This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the structures and functions of the mouth, salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and large intestine. It discusses the roles of these organs in breaking down food, secreting enzymes and digestive juices, and absorbing nutrients. Key points covered include the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, the major and minor salivary glands, gastric glands and their secretions, and the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.
This PowerPoint presentation details out the anatomy of the human digestive system. Their are general terminologies that involves the topic but over-all this work focuses on how digestion takes place in the human body. The details coming from this presentation are combined from four different and liable sources/references including Biology (Thomson Asian Edition). I can say that this presentation is brief and well-organized so I hope this could help you in your class or seminars. Thanks.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus occurs more frequently
CSF of ventricles unable to reach subarachnoid space
Production of CSF continues
Gyri are flattened against inside of skull
If skull is still pliable head may enlargeThe Digestive Organs and the PeritoneumLined with serous membrane consisting ofSuperficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissueSerosa, or visceral peritoneum:covers organs within peritoneal cavityParietal peritoneum:lines inner surfaces of body wall
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
2. DIGESTION • The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion. • Digestion is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.
3. PHASES OF DIGESTION • The activities of the digestive system can be grouped under five main headings. • Ingestion :-This is the taking of food into the alimentary tract, i.e. eating and drinking. • Propulsion :-This mixes and moves the contents along the alimentary tract. • Digestion :-This consists of: • Mechanical breakdown of food by mastication(chewing). • Chemical digestion of food into small molecules by enzymes present in secretions produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system
This PowerPoint presentation details out the anatomy of the human digestive system. Their are general terminologies that involves the topic but over-all this work focuses on how digestion takes place in the human body. The details coming from this presentation are combined from four different and liable sources/references including Biology (Thomson Asian Edition). I can say that this presentation is brief and well-organized so I hope this could help you in your class or seminars. Thanks.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus occurs more frequently
CSF of ventricles unable to reach subarachnoid space
Production of CSF continues
Gyri are flattened against inside of skull
If skull is still pliable head may enlargeThe Digestive Organs and the PeritoneumLined with serous membrane consisting ofSuperficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissueSerosa, or visceral peritoneum:covers organs within peritoneal cavityParietal peritoneum:lines inner surfaces of body wall
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
2. DIGESTION • The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion. • Digestion is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.
3. PHASES OF DIGESTION • The activities of the digestive system can be grouped under five main headings. • Ingestion :-This is the taking of food into the alimentary tract, i.e. eating and drinking. • Propulsion :-This mixes and moves the contents along the alimentary tract. • Digestion :-This consists of: • Mechanical breakdown of food by mastication(chewing). • Chemical digestion of food into small molecules by enzymes present in secretions produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system
Study of the structure/form of the human body. Study location of organs, reasons for location, and shape. Anatomy is the science which deals with the description of the structure of cells, tissues, organs and organisms.
In Class 11 Biology, excretory products and their elimination are important topics typically covered under the unit "Excretory System."
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2. 11/8/2014 2
AUTHOR:-
M HUMAYYUN JAMIL
REFERENCE:-
ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL
PHYSIOLOGY
3. Introduction to digestive system
Mouth and salivary glands
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Large intestine
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4. Process by which food is broken down into
simple chemical subctances that can be
absorbrd and used by the body
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5. Digestive Syestum is accomplished by
mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of
food particles into smaller food particles
A normal young healthy consumes about
1kg of solid diet and 1-2 L of liquid daily
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6. Intake of food
Breaking them into smaller particles
Transport of smaller particles to all parts of
body
Secretion of necessary enzymes
Digestion of food particles
Absorption of digestive products
Removal of unwanted substances from
body
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7. GIT consist of 4 major layers
1.mucus or mucosa layer
2.submucus layer
GIT consist of 4 major layers
3.muslar layer
1.mucus or mucosa layer
4.serous layer
2.submucus layer
3.muslar layer
4.serous layer
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10. It is innermost layer of GIT
It consist of further 3 layers
EPITHELIAL LAYER
It is made up of connective tissues
Epithilial layer of lips,oral cavity,pharyunx
and esophagus has squamous epithelial
cells
Epithelial layer of remaining part of GIT
has collomunar epithelial cells
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11. It is also made up of connective tisssues
It consist of
lymphocytes,macrophages,fibroblasts,esino
phills
MUSCULAR MUCOSA
• IT CONSIST OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
• IT IS ABSENT IN MOUTH AND PHARYNX
• IT IS PRESENT FROM ESOPHAGUS TO ONWARD
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12. IT IS ALSO ABSENT IN MOUTH AND PHYRYNX
IT IS PRESENT FROM ESOPHAGUS TO
ONWARD
IT CONSIST OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
IT HAS SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS AND OTHER
LOOSE COLLEGEN FIBERS
IT HAS BLOOD VESSELS,L YMPHATIC VESSEL
AND NERVE PLEXUS
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13. Muscular layer of lips,tounge,mouth and
pharynx has skeltal muscle fibers
Muscular layer of esophagus has both
skeltal and smooth muscle fiers
Muscular layer of small intestine and
stomach has smoth muscle fibers
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14. Serous layer is outermost layer
Serous layer also consist of connective
tissues
It is found in small intestine and stomach
While fibrous layer is found in esophagus
and pharynx
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15. PRIMARY ORGANS SECONDARY ORGANS
Esophagus
Pharynx
Small intestine
Large intestine
stomach
Oral cavity
Tounge
Teeth
Glands
Liver
Gall bladder
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16. Oral cavity is starting point of GIT
Oral cavity consist of;
Mouth
Toung
Lips
Teeth
Palate
Oral cavity opens both anteriorly and
posteriorly
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17. Taking in food
Griding of food
Lubrication of food
Mixing of food with saliva to form bolus
Transport of food particles to all parts of
body
Role in speech
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18. SALIVA IS SECRETED MAINLY
BY FOLLOWING MAJOR
GLANDS
SALIVA IS SECRETED
MINORLY BY
PAROTID GLANDS
SUBMANDIBULAR
GLANDS
SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
LABIAL GLAND
LINGUAL SEROUS GLAND
Lingual mucous gland
Palatal gland
Buccal gland
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20. It is larges gland
Its wight is 20-30 gm
It is located on side of face below and
infront of ear
Its secretion is poured into mouth against
the upper second molar teeth through
STENSON DUCT which is 35-40 mm long
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21. Its wight is 8-10 gm
It is located in submaxillary triangle medial
to mandible
Saliva from these glands is emptied into
the oral cavity by Wharton duct, which is
about 40 mm long. The duct opens at the
side of frenulum of tongue, by means of a
small opening on the summit of papilla
called caruncula sublingualis.
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22. It is smallest gland
Its weight is 2-8 gm
It is located in mucosa on the flour of mouth
It pours its saliva into mouth through 5-15
smaller ducts called duct of ravinus which open
on small papilla beneath tounge
One of the larger duct is BARTHOLIN duct
It drains the anterior part of the gland and
opens on caruncula sublingualis near the
opening of submaxillary duct.
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23. Volume of saliva; 1000-1500mL/Day
PH of saliva; 6.35-6.85
Gravity of PH; 1.002-1.012
Tonicity; hypotonic to plasma
Reaction; acidic
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26. Prepration of food for swallowing
Appreciation of taste
Digestive function
Cleaning and protective function
Excretory function
Water ragulation
Maintinance of temperature
Social functions
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28. Stomach is a muscular, hollow organ
located in the upper left abdominal quadrant,
immediately below the diaphragm.
located between the esophagus and small
intestine
Volume of empty; 5o ml but capable of
extending upto 4 L
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29. Outer serous layer; Formed by peritoniun
Muscular layer; divided into
oblique,circular and longitudinal layer
Submuscus layer; formed by blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels and messiener
nerve plexus
Inner muscular layer; it has small gastric
pits where gastric glands open. Lined by
mucussecreting columnar epithelial cells.
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30. Cardiac; upper part where esophagus ends
and has a sphincter called cardiac sphincter
Fundic region; a small domeshaped structure.
It is elevated above the level of esophageal
opening.
Body; Centeral region which encloses 80%
volume
Pyloric region; lower ending region that opens
to duedenum.It is further divided to
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31. Antrum; where body ends
Pyloric canal; lower tube like portion
Point where fusion of antrum and pyloric
canal takes place is called incisura
angularis
Pyloric region also has a sphincter called
pyloric sphincter
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32. Fundic glands; glands found in fundic
region
Cardiac glands; found in cardiac region
Pyloric glands; found in pyloric region
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33. It is long tubular gland
It has following cells
chief cells
parietal cells
mucus cells
EC cells
ECL cells
It is diff. from other glands due to parietel
cells because they pour their secretion into
lumen through their canaliculus
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34. It is short and tortous
It has following cells
mucus cells
goblet cells
EC cells
ECL cells
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35. It is also short and tortous
It has following cells
chief cells
mucus cells
EC cells
ECL cells
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39. i.Storage Function; Food is stored in the
stomach for a long period, i.e. for 3 to 4 hours
and emptied into the intestine slowly. The
maximum capacity of stomach is up to 1.5 L.
Slow emptying of stomach provides enough
time for proper digestion and absorption of
food substances in the small intestine.
ii.Formation of Chyme; Peristaltic movements
of stomach mix the bolus with gastric juice
and convert it into the semisolid material
known as chyme.
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40. EXCRETORY FUNCTION:
Many substances like toxins, alkaloids and
metals are excreted through gastric juice.
HEMOPOIETIC FUNCTION:
Intrinsic factor of Castle, secreted by parietal
cells of gastric glands plays an important
role in erythropoiesis. It is necessary for the
absorption of vitamin B12 (which is called
extrinsic factor) from GI tract into the blood.
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41. Gastric juice acts mainly on proteins. Proteolytic enzymes of
the gastric juice are pepsin and rennin Gastric juice also
contains some other enzymes like gastric lipase, gelatinase,
urase and gastric amylase.
Pepsin ;Pepsin is secreted as inactive pepsinogen.
Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
Optimum pH for activation of pepsinogen is below 6. Pepsin
converts proteins into proteoses, peptones and polypeptides.
Pepsin also causes curdling and digestion of milk (casein).
Gastric Lipase ;Gastric lipase is a weak lipolytic enzyme It is
active only when the pH is between 4 and 5 and becomes
inactive at a pH below 2.5 and hydrolyses tributyrin into faaaty
acids and glycerol
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42. i.Gelatinase: Degrades type I and type V gelat in and
type IV and V collagen (which are proteo glycans in
meat) into peptides
ii.Urase: Acts on urea and produces ammonia
iii.Gastric amylase: Degrades starch (but its action is
insignificant)
iv. Rennin: Curdles milk (present in animals only)
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43. FUNCTION OF MUCUS
Mucus is a mucoprotein, secreted by mucus neck
cells of the gastric glands and surface mucus cells
in fundus, body and other parts of stomach. It
protects the gastric wall by the following ways:
Mucus:
i. Protects the stomach wall from irritation or
mechanical injury, by virtue of its high viscosity.
ii.Prevents the digestive action of pepsin on the
wall of the stomach, particularly gastric mucosa.
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44. According to Davenport theory, hydrochloric acid secretion is an
active process that takes place in the canaliculi of parietal cells in
gastric glands. The energy for this process is derived from oxidation
of glucose. Carbon dioxide is derived from metabolic activities of
parietal cell. Some amount of carbon dioxide is obtained from blood
also. It combines with water to form carbonic acid in the presence of
carbonic anhydrase. This enzyme is present in high concentration in
parietal cells. Carbonic acid is the most unstable compound and
immediately splits into hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. The
hydrogen ion is actively pumped into the canaliculus of parietal cell.
Simultaneously, the chloride ion is also pumped into canaliculus
actively. The chloride is derived from sodium chloride in the blood.
Now, the hydrogen ion combines with chloride ion to form
hydrochloric acid. To compensate the loss of chloride ion, the
bicarbonate ion from parietal cell enters the blood and combines with
sodium to form sodium bicarbonate. Thus, the entire process is
summarized as (Fig. 38.4): CO2 + H2O + NaCl → HCl + NaHCO3
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45. Pepsinogen is synthesized from amino acids in the
ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum in chief
cells. Pepsinogen molecules are packed into zymogen
granules by Golgi apparatus. When zymogen granule is
secreted into stomach from chief cells, the granule is
dissolved and pepsinogen is released into gastric juice.
Pepsinogen is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
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46. It is a dual organ
It has both endocrine and exocrine
function
Endocrine is to produce harmones
Exocrine is to secrete pancreatic juice
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50. Lipid is a dual organ having both secretory
and excretory function
Largest gland
Weighs about 1.5 kg
Located in upper right side of abdominal
cavity beneath diaphgram
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52. Biliary syestum is made of;
Gallblader
Extrahepatic bile
duct
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Right +left hepatic duct=common
hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct+cystic duct
=common bile duct
Common bile duct+pancreatic
duct=ampula of vater
53. Liver recives blood supply of about
1500ml/min. through 2 sources
HEPATIC ARTERY:
It arises fromm aorta
Supplies oxygenated blood
PORTAL VEIN;
Formed by superior mesenteric vein and
sphlencic vein
Oxygen content is less in portal blood
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56. Starts from pyloric sphincter upto ileoceacl
valve
About 6 m long
Less in diameter
Small intestine consists of three portions:
1. Proximal part known as duodenum
2. Middle part known as jejunum
3. Distal part known as ileum.
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57. Intestinal valve has small projections
called villi with height 1mm and diameter
less than 1mm covered by cells called
enterocytes
Each enterocyte has further minute hair
like projections called microvilli
Within each villus, there is a central
channel called lacteal, which opens into
lymphatic vessels. It contains blood
vessels also
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58. simple tubular glands of intestine
do not penetrate the muscularis mucosa
open into the lumen of intestine between the
villi
lined by columnar cells.
Types of cells interposed between columnar
cells of intestinal glands:
1. Argentaffin cells or enterochromaffin cells,
which secrete intrinsic factor of Castle
2. Goblet cells, which secrete mucus
3. Paneth cells, which secrete the cytokines
called defensins.
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60. „1. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION
2. PROTECTIVE FUNCTION
3. ACTIVATOR FUNCTION
4. HEMOPOIETIC FUNCTION
5. HYDROLYTIC PROCESS
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61. 1. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION
2. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTION
3. ACTIVATOR FUNCTION
4. HEMOPOIETIC FUNCTION
5. HYDROLYTIC PROCESS
6. HORMONAL FUNCTION
7. SECRETORY FUNCTION
8. MECHANICAL FUNCTION
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62. It extends from ileocecal valve up to intestine
11/8/2014 62
64. Serous layer; formed by peritonium
Muscular layer; further devided to outer
longitudinal and inner circular layer
Submucus layer: not well defined
Mucus layer; it has crypts of liberkuhn and
mucussecreating glands
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65. Solid .5%
Inorganic subctances
Albumin
Mucin
Globulin
urea
Organic subctances
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Phosphate
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Water - 95.5%
Digestive enzymes
are absent
66. Neutralization of Acids
Strong acids formed by bacterial action in large intestine
are neutralized by the alkaline nature of large intestinal
juice. The alkalinity of this juice is mainly due to the
presence of large quantity of bicarbonate.
Lubrication
Activity Mucin present in the secretion of large intestine
lub- ricates the mucosa of large intestine and the bowel
contents, so that, the movement of bowel is facilitated.
Mucin also protects the mucus membrane of large
intestine by preventing the damage caused by
mechanical injury or chemical substances.
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67. „1. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTION
Large intestine plays an important role in the
absorption of various substances such as: i. Water ii.
Electrolytes iii. Organic substances like glucose iv.
Alcohol v. Drugs like anesthetic agents, sedatives
and steroids.
„2. FORMATION OF FECES
After the absorption of nutrients, water and other
substances, the unwanted substances in the large
intestine form feces. This is excreted out.
„3. EXCRETORY FUNCTION
Large intestine excretes heavy metals like mercury,
lead, bismuth and arsenic through feces.
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68. 4. SECRETORY FUNCTION
Large intestine secretes mucin and
inorganic substances like chlorides and
bicarbonates.
5. SYNTHETIC FUNCTION
Bacterial flora of large intestine synthesizes
folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin K. By this
function, large intestine contributes in
erythropoietic activity and blood clotting
mechanism.
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