Dipterocarp prod&fun
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1) Dipterocarp forests make up 3/4 of the forests in Southeast Asia and are highly productive, with average net primary productivity of 3,500 gCm2yr-1 in Pahang state, Malaysia. 2) These forests store large amounts of carbon in peat soils and litterfall, sequestering carbon at high rates. They also support high levels of biodiversity. 3) However, dipterocarp forests are threatened by high rates of deforestation averaging 250,000 hectares lost annually through unsustainable logging and land conversion for agriculture like oil palm plantations.
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Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...
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Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docx
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
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Instructions: Examine the map of the island and the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Use this information to complete questions 1-4.
1. Examine the map of the island (attached), with the 4 proposed conservation sites.
a. Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way? Explain.
b. Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Explain.
2. Carefully examine the phylogenetic tree for the primates of Mahandar (attached).
a. What is the number of the node that represents the most recent common ancestor for all of the primates collectively living in each of the four areas.
b. Which forest area displays the least variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
c. Which forest area displays the most variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
d. If the government of Mahandar is trying to preserve the biodiversity of the primates, do it matter which forest is conserved? Explain your answer.
3. Read the descriptions of the 4 proposed conservation areas (attached). Use that information to completely fill out the following chart.
Forest area
Environmental
benefit if conserved
Economic
benefit if conserved
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
4. Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning. (Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasoning is extremely important to the scoring of your answer!)
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Use this picture to answer question 2.
Four Possible Conservation Areas
1. Mangrove Forest
land area to be conserved (%)
7
number of endemic species in the area
14
number of endemic sp.
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Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docx
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Complete the chart on the following page. You will attach this chart (but not this instruction page) to your completed writing assignment when you submit it.
Things to Consider: Examine the map of the island, the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Then, consider the following:
Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Which proposed sites have a size advantage? Which have a disadvantage?
Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way?
Do all areas contain the same biodiversity? Which have more? Which have less?
Do all areas contain significant diversity in their primate populations (you need to consult the evolutionary tree to determine this)? Which areas contain more genetically diverse primate populations? Which areas contain less diverse populations?
The Written Assignment: Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning; your reasoning should include the advantages to conserving the area you picked (required), and may also include disadvantages to conserving other areas (optional). While you may decide on a particular area due to non-biological considerations (for example, economic advantages to conserving this area), you must also discuss the biology (shape, size, diversity) in your response. Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasons is extremely important to the scoring of your assignment.
Forest area
Biological Advantages of conserving this area
Economic Advantages of conserving this area
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
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Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government .docx
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Dipterocarp prod&fun
- 1. Coastal Forest Seminar Productivity and Function ofDipterocarp forests in SE Asia Yuhsin Hsueh
- 2. Forest cover of SE. Asia 1998-2000
- 3. Net Primary Production Method: Satellite data (Landsat TM)+ Metero+ GDD+PAR…. Example: Pahang state in Malaysia, 2004 (Ibrahim, 2006) Thefive main types of forest; (i) the upper montane forest, (ii) lower montane forest, (iii) upper dipterocarp forest, (iv) hill dipterocarp forest, (v) low land forest.
- 4. Values An analysis of NPP from Landsat TM image for the states of Pahang indicated that the average value of NPP for forest area is about 3,500 gCm2yr-1. Most of the area with high value of NPP is areas covered inland and hill forest. (Ibrahim, 2006) (80% is Dipterocarp forest) Litter fall ranged from 6.6-7.3 up to 11 Mg Ha-1 yr-1 for primary forests on acidic soils. Litter decay constants were in the range 1.3 – 1.7 up to 2.9 yr-1, for leaf or coarse leaf. (compare to those of woodland and woody savanna, litterfall rates are 2.12 and 3.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1) Peat soils contain 100 times the average C content per ha and, 199 times the average of non-peat soils. (M. van Noordwijk et al., 1997)
- 5. Mean Annual Net Primary Productivity of Peninsular Malaysia 2004 (NOAA) Part of southern swamps has already been converted to agricultural land such as oil palm and other development activities, thus showing lower value of NPP.
- 6. Forest Functions Dominate Species Dipterocarpforestscomprise of at least 3/4 of the forests inSoutheast Asia(WWF) General flowering events: too many seeds are dropped in too short a time to be all consumed by the reduced numbers of seed predators, allowing more seeds to escape by germinating and growing out of the predation-vulnerable stages.
- 7. Biodiversity Researchers discovered 240 different plant species growing withinone ha in Borneo. (WWF); species numbers are found more than 120 in mammals, 340 in birds, 75 in reptiles, 60 in amphibians, 40 in fish, and 15,000 inArthropoda (De, 2009).
- 8. Threatened species…….. Pongopygmaeus Elephasmaximus Dicerorhinussumatrensis Pantheratigrisjacksoni Green turtle Helarctosmalayanus Orang-utan Sun Bear Green turtle© WWF-Malaysia/K. Chin Elephasmaximus © WWF-Malaysia/Stephen Hogg Sumatran Rhinoceros© WWF-Malaysia/S.Hogg Malayan tiger© WWF-Malaysia/M.Kavanagh
- 9. Threats Deforestation: an average of 250,000 hectare of forest being lost annually during 1983 to 2003! (4 times the size of a Singapore!) Unsustainable logging Illegal removal of forest products Encroachment Medicine
- 10. Sarawak (sarawakriver.blogspot) Sarawak (sarawakriver.blogspot)
- 11. Oil Palm Industry Supported by Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture and Indonesia Ministry of Industry
- 12. Both Indonesia and Malaysia are exporting large amount of the product to China: Malaysian exports to that country alone are expected to grow more than 20 percent from 2.9 million metric tons in 2005 to more than 3.5 million metric tons in 2006, representing almost 1 percent of the value of Malaysia's total exports.
- 13. Reference Ibrahim, 2006http://eprints.utm.my/2572/1/analysis-2006-Ab.Latif.pdf WWF: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/http://assets.panda.org/downloads/treasureislandatrisk.pdf SEARRP: http://www.searrp.org/research_sabah_biodiversity.cfm http://sunbears.wildlifedirect.org/sun-bear-helarctos-malayanus/ De, T.S. 2009. Habitat Use by Malayan Sun Bears（Helarctosmalayanus） in the Lowland Rainforests of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Thesis of National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Institute of Wildlife Conservation. http://sarawakriver.blogspot.com/2009/11/seed-wings.html Rhett Butler http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0425-oil_palm.html http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/veget_map_insulare-sea/images/TREES_insularSEA_map_fullres2.jpg