It is the project report on EARTH QUAKE RESISTING BUILDING Its main aim is how to con earth quake resisting building

1. GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD
A Report On-
“An experimental study of Earth Quake
Resisting Building”
Under Subject of
“PROJECT I”
D.E.V,
Semester-5
(CIVIL Branch)
SUBMITTED BY
Sr.No. Name Enrollment Number
1 MD ALIM 199930306018
2 HUSAIN SHAIKH 199930306036
3 VASAVA NAVNET 199930306037
ASSISTANT PROF. BHAVESH PATEL
(Faculty Guide)
ASSISTANT PROF. KHUSHBU PATEL
(Head of the Department)
Academic year (2020-2021)

2. PRIME COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
Civil Engineering Department
CERTIFICATE
Date:
This is to certify that the reportentitled “EarthQuake Resisting Building” has been
carried out by Md Alim (199930306018),Husain shaikh(199930306036), Vasava navnet
(1999303066037).Under our guidanceof D.E. in Civil in fulfillment of the Diploma
Engineering (5th
Semester) of GujaratTechnological University, Ahmadabad during the
academic year 2020-2021.
Assistant Prof.Bhavesh
Patel
FACULTY GUIDE
PRIME
COLLEGE OF
DIPLOMA,NAVA
RI
Assistant Prof.Khushbu
Patel
HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT PRIME
COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA,
NAVSARI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank the almighty for granting me
perseverance. I wish to express my special thanks and deepest regard to my
guide BHAVESH PATEL, Lecturer, Civil Department, (P.C.D) 1st shift for
providing me valuable guidance, suggestions and support which helped me to
submit the project on time. Once again, I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude and thanks to HOD Prof. KHUSBHU PATEL (P.C.D) Dept for
valuable suggestions and for providing me the opportunity to complete my work
simultaneously. This work would not have been possible without the support,
and guidance, helping me with different case studies, .He has always been there
for me at time of difficulties and constant source of inspiration. I would like to
thank all the faculties and staff members of Civil Engineering Department for
providing me all the support required for the completion of this project. Thanks
to my family for their encouragement and support.

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ABSTRACT
Earthquakes constitute one of the greatest hazards of life and property on the
earth. Due to suddenness of their occurrence, they areleast understood and
most dreaded. The earthquake resistantconstruction is considered to be very
important to mitigate their effects. This paper presents the brief essentials of
earthquakeresistant construction and a few techniques to improvethe
resistanceof building and building materials to earthquake forces,
economically.

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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. METHODSS OF DESIGNING
EARTHQUAKE RESISTEING BUILDING 9
3. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED
CONCRETEBUILDINGS 14
4. SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 15
5. REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE
LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES 17
6. REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK
(RHCBM) 22
7. MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 26
8. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY
9. INFILTRATE MAT CONCRETE(SIMCON) 29
10.TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
HOUSING 34
11.THE ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF EARTH QUAKE
RESISTING 41
11. CONCLUSION 43
12. REFERENCES 44

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AIMS
To make the building earthquake proof.
OBJECTIVE
 To prevent total collapse
 To preserve the life of building
 To minimise the damage in case of earthquake

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Introduction
Introduction of earth quake resistant Building
Building is a shelter which people occupyfor their living or pursue their living
functions. The shelter should have a structure to protectits occupants from
natural phenomena such as rain, snow, heat and cold, and hazards such as strong
winds and earthquakes. The intensity of natural hazards varies from region to
region on the earth. A building should also provide its occupants with comfort
for living and working space for their activities by controlling light,
temperature and humidity in severe climate and environment. The degree of
desired amenities varies from society to society according to economic
conditions and personal priority in the life of the members.
Earthquakes are caused by rupture of rock zones called faults. The earth’s
surface consists of tectonic plates which move relative to one another building
strain energy along the plate boundaries. When this energy exceeds the capacity
of the rock materials along the fault surface, the fault ruptures with seismic
waves transmitted through hard bedrocklayers. Most of major earthquakes
occuralong the plate boundaries. The relative movement of tectonic plates also
builds up stresses within a tectonic plate. When the stress level exceeds the
capacity, the fault ruptures within the tectonic plate.
The state-of-the-art in earthquake engineering has reached a stage where
earthquake resistant building construction can reduce the casualties from
earthquake disasters. However, the application of such state-of-the-art is
prohibitive in most seismically active regions due to the economic and technical
reason.

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Burj Khalifa is classic example of earthquake resisting building

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Point of earth quake resistant Building
 An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent to the earth’s
surface that follows a release of energy in the earth’s crust.
 This energy can be generated by a sudden dislocation of
segments of the crust, by a volcanic eruption or even by a
manmade explosion.
 The dislocation of the crustcauses mostdestructive earthquakes.

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Methods of Designing Earth Quake Resisting Building
Earth quake-Proof Buildings Are Designed
Throughout history, we’ve built impressive structure and cities only for them to
encounter the forces of nature. Earthquakes are one of the Earth’s most
destructive forces — the seismic waves throughout the ground can destroy
buildings, take lives, and costs tremendous amounts of money for loss and
repair.
According to the National Earthquake Information center, there is an average
of 20,000 earth quake .each year —16 of them being major disasters. On
September 20, 2017, a magnitude 7.1 rocked Mexico’s capital city and killed
approximately 230 people. As with the case with other earthquakes, the damage
was not caused by the quake itself but by the collapse of buildings with people
inside them, making earthquake-proof buildings a must.
Over the past few decades, engineers have introduced new designs to better
equip buildings to withstand earthquakes. Read on to learn how earthquake-
proofbuildings are designed today.

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How Earthquakes Impact Buildings
Before we look at the features,it’s important to understand how
earthquakes impact man-made structures. When an earthquake occurs,
it sends shockwaves throughout the ground in short rapid intervals in all
differentdirections.While buildings are generally equipped to handle
vertical forces from their weight and gravity, they cannot handle side-to-
side forces emitted by quakes.
This horizontal load vibrates walls, floors,columns, beams and the
connectors that hold them together. The difference inmovement
between the bottom and top of buildings exerts extreme stress,causing
the supporting frame to rupture and the entire structure to collapse.

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1. Create a Flexible Foundation
One way to resist ground forces is to “lift” the building’s foundation above the
earth. Base isolation involves constructing a building on top of flexible pads
made of steel, rubber, and lead. When the base moves during the earthquake,
the isolators vibrate while the structure itself remains steady. This effectively
helps to absorb seismic waves and prevent them from travel through a building.

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2. Counter Forces with Damping
You might be aware that cars have shock absorption. However, you might not
know that engineers also use them for making earthquake-resistant buildings.
Similar to their use in cars, shockabsorbers reduce the magnitude of
shockwaves and help buildings slow down. This is accomplished in two ways:
vibrational controldevices and pendulum dampers.
The first method involves placing dampers at each level of a building between
a column and beam. Each damper consists of piston heads inside a cylinder
filled with silicone oil. When an earthquake occurs, the building transfers the
vibration energy into the pistons, pushes against the oil. The energy is
transformed into heat, dissipating the force of the vibrations.
Another damping method is pendulum power, used primarily in skyscrapers.
Engineers suspend a large ball with steel cables with a system of hydraulics at
the top of the building. when the building begins the sway, the ball acts as a
pendulum and moves in the oppositedirection to stabilize the direction. Like
damping, these features are tuned to match and counteract the building’s
frequency in the event of an earthquake.

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3. Shield Buildings from Vibrations
Instead of just counteracting forces, researchers are experimenting with ways
buildings can deflect and reroute the energy from earthquakes altogether.
Dubbed the “seismic invisibility cloak”, this innovation involves creating a
cloak of 100 concentric plastic and concreterings in and burying it at least three
feet beneath the foundation of the building.
As seismic waves enter the rings, they are forced to move through to the outer
rings for easier travel. As a result, they are essentially channel away from the
building and dissipated into the plates in the ground.
4. Reinforce the Building’s Structure
To withstand collapse, buildings need to redistribute the forces that travel
through them during a seismic event. Shear walls, cross braces, diaphragms, and
moment-resisting frames are central to reinforcing a building.
Shear walls are a useful building technology that helps to transfer earthquake
forces. Made of panels, these walls help a building keep its shape during
movement. Shear walls are often supported by diagonal cross braces. These
steel beams have the ability to supportcompressionand tension, which helps to
counteract the pressure and push forces back to the foundation.
Diaphragms are a central part of a building’s structure. Consisting of the floors
of the building, the roof, and the decks placed over them, diaphragms help
remove tension from the floor and push force to the vertical structures of the
building.
Moment-resisting frames provide more flexibility in a building’s design. This
structure is placed among the joints of the building and allows for the columns
and beams to bend while the joints remain rigid. Thus, the building is able to
resist the larger forces of an earthquake while allowing designers more freedom
to arrange building elements.

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EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
1. Inertia Forces in Structures
The generation of inertia forces in a structure is one of the seismic influences
that detrimentally affect the structure. When an earthquake causes ground
shaking, the base of the building would move but the roof would be at rest.
However, since the walls and columns are attached to it, the roof is dragged
with the base of the building.
The tendency of the roof structure to remain at its original position is called
inertia. The inertia forces can cause shearing of the structure which can
concentrate stresses on the weak walls or joints in the structure resulting in
failure or perhaps total collapse. Finally, more mass means higher inertia force
that is why lighter buildings sustain the earthquake shaking better.

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2. Effect of Deformations in Structures
When a building experiences earthquake and ground shaking occurs, the base
of the building moves with the ground shaking. However, the roofmovement
would be different from that of the base of the structure. This difference in the
movement creates internal forces in columns which tend to return the column to
its original position.
These internal forces are termed stiffness forces. The stiffness forces would be
higher as the size of columns gets higher. The stiffness force in a column is the
column stiffness times the relative displacement between its ends.

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3. Horizontal and Vertical Shaking
Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all the three directions X, Y and
Z, and the ground shakes randomly back and forth along each of these axis
directions. Commonly, structures are designed to withstand vertical loads, so
the vertical shaking due to earthquakes (either adds or subtracts vertical loads)
is tackled through safety factors used in the design to supportvertical loads.
However, horizontal shaking along X and Y directions is critical for the
performance of the structure since it generates inertia forces and lateral
displacement and hence adequate load transfer path shall be provided to prevent
its detrimental influences on the structure.
Properinertia force transfer path can be created through adequate design of
floor slab, walls or columns, and connections between these structural elements.
It is worth mentioning that the walls and columns are critical structural
members in transferring the inertial forces. It is demonstrated that, masonry
walls and thin reinforce concretecolumns would create weak points in the
inertia force transfer path.

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4. Other Effects
Apart from the direct influences of earthquakes on a structure which are
discussed above, there are other effects such as liquefaction, tsunami, and
landslides. These are the indirect effects of strong earthquakes that can cause
sizable destruction.

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SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSHAPHY
Damage is unavoidable. Different types of damage (mainly visualized
through cracks; especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) occur
in buildings during earthquakes. Some of these cracks are acceptable (in
terms of both their sizeand location), while others are not. For instance,
in a reinforced concrete frame building with masonry filler walls
between columns, the cracks between vertical columns and masonry
filler walls are acceptable, but diagonal cracks running through the
columns are not (Figure 2). In general, qualified technical professionals
are knowledgeable of the causes and severity of damage in earthquake-
resistant buildings
Earthquake-resistantdesign is therefore concerned about ensuring that the
damages in buildings during earthquakes are of the acceptable variety, and
also that they occur at the right places and in right amounts.
This approach of earthquake-resistantdesign is much like the use of
electrical fuses in houses: to protect the entire electrical wiring and appliances
in the house, you sacrifice somesmall parts of the electrical circuit, called
fuses; these fuses areeasily replaced after the electrical over current. Likewise,
to save the building fromcollapsing, you need to allow somepre-determined
parts to undergo the acceptable type and level of damage

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REMIDIAL MEASURE TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO
EARTHQUAKE
Whenever a building project is prepared and designed, the first and the most
important aspect of design is to know the zone to which this structure is likely
to rest. Depending upon these, precautionary measures in structural design
calculation are considered and structure can be constructed with sufficient
amount of resistance to earthquake forces. Various measures to be adopted are
explained point wise, giving emphasis to increase earthquake resistance of
buildings.

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1. Building planning
The records of various earthquake failures reveal that unsymmetrical structure
performs poorly during earthquake. The unsymmetrical building usually
develops torsion due to seismic forces, which causes development of crack
leading to collapse of a structure. Building therefore should be constructed
rectangular and symmetrical in plan. If a building has to be planned in irregular
or unsymmetrical shape, it should be treated as the combination of a few
rectangular blocks connected with passages. It will avoid torsion and will
increase resistance of building to earthquake forces.
2. Foundatio n
IS coderecommends that as far as possible entire building should be founded on
uniform soil strata. It is basically to avoid differential settlement. In case if
loads transmitted on different column and column footing varies, foundation
should be designed to have uniform settlement by changing foundation size as
per codeconditions to have a loading intensity for uniform settlement.
Raft foundation performs better for seismic forces. If piles are driven to some
depth over which a raft is constructed (raft cum pile foundation), the behaviour
of foundation under seismic load will be far better. Piles will take care of
differential settlement with raft and resistance of structure to earthquake forces
will be very large.
3. Provisio n of band
IS coderecommends construction of concreteband at lintel level to resist
earthquake. The studies revealed that building with band at lintel level and one
at plinth level improves load carrying of building to earthquake tremendously. It
is suggested here that if bands are plinth level, sill level, lintel level and roof
level in the caseof masonry structure only, the resistance of building to
earthquake will increase tremendously. Band at sill level should go with vertical
band and dooropenings to meet at lintel level. Hold fast of doors can be fitted
in their sill band. In case of earthquake of very high intensity or large duration
only infill wall between walls will fail minimizing casualties and sudden
collapse of structure. People will get sufficient time to escapebecause of these
bands.

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4. Arches and domes
Behaviour of arches has been found very unsatisfactory during earthquake.
However domes perform very satisfactory due to symmetrical in nature. Arches
during earthquake have tendency to separate out and collapse. Mild steel ties if
provided at the ends, their resistance can be increased to a considerable extent.
5. Staircase s
These are the worst affected part of any building during earthquake. Studies
reveal that this is mainly due to differential displacement of connected floors.
This can be avoided by providing open joints at each floor at the stairway to
eliminate bracing effect.
6. Beam column joints
In framed structures the monolithic beam column connections are desirable so
as to accommodate reversible deformations. The maximum moments occur at
beam-column junction. Therefore most of the ductility requirements should be
provided at the ends. Therefore spacing of ties in column is restricted to 100mm
centre and in case of beam strips and rings should be closely spaced near the
joints. The spacing should be restricted to 100mm centre to centre only near the
supports. In case of columns, vertical ties are provided; performance of columns
to earthquake forces
Steel columns for tall buildings is buildings more than 8 storey height should be
provided as their performance is better than concrete column due to ductility
behaviour of material.
7. Masonry build ing .
Mortar plays an important role in masonry construction. Mortar possessing
adequate strength should only be used. Studies reveal that a cement sand ratio of
1:5 or 1:6 is quite strong as well as economical also. If reinforcing bars are put
after 8 to 10 bricklayers, their performance to earthquake is still better. Other
studies have revealed that masonry infill should not be considered as non-
structural element.

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EARTH QUAKE RESISTING CONSTRUCTION WITH
REINFORCE HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM)
 Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load-
bearing walls for gravity loads and also as shear walls for lateral
seismic loads, to safely withstand the earthquakes.
 This structural system of construction is known as shear wall-
diaphragm concept, which gives three-dimensional structural
integrity for the buildings.

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Structural Features
Each masonry element is vertically reinforced with steel bars and
concrete grouts fill, at regular intervals, throughout the continuous
vertical cavities of hollow blocks.
Likewise, each masonry element is horizontally reinforced with
steel bars and concrete grout fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof levels, as
continuous RC bands using U-shaped concrete blocks in the masonry
course, at recurring levels.
A grid of reinforcement can be build into each masonry element
without the obligation of any extra shuttering and it reduces the scope of
corrosion of the reinforcement.
As the reinforcement bars in both vertical and horizontal directions
can be continued into the roof slab and lateral walls respectively, the
structural integrity in all three dimensions is achieved.
Structural Advantages
In this construction system, structurally, each wall and slab behaves
as a shear wall and diaphragm respectively, reducing the vulnerability of
disastrous damage to the structure during natural hazards.

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Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement in both vertical
and horizontal directions, through each masonry element, increased
tensile resistance and ductile behaviour of elements could be achieved.
Hence the construction system can safely resist lateral or cyclic
loading, when compared to other masonry construction systems.
This construction system has also been proved to offer better
resistance under dynamic loading, when compared to the other
conventional systems of construction.
Constructional Advantages
No extra formwork or any special construction machinery is
necessary for reinforcing the hollow block masonry.
Only semi-skilled labour is required for this type of construction.
It is faster and easier construction system, when compared to the other
conservative construction systems.
It is also cost-effective. Architectural and other advantages
This type of constructional system provides better audio and
thermal insulation for the building. This system is durable and
maintenance free Studies on the comparative costeconomics of RHCBM

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MID-LEVEL ISOLATION
 This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the
buildings are still being used.
 This new method entails improving and classifying the columns on
intermediate floors of an existing building into flexible columns
that incorporate rubber bearings (base isolation systems) and rigid
columns which have been wrapped in steel plates to add to their
toughness.
This is the first method of improving earthquake resistance in Japan that
classifies the columns on the same floor as flexible columns and rigid
columns, and it is the first casein west Japan the Kansai region of
attaching rubber bearings by cutting columns on the intermediate floors
an existing building.
This method involves improving earthquake resistance while the
buildings are still being used as normal operations.

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There are three types of base isolation systems, depending on the
location where rubber bearings are incorporated:
Pile-head isolation
Foundation isolation
Mid-level isolation
Concrete foundations for greater stability
Wooden columns treated with tar or pitch to protect against
humidity, concreted into the ground with nails embedded in the wood at
the base to give extra anchorage.
 Using concrete wall bases to prevent humidity affecting the wood
and the canes in the walls.
 Careful jointing between columns and beams to improve
structural integrity.
 Canes woven in a vertical fashion to provide greater stability.
 Lightweight metal sheet roofing to reduce danger of falling tiles.
 Nailing roofing material to roof beams; tying of beams and
columns with roof wires.
 Incorporating roof eaves of sufficient width to ensure protection
of walls from heavy rains.

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY INFILTRATE
MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON)
 Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that
killed as many as 20,000 people and injured another 27,000,
images of survivors trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed
buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.
 Now a North Carolina State University engineer is developing a
new type of concrete to help prevent such scenes from happening
again.

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 This paper presents the compressive behaviour of a new type of
high-performance steel fiver reinforced concrete called slurry
infiltrated mat concrete (SIMCON).
 SIMCON is made by infiltrating preplaced continuous steel fiver-
mats with a cement-based slurry. Because of its fiver-mat
configuration, individual fivers have a very high fiver aspect ratio,
leading to a significant increase in strength, ductility, and
toughness; and fiver-mats are delivered in prepacked rolls that can
be easily cut and handled in the field, as compared with
conventional short discontinuous fiver reinforced concretes.
Hence, SIMCON is well suited for repair, retrofit, and new
construction of earthquake-resistant buildings, bridges, and other
structures that require high strength and ductility.
This paper presents stress-strain properties of SIMCON in
compression that were obtained experimentally.
After a month of curing, compressive strengths of up to 88 MPa
(12.8 ksi) and strains at ultimate stress ranging between 0.5% and 0.7%
were reached with 5.39% fiver volume fraction SIMCON.
This paper discusses the observed compressive behaviour and
presents models for predicting the entire stress-strain relationship,
including the elastic modulus, ultimate stress, strain at ultimate stress,
and toughness.
Earthquake Resistance Using Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete -
SIMCON
Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed
as many as 20,000 people and injured another 27,000, images of
survivors trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed buildings appeared
daily in news reports worldwide.

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However, a North Carolina a State University engineer is
developing a new type of concrete to help prevent such scenes from
happening again. Because it's reinforced with mats made of thousands of
stainless steel fibers injected with special concrete slurry, the new
material, called Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON), can sustain
much higher stress loads and deformations than traditional concrete.
Tests how that concrete buildings or bridges reinforced with
SIMCON are far more earthquake- resistant and less likely to break apart
in large chunks that falloff and cause injury to people below
If extreme stresses cause SIMCON to fail, its mass of fibers and concrete
doesn't collapse in the same way traditional concrete does. Instead of
large chunks breaking and falling from a structure, the material crumbles
into small, harmless flakes.
This controlled form of failure is a key advantage of SIMCON.
Because failure is inevitable in all structures, engineers must design
buildings and bridges to fail in the safest way.
In conventional concrete structures, this is achieved through the
use of steel reinforcing bars--rebars--that give the concrete tensile
strength it would otherwise lack. For safety and design reasons, the
concrete is designed so that the rebars will fail before the concrete does.
Unfortunately, many structures have not been designed to sustain
the powerful stresses caused by earthquakes. When such extreme stresses
occur, the concrete can crack, explode and break away from the rebars,
causing the structure to collapse.

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TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE REISTANT HOUSING
 The Pherols of Uttarkashi
 The Dhajji-Diwari buildings of Kashmir
 The Kat-Ki- Kunni Buildings of Kulu Valley
 Quincha earthquake resistant buildings
The foundation consists of rubble masonry with lime mortar whereas,
mud mortar is used for the rest of the structure.

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The infill materials are usually abode bricks bonded with mud mortar.
The wooden bands tie the walls of the structure with the floors and also
impart ductility to a structure that is otherwise brittle.

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 The Pherols of Uttarkashi
The Pherols are old traditionally built multistoried structures found in
Uttarkashi district
.
The main materials of constructions are stone and wood with
mud mortar. The construction is essentially coursed-rubble masonry
type.]
The various earthquake resistant features in these types of
houses are the use of wooden tie-bands as beams and vertical timber
columns as pins to tie the inside and outside wyeths of a wall.

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 Dhajji-Diwari Buildings of Kashmir
The Dhajji-Diwari buildings were the one of survive when part of the
palace and other massive old buildings collapsed in the Srinagar quake
of 1885. The most significant aspect of the Dhajji-Diwari buildings is the
combination of the building materials used.
These materials are locally available and have been used for
generations. The basic elements in these buildings are the load bearing
masonry piers and infill walls.
.
There are wooden tie-bands at each floor level. The foundation
consists of rubble masonry with lime mortar whereas, mud mortar is
used for the rest of the structure.

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The infill materials are usually abode bricks bonded with mud
mortar. The wooden bands tie the walls of the structure with the floors
and also impart ductility to a structure that is otherwise brittle.
The unreinforced masonry walls have stiffness but not
strength. In the absence of strength, flexibility is essential for quake
resistance.
Here, the desired flexibility is provided by the combination of
wood and unreinforced masonry laid in a wear mortar.
The wooden beams tie the whole house together and ensure
that the entire building sway together as one unit in an earthquake

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 Kat-Ki- Kunni Buildings of Kulu Valley
Similar to the Pherols and the Dhajji-Diwari buildings, the Kat-Ki-
Kunni or timber cornered buildings suffered minimal damage in the
epicentral tract of Kulu Valley during the 1905 Kangra earthquake.
This structure is almost identical to the Pherols of Uttarkashi. It
combines the weight, solidity an coolness of a stone building with the
flexibility and earthquake-resisting qualities of a wooden one.

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The Economic Benefits of Earthquake Resistant Buildings
 These include: lower building repair and replacement costs,
continuation of building function that reduces business
interruption, preservation of revenue streams and, most
importantly, improved life safety.
 In 1971, the Anheuser-Busch brewery in Van Nuys, California,
suffered extensive damage in the 6.5-magnitude Sylmar
earthquake.
 Forced to cease operations in order to rebuild the facility, the
self-proclaimed “King of Beers” took another hard financial hit as
competitors made inroads into the Anheuser-Busch market
during this time. Faced with the serious consequences of being
unprepared for a natural disaster, the brewery upgraded its 95-
acre facility, built in 1954, with earthquake retrofits and new
construction designed to the latest seismic standards.
 Last summer, California received the double blow of two major
earthquakes in the Ridgecrest area, a 6.4 quake followed by a 7.1
temblor that was a wake-up call to thousands of California
businesses large and small still deciding whether retrofitting is a
wise business investment or whether it’s better to gamble that
buildings, capital and assets, and employees will survive a major
earthquake.
 A University of Southern California study reports that the eight-county
region of Southern California could suffer property damage of $113
billion in a major earthquake, with additional business-related impacts
of $68 billion or more.
 And the US Resiliency Council, a non profit organization with the mission
to educate, advocateand promote resilience-based design that
considers the impacts of natural disasters as an essential componentof
long-term sustainability, estimates that up to 90 percent of buildings in
Los Angeles were not built to modern building codes.

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 CONCLUSIONS
 There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster
mitigations. Avoiding non-engineered structures with unskilled
labour even in unimportant temporary constructions can help a
great way.
 Statewide awareness programmes have to be conducted by fully
exploiting the advancement in the information technology.
 Urgent steps are required to be taken to make the coral
provisions regarding earthquake resistant construction
undebatable.

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REFERENCES
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.studymafia.org
 www.bigrentz.com
 www.devalt.com

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