Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes objects to experience a force when near other charged objects. There are two types of charges: positive and negative. The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of the individual charges. Charge is also quantized, meaning it occurs in discrete integer multiples of the fundamental unit of charge carried by an electron or proton. An electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured using an ammeter. An electric circuit uses components like batteries and wires to provide a path for current to flow. The potential difference is the work required to move a unit charge between two points in a circuit, and is measured in volts using

1. Class 10 Physics (cbse)By
Dinesh Kumar
Cambridge International School (C0-Ed)Jalandhar Punjab

2. Electric Charge
 Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a
force when placed near to another body. There are two types of electric charges;
positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively).

3. Properties of electric charges

4.  Additivity of Electric Charge
 Let us consider a system of charges containing three point charges with magnitude q1, q2 q3 to qn. In such a
system, the total charge of the system can be obtained by algebraically adding the three charges.
 Conservation of Electric Charge
 According to the principle of conservation of charges, the charges are neither created nor destroyed; they are only
transferred from one body to the other.
 Quantization of Electric Charge
 According to the principle of quantization of electric charge, all the free charges are integral multiples of a basic
predefined unit which we denote by e. Thus, the charge possessed by a system can be given as,
 Where n is any integer (zero, a positive or a negative number) and e is the basic unit of charge, that is, the charge
carried by an electron or a proton. The value of e is 1.6 × 10-19C.

5. Electric current

7. An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or
region. An electric current is said to exist when there is a net flow of electric
charge through a region. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by
electrons moving through a wire. Ammeter is the instrument used to
measure the current

10. Electric Circuit

11. Numicals

12. Electric Symbols

13. Potential
An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a
infinity to a specific point inside the field without producing an acceleration.
Typically, the reference point is the point at infinity, although any point can be used.
its SI unit is joule per coulomb i.e Volts.

14. Potential difference
 The electrical potential difference is defined as the
amount of work done to carrying a unit charge from
one point to another in an electric field. In other
words, the potential difference is defined as
the difference in the electric potential of the two
charged bodies. Voltmeter is used to measure potential
difference

15. How to connect voltmeter and
ammeter
 A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring
electrical potential difference between two points in
an electric circuit. ... A voltmeter is connected in
parallel with a device to measure its voltage, while
an ammeter is connected in series with a device to
measure its current.

16. Ohm’s Law
 Ohm's law states that if Physical conditions remain
same the electrical current (I) flowing in an circuit is
proportional to the voltage (V). Therefore, if the voltage
is increased, the current will increase provided the
resistance of the circuit does not change.
 Vα I
 V=R I’ where R is constant and called Resistance. Its si
unit is Ohm and symbol is Ώ.

21. Difference between resistance and
resistivity

23. Parallel combination of resistor

24. Series combination of resistors

25. Numericals

27. Heating effect of current