This document discusses several topics related to diseases of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of gastritis, including its causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. It then discusses gastroenteritis, including common causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention. Finally, it provides brief summaries of hepatitis C, Wilson's disease, and includes references for additional information.

1. MUHAMAD QHAIRUL AQMAL BIN ROSMIN
AND
JOSHUA FERNANDEZ
PRESENTING :

3. Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach,
and has many possible causes. The main acute causes
are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sometimes
gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury
or burns

4. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people
there are no symptoms. The most common symptoms include:
 Nausea
 Abdominal bloating
 Abdominal pain
 Vomiting
 Indigestion
 Burning or gnawing feeling in
the stomach between meals
or at night
 Hiccups
 Loss of appetite
 Vomiting blood or coffee
ground-like material
 Black, tarry stools

5. PREVENTION
 Avoid use of aspirin or NSAIDs if you are prone to gastritis.
 1) Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol.
 2) Replace two or three large meals a day with small meals
every three hours or so
 3) Avoid fast foods
 4) Eat slow, chew thoroughly
 5) Do chewing gum.
 6) Stay away from foods that upset your stomach, especially
those heavily seasoned, spicy and fried food
 7) Avoid using aspirin, ibuprofen and other irritating foods

6. TREATMENT
Treatment for gastritis usually involves:
 Taking antacids and other drugs to reduce stomach acid, which
causes further irritation to inflamed areas.
 Avoiding hot and spicy foods.
 For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will
prescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking
drug (used for heartburn).
 If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots
will be given.
 Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from
dairy or gluten from wheat.
 Once the underlying problem disappears, the
gastritis usually does, too.
 You should talk to your doctor before stopping
any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment
on your own.

7.  The mortality is dependent on the etiology of the gastritis. Generally,
most cases of gastritis are treatable once the etiology is determined.
The exception to this is phlegmonous gastritis, which has a mortality
rate of 65%, even with treatment.
 Massachusetts General Hospital
 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
617-726-2000 TDD: 617-724-8800
 http://www.massgeneral.org/conditions/condition.aspx?id=182

8.  Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the
lining of the intestines caused by a virus,
bacteria or parasites.
Results in vomiting or diarrhea.
 It is often called the "stomach flu“.
 Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the
stomach and intestines. Gastritis is the
irritation and inflammation of the
stomach's mucous lining.

9. Rotaviruses; Noroviruses; Adenoviruses.
Anyone can get it.
Rotavirus infants and young children under 5.
Adenoviruses and astroviruses affect young children and sometimes
adults.
Noroviruses infect persons of all ages, including older children and
adults.
• It spreads through contaminated food or
water, and contact with an infected
person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
• Close contact with infected persons.

10. • Frequent hand washing and disinfection. Rotavirus gastroenteritis
can also be prevented by vaccines.
• Watery diarrhea and vomiting.
• Headache, fever, and stomach ache.
• Symptoms begin 1 to 2 days following infection, and may last for 1
to 10 days, depending on the virus.
By a physician on the
basis of the symptoms
and medical
examination.
Rotavirus infection can
be diagnosed by
laboratory testing of a
stool specimen.
Prevent severe loss of
fluids (dehydration) by
taking fluids.
Medications should be
avoided unless
recommended by a
physician.

11. People who died from gastroenteritis has more than
doubled from 1999 to 2007. The death rate from almost
7,000 to over 17,000 per year. Viral gastroenteritis is the
second most common illness in the U.S. (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention)
NIDDK
National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (also
information in Spanish)
http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/

12. HEPATITIS C
Hepatitis C is a viral
disease that leads to
swelling (inflammation)
of the liver.

13. CAUSES
 Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Hepatitis C infection usually produces no signs or symptoms during
its earliest stages. When signs and symptoms do occur, they're
generally mild and flu-like and may include:
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Nausea or poor appetite
• Muscle and joint pains
• Tenderness in the area of your liver
• Individuals at high risk for
infection.
• Children born to chronically
infected mothers
• People who received blood, blood
products, or transplanted organs
prior to 1992
• Persons with abnormal levels of
liver enzymes in the blood
• Testing is recommended when
exposure to the virus is
suspected.

17. ORGANIZATION THAT FIGTHS HEPATITIS C

18. WILSON’S DISEASE
Wilson's disease is named after Samuel
Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), the
British neurologist who first described
the condition in 1912

19. WHAT IS WILSON’S DISEASE?
 Wilson disease is a rare autosomal recessive inherited
disorder of copper metabolism.
 You need a small amount of copper from food to stay
healthy. Too much copper is poisonous.
 This can cause damage to your brain, liver, and eyes.

20. SYMPTOMS
 the most common one
 KAYSER-FLEISCHER RINGS
Symptons can appear in the
ages between 6-38

21. HEPATIC SYMPTOMS
· Fatty liver
· Acute hepatitis
· Resembling autoimmune hepatitis
· Cirrhosis
· Acute liver failure

22. NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC
SYMPTOMS
 Movement disorders (tremor, involuntary movements
 Dysautonomia
 Migraine headaches
 Insomnia
 Seizures
 Depresion
 Psychosis
 Personality changes
 Neurotic behaviours

23. DIAGNOSIS
 24 hour urine test for copper
 Liver Biopsy
 Kayser Fleischer rings

24. TREATMENT
 Wilson disease is a very treatable condition. With proper
therapy, disease progress can be halted and oftentimes
symptoms can be improved. Treatment is aimed at removing
excess accumulated copper and preventing its accumulation.
Treatment for Wilson disease is a lifelong process. Patients may
become progressively sicker from day to day, so immediate
treatment can be critical. Treatment delays may cause
irreversible damage.

25. REFERENCES
• Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. American Association
for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and
treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49:1335-1374.
• Jou JH, Muir AJ. In the clinic. Hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med.
2008;148:ITC6-1-ITC6-16.
• O'Leary JG, Davis GL. Hepatitis C. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS,
Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver
Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 79.
• Rosen HR. Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection.N Engl J Med.
2011 Jun 23;364(25):2429-38.
• http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/21/news/la-heb-hepatitis-c-hiv-deaths-
20120221
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/faq.htm
• http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/243036.php
• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html