Hysterectomy Type I

12. HSIL
suspicion of occult invasion on cytologic or colposcopic
examination
yes no
conization LEEP
Negative margins
Dysplasia ,close
or positive
margins
Close
observation
Surgery or
Brachytherapy

13. Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure
Considered the treatment for noninvasive squamous lesions.
A charged electrode is used to excise the entire transformation
zone and distal canal.
Control rates are similar to those achieved with cryotherapy or
laser ablation
• It is more easily learned,
• Less expensive and
• Preserves the excised lesion and transformation zone
• Outpatient office procedure that preserves fertility.

14. Therapeutic conization or Excisional conization
Indications
The Entire transformation zone has not been well visualized
Marked discrepancy between Pap smear results and colposcopy
findings
Colposcopic biopsy leaves unresolved presence of invasive
disease.
Patients with Adenocarcinoma in situ
Conization microscopic margins are critical in decision making
regarding a conservative approach or proceeding with a
hysterectomy.

15. IRRADIATION
• In patients with strong medical contraindications to surgery
• Extension of the lesion to the vaginal wall
• Multifocal carcinoma in situ in both the cervix and the vagina
STUDY TREATMENT OUTCOME
Washington University (26) 45 Gy to point A with LDR No recurrences were recorded
Ogino et al HDR brachytherapy 26.1 Gy
(range, 20 to 30 Gy) prescribed at
point A
None had recurrent disease.
Rectal bleeding occurred in three
patients and subsided
spontaneously.

16. SURGERY
Severe dysplasia or Positive Conization margins
Completed child bearing
Doubtful for close follow up
Elderly who have other gynecologic conditions that justify the
procedure
Type I Abdominal Hysterectomy

17. Prognostic Factors
Depth of invasion
Tumor confluence (tumor volume in the stroma )
Smaller margins
Lymphovascular invasion
Conization is mandatory for more accurate diagnosis.
Tumor control with all treatment methods is over 95%, with
patients eventually dying of intercurrent disease .

18. Treatment options
Therapeutic conization alone
HDR or LDR Brachytherapy
Type 1 Abdominal Hysterectomy
Wertheims Radical Hysterectomy with Pelvic lymphadenectomy
Vaginal Trachelectomy (removal of the cervix) and laparoscopic
lymphadenectomy

21. Stage IA1
Therapeutic conization
Therapeutic conization for microinvasive disease is usually
performed with a scalpel while the patient is under general or
spinal anesthesia
Indications
Lesions <1 mm in depth without LVSI
All margins are tumor free
who wish to maintain fertility
Continued careful follow-up

22. Total Abdominal (type I) or vaginal hysterectomy.
Depth of penetration of the stroma by tumor is <3 mm, the
incidence of lymph node metastasis is 1% or less.
lymph node dissection not required
Pelvic external irradiation is not warranted

23. surgical treatment is standard for in situ and micro invasive cancer
The risk of nodal metastases is approximately 5%.
Modified Radical (Type II) Hysterectomy with pelvic
lymphadenectomy
less extensive procedure
significant urinary tract complications are rare
Wertheim Radical (Type III) hysterectomy with pelvic
lymphadenectomy
Preferred technique for more extensive lesions

24. Type III Type II Hysterectomies

25. Radiotherapy
Indications
severe medical problems
contraindications to surgical treatment
Technique and Dose
IntraCavitary Brachytherapy alone
LDR 60 to 75 Gy to point A, in 2 insertions.
HDR 36 to 45 Gy in 6 to 8 fractions

26. Grigsby and Perez
21 patients with carcinoma in situ and 34 patients with
microinvasive carcinoma treated with radiation alone
Results
10-year progression-free survival rate of 100%
Hamberger et al
93 patients with stage IA disease and small stage IB tumors
(less than one cervical quadrant involved) treated with
intracavitary irradiation alone.
Results
89 (96%) of 93 patients were disease-free at 5 years .

28. Early stage IB1 cervical carcinoma
Treatment Options
• Combined EBRT and Brachytherapy
• Radical Hysterectomy and bilateral Pelvic lymphadenectomy
Overall survival rates for patients with stage IB cervical cancer
treated with surgery or radiation usually range between 80% and
90%, suggesting that the two treatments are equally effective.

29. Choice of treatment depends upon following factors
Patient preference
• Anesthetic and surgical risks
• Physician preference
• An understanding of the nature and incidence of complications
Patients with similar tumors
Surgical treatment associated with urinary tract complications
Radiotherapy associated with bowel complications

30. Surgical treatment
Preferred for young women with small tumors
preservation of ovarian function
may cause less vaginal shortening.
Radical vaginal or abdominal trachelectomy
For small IB1 (2 cm or less) lesions who are eager to preserve
fertility
Type III Radical hysterectomy

31. Radiotherapy
• Older women morbid for a major surgical procedure
• Postmenopausal women
Patients without evidence of regional involvement have
excellent pelvic control rates (about 97% at 5 years) with
radiotherapy alone .
Probably do not require Concurrent chemotherapy
EBRT +Brachytherapy

32. Landoni et al. In 1997, the only prospective trial comparing
radical surgery with radiotherapy
Design
surgery
EBRT+ICR
pT2b , <3 mm
margins,
positive
margins
positive pelvic
node
Post op RT
IB and IIA
343

33. Results
Median follow-up of 87 months
Treatment
modality
5-year
overall and
disease-free
survival
Morbidity
Local
recurrence
surgery 83% 25% 28%
Radiothe
rapy
P=0.004
74% 26% 12%
Worse morbidity seen in combined modality

34. Non randomised comparitive studies
study Stage of ca
cervix
Outcome Results
Kielbinska et al STAGE 1
n=792
survival, general
health, incidence of
recurrent carcinoma
Equivalent results
Piver et al Stage IB
N=103
5-year disease-free
survival
92.3% for the surgical
group and 91.1% for
the radiation therapy
group
Perez et al 118 patients with
stage IB or IIA
5-year tumor-free
survival
Stage IB=80% and 82%
stage IIA= 56% and
79%
Perez et al 415 patients with
stage IB or limited
stage IIB
10-year cause-specific
survival rate
61% and 68% for non
bulky tumors

35. Bulky stage IB2 and IIA Tumors
Treatment options
Primary concurrent Chemoradiation
Type III Radical Hysterectomy Alone
Post operative radiation alone
Post operative Chemoradiation

38. Radical (type III) hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic
lymphadenectomy.
Patients with bulky tumors of >4cm have high risk factors for
pelvic recurrence so it is followed by adjuvant treatment
Patient is exposed to the risks of both treatments.
Consequently, many oncologists believe that patients with stage
IB2 carcinomas are better treated with radical radiotherapy.

39. Radiotherapy After Radical Hysterectomy
HIGH-RISK FEATURES
Lymph node metastasis
Deep stromal invasion
Positive or close operative
margins
Parametrial involvement
Intermediate Risk Features
least two of :
Greater than one-third
stromal invasion
LVSI
Clinical tumor diameter of at
least 4 cm

40. In 2006, Rotman et al. GOG-92, a randomized trial first that
tested the benefit of adjuvant pelvic irradiation in patients with
an intermediate risk factors for stage IB carcinoma.
277
46 to 50.6 Gy of adjuvant
radiotherapy
observation

41. Overall, there was a 46% reduction in the risk of recurrence with adjuvant
radiotherapy (P = .007).

42. Retrospective and prospective studies clearly demonstrate that
irradiation decreases the risk of pelvic recurrence in patients
whose tumors have high-risk features
The risk of pelvic and distant recurrence remains high for these
women even with adjuvant radiation

43. Early studies from M. D. Anderson Cancer Center suggested that
local recurrence rates for patients with bulky stage IB cancers
were decreased when radiotherapy was followed by adjuvant
hysterectomy.
Extrafascial (type I) hysterectomy is usually performed.
Radical hysterectomy is avoided after high-dose irradiation
because of an increased risk of urinary tract complications

44. study demonstrated no significant improvement in the survival rate
among patients who had an adjuvant hysterectomy (relative risk of
death, 0.89; 90% confidence interval, 0.65, 1.21).

46. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has usually included cisplatin and
bleomycin plus one or two other drugs
GOG prospective trail
compared radical hysterectomy followed by postoperative
radiotherapy with chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy and
irradiation.
it showed no difference in recurrence rates,death rates
Patients requiring post operative for high risk features are also
equal in both arms.

47. Patients having high risk factors are considered for concurrent
chemoradiation.
Whether to add concurrent chemotherapy to post op radiation is
being tested in an accuring randomised trail.
Many institutions routinely implement chemo RT for
intermediate risk patients
Song et al
20 yrs experience in stage IB to IIA ca cervix with intermediate
risk factors found that Chemoradiation significantly decreased
pelvic recurrence and distant metastases.

50. Radiotherapy is the primary local treatment for most patients
with loco regionally advanced cervical carcinoma.
Five-year survival rates
65% to 75%,
35% to 50%
15% to20%

51. Results from several cooperative oncology groups demonstrated
that cisplatin based chemotherapy when given concurrently with
radiation prolongs survival in locally advanced cervical
carcinoma.
GOG 123 Keys et al
GOG 85 Whitney et al
GOG 120 Rose et al
GOG 109/SWOG 87 97 Peters et al
RTOG 90 01 Eifil et al

55. Treatment Options
Chemotherapy

56. Palliative Radiotherapy
Localized radiotherapy can provide effective relief of pain caused
by metastases in bone, brain, lymph nodes, or other sites.
A rapid course of pelvic radiotherapy can also provide excellent
relief of pain and bleeding for patients who present with
incurable disseminated disease.
10Gya per fraction with gap of 3 weeks for 3 fractions has
proved in several studies to control heavy bleeding and pain.

57. Occasionally, a simple or total abdominal hysterectomy is
performed, and invasive carcinoma of the cervix is incidentally
found in the surgical specimen.
Extra fascial abdominal hysterectomy is not curative.
Technically difficult to perform an adequate radical operation
after previous simple hysterectomy

59. Only Microinvasive Carcinoma
No additional therapy
Lesions With Deeper Stromal Invasion
1 or 2 vaginal ICRs to deliver a 65-Gy LDR mucosal dose
5 or 6 fractions of 36 Gy at 0.5 cm with HDR brachytherapy
Fully Invasive Tumor
20 to 40 Gy to the whole pelvis and additional parametrial dose
to complete 50 Gy combined with one or two LDRs to the
vaginal vault for a 40 to 65 Gy

60. Gross Tumor Present In The Vaginal Vault Or Parametrium
whole pelvis dose should be 40 Gy with an additional
parametrial dose of 10 to 20 Gy. An intracavitary insertion with
two LDRs to the vaginal vault for a 40 to 65 Gy or equivalent
HDR
Residual Tumor
interstitial implant should be carried out to selectively increase
the dose to this volume.

63. After Previous Surgery
Radiation may salvage 50% with localized pelvic recurrences
after surgery alone
A combination of Whole Pelvis EBRT (40-50Gy)+chemo followed
by ICR is recomended.
Total mucosal dose from external and brachytherapy can
approach 140Gy to upper vagina and 95Gy to distal vagina.

64. After Definitive Irradiation
Re irradiation must be undertaken with extreme caution.
It is very important to analyze the techniques used in the initial
treatment
The period of time between the two treatments must be taken
into consideration
External irradiation for recurrent tumor is given to limited
volumes (40 to 45 Gy, 1.8-Gy tumor dose per fraction,
preferentially using lateral portals)

65. EBRT combined with brachytherapy to control bleeding of
central recurrences
Selected patients with limited pelvic recurrences not fixed to the
pelvic wall and without evidence of extrapelvic metastases can
be potentially salvaged by radical hysterectomy or pelvic
exenteration.
Urinary diversion, either by nephrostomy or ileal bladder, may
be of palliative value in patients with either recurrent carcinoma
in the pelvis .