The document discusses how gut bacteria can influence metabolism and weight. Certain bacteria like Christensenellaceae are associated with leanness while others like Bilophila are linked to obesity. A diverse gut microbiome correlates with a healthy weight. Diet, antibiotics, birth method, and lifestyle can all impact gut bacteria composition. Eating fiber, probiotics, and avoiding excess sugar can help cultivate beneficial bacteria that support weight management.
Slaying the sugar toothed tiger: Why we crave sugar and how to calm the beastBonnie Modugno, MS, RD
Discussion reviewing a range of factors that influence taste preferences and cravings for refined starch and sugar. Specific recommendations to reestablish a more grounded metabolism and effective self
The Importance of Breastfeeding on Infant Gut DevelopmentDr. Alex Rinehart
During the first few weeks of life, an baby’s immune system is almost entirely dependent on the mother’s breast-milk for immune protection from its environment. Breast-feeding during the first weeks and months of life is now recognized as an important strategy to ensure a healthy balance of good bacteria in an infant’s gut.
How much probiotic for infants and which onesRaga C
Infants need probiotics as much as adults do. They often get diaper rash and other fungal infections. Find out what are the best probiotics for infants.
Slaying the sugar toothed tiger: Why we crave sugar and how to calm the beastBonnie Modugno, MS, RD
Discussion reviewing a range of factors that influence taste preferences and cravings for refined starch and sugar. Specific recommendations to reestablish a more grounded metabolism and effective self
The Importance of Breastfeeding on Infant Gut DevelopmentDr. Alex Rinehart
During the first few weeks of life, an baby’s immune system is almost entirely dependent on the mother’s breast-milk for immune protection from its environment. Breast-feeding during the first weeks and months of life is now recognized as an important strategy to ensure a healthy balance of good bacteria in an infant’s gut.
How much probiotic for infants and which onesRaga C
Infants need probiotics as much as adults do. They often get diaper rash and other fungal infections. Find out what are the best probiotics for infants.
What's the connection between gut health and weight loss? As a Holistic Trainer & Nutritionist Shawn shares his knowledge, improve your good gut bacteria now!
What's the connection between gut health and weight loss? As a Holistic Trainer & Nutritionist Shawn shares his knowledge, improve your good gut bacteria now!
To Restore Your Gut Bacteria and Health rememder the saying of Messenger of Allah Muhammad pbuh ; "No man fills a container worse than his stomach. A few morsels that keep his back upright are sufficient for him. If he has to, then he should keep one-third for food, one-third for drink and one-third for his breathing.“ [At-Tirmidhi] . Also remember the saying of Hippocrates 460 BC - 370 BC : "Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food". And this saying by Moses Maimonides, the great 12th century physician : "No illness which can be treated by diet should be treated by any other means”.
These slides covers in detail on the things you can do to optimise your microbiome. From diversifying your dietary intake to having exercising routines and checking your habits; taking care of your microbiome will significantly boost your health and well-being. In short: a healthy microbiome gives a healthy you.
If you find your digestive tract grumbling and protesting more than you think it should, you might want to replenish your gut’s probiotics. Probiotics are a combination of living, beneficial bacteria that occur naturally in the human intestinal tract. Probiotics are essential for maintaining healthy digestion.
This presentation focuses on the Pre and Probiotic. The nature of healing and promotion of health. This presentation informs the public of the marketing campaigns that can mislead the public.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. • Until recently, the assumption was that the bacteria huddling in your intestine
pretty much mind their own business. But now a growing body of research
suggests that your internal community of bacteria, known as a microbiota , could
be influencing your metabolism and, surprisingly, affecting your weight.
• For example, having a greater abundance of a
recently discovered type of bacteria called
Christensenellaceae in your gut is associated
with being slim, while having less of the bacteria
is linked to being obese, most of us harbor the
bacteria—it was detected in 96 percent of the
study samples—
christensenella minuta
• Christensenellaceae isn't the only bacteria that might affect your
jeans size.A diverse mixture of microbes in the gut seems to be one
key to staying slim. In fact, a 2013 study found that lean people have
70 percent more gut bacteria and therefore a more diverse microbiota
than that of their overweight peers.
3. • your gut microbiota plays a role in processing food and helping to
determine how many calories and nutrients your body absorbs. Certain
intestinal microbes may also alter your sensitivity to insulin—the
hormone that moves sugar out of your blood—so that your body burns
fat it would have otherwise stored.
• Your gut bacteria might affect how hungry you are too. One
key microbe appears to be Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium
that is involved in causing ulcers and stomach cancer. Antibiotic
treatments have helped cut H. pylori infection rates in half in
recent decades, which is good news for ulcer sufferers—but
which could be bad news for our waistlines.
• It turns out that H. pylori also dials back the stomach's
production of the hunger hormone ghrelin. "When you wake up
in the morning and you're hungry, it's because ghrelin is telling
you to eat," says Martin Blaser, M.D., a professor of medicine
and microbiology at NewYork University and the author of the
book Missing Microbes. "When you eat breakfast, your level of
ghrelin usually goes down, but if you don't have Helicobacter in
your system, it doesn't."The end result:You could eat more.
Helicobacter pylori
4. • You might not even have to take antibiotics to feel
their effects on your gut bacteria.The heavy reliance
on antibiotics by the food industry, which routinely
uses the drugs in feed to keep livestock healthy, may
be fueling the rise of obesity by disrupting the fine
balance of our intestinal microbes, some experts
believe. "The obesity epidemic really took off in the
last 20 years in the U.S. So the question is, what
happened then?What was a large segment of the
population exposed to that could account for this
massive weight gain?" asks Lee Riley, M.D., a
professor of epidemiology at the University of
California, Berkeley.
• He points out that that's when the number of large-
scale densely packed factory farms expanded, which
also increased the use of antibiotics in livestock feed.
5. • While some of your gut bacteria is determined by
genetics, lifestyle and dietary habits can have a
dramatic impact on your mix of beneficial and harmful
microbes.A study in the journal Nature found that
when people switched from their normal diet to one
consisting primarily of meat and cheese, there was an
almost immediate increase in Bilophila, a type of
bacteria that has been linked to colitis, but that a
plant-based diet decreased the levels. Bilophila wadsworthia
• Today, 80 percent of the antibiotics sold in the United States go toward helping
animals remain healthy and gain more weight in crowded conditions. "Counties with
the highest prevalence of obesity are those counties with large concentrated animal
feeding operations," he says.
• Not to mention that antibiotics are often used when they shouldn't be, as when
doctors prescribe them for viral infections or because patients demand them.
6. • The interaction between diet and gut bacteria can predispose us
to obesity from the day we are born, as can the mode by which
we enter the world. Studies have shown that both formula-fed
babies and infants delivered by cesarean section have a higher
risk for obesity and diabetes than those who are breast-fed or
delivered vaginally.
• Working together, Rob Knight of the University of Colorado
Boulder and Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello of N.Y.U. have found
that as newborns traverse the birth canal, they swallow bacteria
that will later help them digest milk.C-section babies skip this
bacterial baptism. Babies raised on formula face a different
disadvantage: they do not get substances in breast milk that
nurture beneficial bacteria and limit colonization by harmful
ones.
• According to a recent Canadian study, babies drinking formula
have bacteria in their gut that are not seen in breast-fed babies
until solid foods are introduced.Their presence before the gut
and immune system are mature, says Dominguez-Bello, may be
one reason these babies are more susceptible to allergies,
asthma, eczema and celiac disease, as well as obesity.
7. Here are four simple steps you can take starting
today to help keep your intestinal bacteria robust :
• Eat more fiber. It's the number-one thing you can do.
New research suggests that fiber nourishes your
microbes, making them diverse and more likely to help
keep you slim.
• Avoid the temptation to buy processed foods that have
added fiber. Instead, eat vegetables, fruits and whole
grains.Aim for at least two to three servings each of
produce and whole grains and 20 to 30 grams of fiber a
day.
• These foods also provide prebiotics, which are
essentially a type of fiber that your gut bacteria
flourishes on.
• Some plants, like sunchokes, garlic and leeks, are packed
with prebiotics. Bananas and whole-wheat breakfast
cereals are other good sources.
8.
9. • Snack smarter. The fact that we consume so
much added sugar—more than 22 teaspoons a day
for the average person—could actually be starving
our gut flora.
• Bacteria need complex carbohydrates, like legumes
and whole grains, in order to thrive. So when you
get too many calories from sweets, you're leaving
your microbes hungry.
• They either die or adapt by feeding on the mucus
inside your intestine, which, experts hypothesize,
could contribute to low-level inflammation, a
condition that has been linked to obesity. Instead of
grabbing a cookie when your stomach starts
growling at 3:00 p.m., reach for a handful of nuts or
an apple.
• Check labels for hidden sugars in foods like pasta
sauce and salad dressing.And choose brown rice
and whole-grain pasta instead of white.
10. • Pick probiotic foods. If prebiotics are like fertilizer
for your microbial garden, probiotics are like seeds.
• The best way to get them is by regularly eating
fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut and
miso. And about yogurt, is the one most strongly
correlated with weight loss.
• The average person gained almost a pound a year,
but people who regularly ate yogurt actually lost
weight.
• Choose plain Greek yogurt and mix in pomegranate
seeds or your favorite berries for a hit of fiber.
• Move your body. Your bacteria might benefit from a
good workout as much as you do. Exercisers with a normal
BMI had more diverse microbes than exercisers with a high
BMI, according to a recent Irish study of male rugby
players.They also had higher levels of Akkermansiaceae, a
type of bacteria that has been linked to lower obesity rates.
So sweat daily to trim your gut—and to boost your gut
bacteria. Akkermansia muciniphila