DISCOURSE AND POWER
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Social power exists in relationships between groups and is revealed through discourse and social interaction. Discourse can be used as a power tool, with imbalances in interaction reflecting differences in social power between two parties. One powerful group can control another group through ideological domination and shaping their cognitive conditions, desires, and beliefs through persuasive communication that operates on human fears and greed. However, the less powerful group can also exhibit resistance that limits the control exercised by the dominant group.
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Discourse and power
This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the relationship between power and language. It covers two major aspects: (1) power in discourse, which involves powerful participants controlling contributions from non-powerful participants, and (2) power behind discourse, including the hidden power of standard languages and mass media. CDA views discourse as where power relations are enacted and examines how social relations and ideologies are reflected and reproduced through language use.
DISCOURSE AND POWER
This document discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the relationship between discourse and power. CDA examines how social power is abused and reproduced through text and talk. The goals of CDA are to understand, expose, and resist social inequalities that are enacted through discourse. CDA takes a multidisciplinary approach and views discourse as inherently part of social structures and power relationships, rather than being value-neutral. It focuses on how discourse confirms, legitimizes, and challenges social relations of power and dominance.
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This document provides an overview and summary of Teun van Dijk's book "Discourse and Power". It discusses that the book defines critical discourse analysis and its aims to analyze how social power, dominance, and inequalities are reproduced through text and talk. It also examines discourse as both a product of social inequalities and as a tool that can legitimize dominance and power abuse. The document reviews key aspects of van Dijk's conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between discourse and power.
Power in Everyday Discourse
This document analyzes how power is expressed and contested through everyday discourse. It provides two examples of discourse that assert or challenge power relationships: 1) A conversation where one person questions policies supporting te reo Māori and Pacific languages, expressing racist views. 2) An interaction at work where a subordinate tries unsuccessfully to engage their superior in small talk, potentially challenging the existing power dynamic. The document also discusses how discourse shapes societal norms and power structures, and how power imbalances can be reinforced through everyday exchanges.
A Sample of CDA
- Hillary Clinton stated on NBC's "Meet the Press" that an "unborn person" does not have constitutional rights.
- Both pro-life and pro-choice supporters criticized Clinton's description of an unborn fetus as a "person."
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This document provides an overview of discourse and gendered identities. It discusses how gender is produced through discourse in dynamic and context-specific ways. Discourse is defined in various ways across disciplines but generally refers to patterns of language use and social interaction. Gender identities are discursively constructed through recognizable discourses around masculinity and femininity. These discourses can support and conflict with each other, represent ways of thinking and doing, and enact social power dynamics. Feminist approaches to discourse analysis examine how gender ideology and power relations are reproduced and contested in representations and social relationships.Critical discourse analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines how social power and inequality are reproduced through text and talk. CDA aims to understand and resist social domination by making power relations and ideologies more transparent. CDA analyzes both micro-level discourse and macro-level social structures, and how they interconnect. It focuses on how discourse enactes, confirms, or challenges power abuse and inequality between social groups.
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This document summarizes Ruth Wodak's Discourse Historical Model approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA highlights the relationship between social power relations and discourse. It also notes that CDA is not a single theory but a diverse research program. The Discourse Historical Approach is problem-oriented and interdisciplinary. It integrates historical context and explores how discourse changes over time. According to this approach, language is social and interconnected with power dynamics, ideologies, interactions, and interpretations.
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A Sample of CDA
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This document discusses principles of critical discourse analysis (CDA). CDA aims to analyze how power and dominance are enacted and reproduced through discourse. It focuses on how elite groups and institutions maintain dominance and social inequality through patterns of access to public discourse. CDA takes an explicit sociopolitical stance and focuses on the perspectives of dominated groups. It examines how social cognition and representations in people's minds provide the link between discourse and the reproduction of dominance at the societal level.
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Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is introduced as a highly context sensitive approach to analyzing politically or culturally influential texts. CDA differs from other forms of textual analysis in six key ways, such as being highly integrated across text, discourse, and social context levels. Strategies of CDA can be used to analyze various artifacts like advertisements, movies, and websites. Tools of CDA include genre, framing, foregrounding, omission, and backgrounding, which can be applied at the sentence level to identify manipulation. In conclusion, CDA is defined as a democratic approach that examines power relations and aims to improve society through close analysis of influential texts and consideration of real-world contexts.
The Discourse - Historical Approach
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
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Cda principles
1. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines how social power and inequality are reproduced through language use. It views discourse as a form of social action and studies the relationships between discourse, power, dominance, and inequality.
2. CDA aims to understand and explain complex relationships between dominance and discourse, and analyze the fundamental causes, conditions, and consequences of social issues. It also examines how discourse constitutes society and culture.
3. CDA takes a critical approach and sees discourse as both a form of social action that can change the world, and a form that is situated within social and historical contexts and in dialectical relationship with other social aspects.
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Introduction to the school of cda.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing written, spoken, and signed texts that seeks to reveal the ideological assumptions and power relationships that are part of discourse. The leading scholars who developed CDA include Norman Fairclough, Ruth Wodak, and Teun van Dijk. According to van Dijk, CDA examines how discursive sources of power, dominance, and inequality are maintained and reproduced through social, political, and historical contexts. CDA goes beyond merely describing discourse and aims to explain how and why discourses function to reproduce social power relations.
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The document provides an introduction to critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses key concepts such as how language shapes and reflects social practices and power relations. CDA examines how discourse reproduces and challenges ideologies through a close analysis of text and consideration of wider social contexts. The document outlines some of the main approaches and theorists in CDA and contrasts it with traditional linguistics by noting CDA's focus on language in use and its aim to understand how discourse enacts social goals.
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The document discusses several topics related to identity and discourse:
1) Identities are constructed through language use and interaction with others, and can change over time and context. They are negotiated between individuals.
2) Casual conversation, though seemingly trivial, plays an important role in establishing social identities around factors like gender, class, ethnicity.
3) Academic writing similarly reveals aspects of writer identity as they position themselves for their readers. This can be challenging for non-native writers.
Cda principles
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines how social power and inequality are reproduced through language use. CDA views discourse as a form of social action and studies the relationship between discourse, power, dominance, and inequality. The ultimate goal of CDA is social and political change by critically analyzing how power relations are enacted and reinforced through everyday language and discourse. CDA aims to understand how discourse both shapes and is shaped by wider social structures and power relations.
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Presentación1
Teun Adrianus van Dijk is a Dutch scholar born in 1943 who has contributed significantly to the fields of text linguistics, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis. He founded six international journals focused on these topics. Van Dijk developed a model of context, social cognition, and memory to understand how discourse is influenced by and influences its various contexts through social cognition and memory. He has focused on how racism can be reproduced through the discourse of politicians, journalists, and scholars.
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Discourse communities are groups of people who share activities and spend substantial time together. They may be tightly knit speech communities or looser networks. Factors like social class, networks, education, and background influence language use. Gender is a social category that is one part of identity, while sex refers to biological attributes. Discourse and sexuality add the dimension of personal desire. Social variables and identities intersect with language use, as the way people speak is influenced by their group memberships and position in society.
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This document discusses research on language, gender, and discourse identity. It summarizes key findings from several studies. Kramer found that men's speech was seen as logical and concise while women's was seen as emotional and wordy. Cutler and Scott found that in dialogues between men and women, the woman was judged to talk more. However, when members of the same gender had a dialogue, each was judged to contribute equally. The document also discusses social identity theory and how gender identities are constructed through communities of practice rather than fixed speech communities.
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This document provides an overview of media, language and power from a cultural studies perspective. It discusses two approaches to communication - the process approach which sees it as a transaction between individuals, and the cultural approach which focuses on how meaning is negotiated within cultural contexts. It then examines the nature of media through these lenses. The document also summarizes key concepts from structuralism and semiotics, such as how Ferdinand de Saussure analyzed language and meaning as relational rather than inherent. It discusses how ideologies shape meaning and communication dynamics, and questions we can ask of texts from this critical cultural studies viewpoint.
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Principles Of Critical Discourse Analysis
This document discusses principles of critical discourse analysis (CDA). CDA aims to analyze how power and dominance are enacted and reproduced through discourse. It focuses on how elite groups and institutions maintain dominance and social inequality through patterns of access to public discourse. CDA takes an explicit sociopolitical stance and focuses on the perspectives of dominated groups. It examines how social cognition and representations in people's minds provide the link between discourse and the reproduction of dominance at the societal level.
Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally assume that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use
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Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is introduced as a highly context sensitive approach to analyzing politically or culturally influential texts. CDA differs from other forms of textual analysis in six key ways, such as being highly integrated across text, discourse, and social context levels. Strategies of CDA can be used to analyze various artifacts like advertisements, movies, and websites. Tools of CDA include genre, framing, foregrounding, omission, and backgrounding, which can be applied at the sentence level to identify manipulation. In conclusion, CDA is defined as a democratic approach that examines power relations and aims to improve society through close analysis of influential texts and consideration of real-world contexts.
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Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
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This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
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discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
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is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
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images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
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Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
Cda principles
1. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines how social power and inequality are reproduced through language use. It views discourse as a form of social action and studies the relationships between discourse, power, dominance, and inequality.
2. CDA aims to understand and explain complex relationships between dominance and discourse, and analyze the fundamental causes, conditions, and consequences of social issues. It also examines how discourse constitutes society and culture.
3. CDA takes a critical approach and sees discourse as both a form of social action that can change the world, and a form that is situated within social and historical contexts and in dialectical relationship with other social aspects.
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This document discusses discourse, power, and access. It defines power as control over actions and minds of others through privileged access to social resources like public discourse. It states that dominant groups can influence knowledge, attitudes, and ideologies of recipients through controlling properties of discourse access such as topics, styles, and audiences. It analyzes dimensions of access including who plans/controls settings, speech acts, styles, audiences, and consequences of discourse. Access patterns reflect social power relations and dominance.
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Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing written, spoken, and signed texts that seeks to reveal the ideological assumptions and power relationships that are part of discourse. The leading scholars who developed CDA include Norman Fairclough, Ruth Wodak, and Teun van Dijk. According to van Dijk, CDA examines how discursive sources of power, dominance, and inequality are maintained and reproduced through social, political, and historical contexts. CDA goes beyond merely describing discourse and aims to explain how and why discourses function to reproduce social power relations.
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The document discusses several topics related to identity and discourse:
1) Identities are constructed through language use and interaction with others, and can change over time and context. They are negotiated between individuals.
2) Casual conversation, though seemingly trivial, plays an important role in establishing social identities around factors like gender, class, ethnicity.
3) Academic writing similarly reveals aspects of writer identity as they position themselves for their readers. This can be challenging for non-native writers.
Cda principles
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines how social power and inequality are reproduced through language use. CDA views discourse as a form of social action and studies the relationship between discourse, power, dominance, and inequality. The ultimate goal of CDA is social and political change by critically analyzing how power relations are enacted and reinforced through everyday language and discourse. CDA aims to understand how discourse both shapes and is shaped by wider social structures and power relations.
The history of the study of intercultural communication
The document discusses the history and approaches to the study of intercultural communication. It began in the U.S. in 1946 with the establishment of the Foreign Service Institute to provide pre-departure courses. Edward T. Hall and George Tragers contributed the concept of proxemics, communicating through body positioning. The social science approach views culture and communication objectively while the critical approach emphasizes subjective reality and macro contexts like political and social structures that influence communication.
Presentación1
Teun Adrianus van Dijk is a Dutch scholar born in 1943 who has contributed significantly to the fields of text linguistics, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis. He founded six international journals focused on these topics. Van Dijk developed a model of context, social cognition, and memory to understand how discourse is influenced by and influences its various contexts through social cognition and memory. He has focused on how racism can be reproduced through the discourse of politicians, journalists, and scholars.
Discourse and Society
Discourse communities are groups of people who share activities and spend substantial time together. They may be tightly knit speech communities or looser networks. Factors like social class, networks, education, and background influence language use. Gender is a social category that is one part of identity, while sex refers to biological attributes. Discourse and sexuality add the dimension of personal desire. Social variables and identities intersect with language use, as the way people speak is influenced by their group memberships and position in society.
Language, gender and discourse identity
This document discusses research on language, gender, and discourse identity. It summarizes key findings from several studies. Kramer found that men's speech was seen as logical and concise while women's was seen as emotional and wordy. Cutler and Scott found that in dialogues between men and women, the woman was judged to talk more. However, when members of the same gender had a dialogue, each was judged to contribute equally. The document also discusses social identity theory and how gender identities are constructed through communities of practice rather than fixed speech communities.
3 a media, language and power
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Three approaches to studying intercultural communication
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Coordinated Management Of Meaning
Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) focuses on how communication shapes social realities and quality of life. CMM researchers believe that through communication, people co-construct their social worlds and identities. They also coordinate their actions and find coherence in how they make sense of shared experiences. CMM uses concepts like "stories told" versus "stories lived" to understand how communication coordinates social realities or causes misunderstandings between people.
Critical discourse analysis and an application
This document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and its approaches. It discusses the key concepts and theorists in the development of CDA, including Norman Fairclough and Teun Van Dijk. The document is divided into two sections. The first section defines CDA and outlines its five common features and differences between approaches. It then describes Fairclough's approach focusing on discourse as social practice and ideology/power, as well as Van Dijk's socio-cognitive model. The second section will apply one of the CDA approaches to analyze Charlotte Bronte's novel Jane Eyre.
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This document discusses influencing cultural changes in organizations. It defines organizational culture and describes four power models of culture: autocratic, bureaucratic, technocratic, and democratic. It then discusses Hofstede's four dimensions of culture: individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity vs femininity. Six concerns that derive cultural dimensions are also outlined: relationship with nature, orientation to the environment, time orientation, orientation to collectivity, orientation to sex differences, and orientation to power. The document concludes by discussing adopting cultural changes in a way that does not affect an organization's values and traditions.
Politics of Education
This document discusses the political frame for analyzing organizations. It covers four key topics:
1. The political frame views organizations as coalitions among competing interest groups that must negotiate for scarce resources. Power and conflict are central aspects.
2. There are various sources of power in the political frame, including formal authority, control over resources and information, and informal networks and alliances.
3. Developing a political map involves identifying key influencers, communication channels, opportunities for mobilization, and anticipating others' strategies.
4. Building coalitions is important for achieving goals, which may require developing relationships with opponents through communication and negotiation.
Social groups
The document defines social groups and discusses their key characteristics and classifications. It notes that a social group involves human interaction and influence between two or more individuals. The main characteristics of social groups include a collection of individuals, interaction, mutual awareness, common interests, norms, and influence on personality. Groups are also classified based on factors like formality, size, and type of membership. Primary groups involve close-knit relationships like family, while secondary groups are larger and more task-oriented like workplaces. Reference groups are those an individual compares themselves to help determine their own identity and behaviors.
Human relations
This document discusses key concepts in human relations, including definitions of human relations, understanding self, social behavior, social attitudes, motivation, individuals and groups, and group dynamics. It provides definitions of human relations and examines human relations in the context of nursing. It explores understanding self, including strategies to improve self-understanding using the Johari window model. Factors that influence social behavior and how social attitudes form and change are also summarized. Theories of motivation, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, are overviewed. Characteristics and types of groups are defined and the roles of individuals within groups are described. The document examines group dynamics, outlining aspects such as group formation, communication, and stages of group development.
Basic concepts
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology. It discusses types of human collectivities like society, community, institution, and association. It defines social order and the concepts of social structure, social functions, status and roles. It also discusses social processes like culture, civilization, and types of social interactions such as cooperation, competition, and conflict. The document aims to establish commonly accepted definitions for foundational concepts in sociology to build a solid theoretical framework.
Social groups
Explain the characteristics, types of social groups. Primary and Secondary social group. Reference group.
Introduction to social psychology lecture 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. It discusses attitudes, theories of attitude formation and change, and methods of measuring attitudes. It also covers topics like prejudice, group dynamics, conformity, leadership styles and characteristics. Measurement scales discussed include Likert scales, Thurstone scales, and Bogardus social distance scales. Experiments mentioned include Asch's conformity experiments.
Unit 10 social organization and social system
This document discusses social organization and social systems. It defines social organization as a set of differentiated activities serving a common purpose. Some key elements of social organization include goals, roles, norms, and sanctions. There are different types of social organization such as political, economic, and religious organizations.
A social system is defined as a network of interactive relationships. It consists of elements like beliefs, norms, roles, status, and power. Social systems can be classified based on factors like evolution, means of livelihood, type of solidarity, and culture. Mechanisms like socialization and social control help maintain equilibrium and integration within a social system. Institutions must also be properly interrelated for a social structure to be maintained.
Social groups and social interactions
Groups are composed of two or more interacting individuals guided by social norms. There are several types of human clusters including aggregates based on a shared physical space, social categories based on common status, and collectivities with passing interactions. Factors like motivations, size, goals, and cohesion influence groups. Social organizations bring order through differentiating roles and norms. Social structure defines roles and statuses, while social functions are the results of these roles. Primary groups involve close interactions while secondary groups are more impersonal. Formal groups are deliberately formed with defined purposes versus informal groups arising spontaneously.
Chapter 15 psy 1 stud 12.11
This chapter discusses several key topics in social psychology including culture, social cognition, attitudes, interpersonal relations, social influences on behavior, and the individual as part of a social group. Some of the main points covered are that culture can influence social behavior and research, stereotypes help reduce information processing but can be inaccurate, conformity and obedience are ways social influences can change individual behavior, and prejudice may be reduced through equal status contact between groups.
Chapter 3 - Social Structure
1) Several conditions must be met for a group of people to be considered a society, including occupying a common territory, sharing a government, and having a common culture and sense of membership.
2) A society is a population that shares a common territory, political authority, and culture, and sees themselves as a distinct and united group.
3) Social structure consists of statuses, roles, and institutions that people use to organize themselves into interacting groups within a society.
Social Groups.pptx
A social group grows out of a situation which permits meaningful inter-stimulation and response between the individuals, focusing of attention on common situation or interest, the development of certain common drives, motivation or emotions’ said by Gllin Gliin. It is very important to know the importance of social group for physiotherapist.
Chapter 4 CPO2002 Lecture
This chapter discusses three main approaches to studying political culture: social character, congruence, and social capital. It also examines the role of identity in politics, focusing on ethnicity, nationalism, and religion. Political culture can affect citizens' capabilities by constructing identities that privilege some groups over others, or by promoting high or low levels of generalized trust. Political scientists believe constructivism best explains violence related to identities, viewing them as socially constructed rather than innate or purely manipulated.
LESSON-2.pptxbzjzkJKNJJzbsjsbsidbdjbkvkbsksbsh
This document discusses social problems and issues. It defines a social problem as a condition viewed as harmful that requires collective action to remedy. Social problems deviate from social norms and have harmful consequences. They are interconnected and affect many people. A social issue is a broader problem that influences many individuals, like poverty, education, or the environment. Social problems are more specific damaging factors in society like crime, drug addiction, or discrimination. The document then outlines different sociological perspectives on social problems, including structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
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DISCOURSE AND POWER
- 2. Discourse and Power • There is relationship between discourse and social power • How social power is found in the ways power is enacted, expressed, described, concealed or legitimated by text and talk in the social context • Social power is the property and relationship between different groups or other social formation • Social power is revealed in social interaction
- 3. How discourse can be used as a power tool? • How it is revealed and maintained between two persons, groups and contexts is matter of discussion • There are imbalances in interaction because of power • Social power is property of the relationship • It exhibited/represented in social relationships • Individual power is less relevant to CDA • CDA is about shared power
- 4. Group Control • Ideological power is shared power • One group controls the other group • A controls B • Through discourse its cognitive/mental control not physical one • A’s domination reflects B’s limitation of exercising his/her power • B’s self control is because of domination of A • Cognitive conditions of B are also controlled • Wishes, desires, beliefs, interests are molded
- 5. • Social power indirectly operates through minds of people • Mind’s control is exercised through persuasion and other forms of discursive communication • Exercise of positive or negative power • Mind is controlled by either fear or greed • Control is delimited by resistance of B • A”s power needs basis • Membership of dominant or majority’s group makes powerful
- 6. • Access to power center makes strong • Access to power itself power • B should know regarding power of A