Fuel cells - Working and it's applications.
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Fuel cells - Working and it's applications.
- 1. Fuel Cell and its applications by Aritra Majumder Roll No-001711303021
- 2. HYDROGEN
- 3. The Promise of Fuel Cells โA score of nonutility companies are well advanced toward developing a powerful chemical fuel cell, which could sit in some hidden closet of every home silently ticking off electric power.โ โข Theodore Levitt, โMarketing Myopiaโ
- 5. Operation of a Fuel Cell
- 6. Another View
- 7. Parts of a Fuel Cell โข Anode โข Negative post of the fuel cell. โข Conducts the electrons that are freed from the hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an external circuit. โข Etched channels disperse hydrogen gas over the surface of catalyst. โข Cathode โข Positive post of the fuel cell โข Etched channels distribute oxygen to the surface of the catalyst. โข Conducts electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst โข Recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. โข Electrolyte โข Proton exchange membrane. โข Specially treated material, only conducts positively charged ions. โข Membrane blocks electrons. โข Catalyst โข Special material that facilitates reaction of oxygen and hydrogen โข Usually platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth. โข Rough & porous maximizes surface area exposed to hydrogen or oxygen โข The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.
- 8. Fuel Cell Operation โข Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters cell on anode side. โข Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure. โข When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it splits into two H+ ions and two electrons (e-). โข Electrons are conducted through the anode โข Make their way through the external circuit (doing useful work such as turning a motor) and return to the cathode side of the fuel cell. โข On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced through the catalyst โข Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative charge. โข Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the membrane, โข Combine with an oxygen atom and two electrons from the external circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).
- 11. Types of Fuel Cells
- 12. Advantages โข Fuel cells are silent as there are no moving part and hence long lasting and highly reliable. โข No undesirable products like SOX, NOX and particulate emissions are virtually zero. โข Fuel cells are not subject to the Carnot efficiency limit. If there is no โirreversibilityโ the efficiency could be 100%. โข Since hydrogen can be produced anywhere where there is water and a source of power, โข generation of fuel can be distributed and does not have to be grid-dependent.
- 13. Challenges โข why canโt I go out and buy a fuel cell?โ or โWhy not Fuel Cells are being abundantly used as a power system? โข The cost, and producing the hydrogen โข Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others
- 14. Characterization โข Current voltage measurements โข Current interruption technique โข Cyclic voltammetry
- 15. Applications
- 16. THE 2017 TOYOTA MIRAIย FUEL CELL VEHICLE
- 17. T Y P E S Fuel Cell Operating Conditions Alkaline FC (AFC) Operates at room temp. to 80 0 C Apollo fuel cell Proton Exchange Membrane FC (PEMFC) Operates best at 60-90 0 C Hydrogen fuel Originally developed by GE for space Phosphoric Acid FC (PAFC) Operates best at ~200 0 C Hydrogen fuel Stationary energy storage device Molten Carbonate FC (MCFC) Operates best at 550 0 C Nickel catalysts, ceramic separator membrane Hydrocarbon fuels reformed in situ Solid Oxide FC (SOFC) Operates at 900 0 C Conducting ceramic oxide electrodes Hydrocarbon fuels reformed in situ Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Operates best at 60-90 0C Methanol Fuel For portable electronic devices
- 19. References โข https://ssl.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html โข http://nptel.ac.in/courses/103102015/ โข http://www.fuelcellstore.com/fuel-cell-facts โข https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell
- 20. Thank You Come Lets Join Hands, use energy judiciously and Never forget โ The natural energy sources are depleting fast.
Editor's Notes
- Tomorrow, hydrogen's use as a fuel for fuel cells will grow dramatically-for transportation, stationary and portable applications. (PlugPower 5-kW fuel cell (large cell), H2ECOnomy 25-W fuel cell (small silver cell), and Avista Labs 30-W fuel cell).
- How a fuel cell works: In the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, also known as a proton-exchange membrane cell, a catalyst in the anode separates hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons. The membrane in the center transports the protons to the cathode, leaving the electrons behind. The electrons flow through a circuit to the cathode, forming an electric current to do useful work. In the cathode, another catalyst helps the electrons, hydrogen nuclei and oxygen from the air recombine. When the input is pure hydrogen, the exhaust consists of water vapor. In fuel cells using hydrocarbon fuels the exhaust is water and carbon dioxide. Cornell's new research is aimed at finding lighter, cheaper and more efficient materials for the catalysts and membranes.
- Hydrogen and oxygen can be combined in a fuel cell to produce electrical energy. A fuel cell uses a chemical reaction to provide an external voltage, as does a battery, but differs from a battery in that the fuel is continually supplied in the form of hydrogen and oxygen gas. It can produce electrical energy at a higher efficiency than just burning the hydrogen to produce heat to drive a generator because it is not subject to the thermal bottleneck from the second law of thermodynamics. It's only product is water, so it is pollution-free. All these features have led to periodic great excitement about its potential, but we are still in the process of developing that potential as a pollution-free, efficient energy source (see Kartha and Grimes).
- Figure 5. In a protonโexchangeโmembrane fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen react electrochemically. At the anode, hydrogen molecules dissociate, the atoms are ionized, and electrons are directed to an external circuit; protons are handed off to the ionโexchange membrane and pass through to the cathode. There, oxygen combines with protons from the ionโexchange membrane and electrons from the external circuit to form water or steam. The energy conversion efficiency of the process can be 60% or higher.