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Design and implementation of sdr based qpsk transceiver using fpgaTarik Kazaz
Software-defined radio (SDR) technology enables
implementation of wireless devices that support multiple air interfaces and modulation formats, which is very important
if consider the proliferation of wireless standards. To enable such functionality SDR is using reconfigurable hardware platform such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this paper, we present design procedure and implementation result of SDR based QPSK modulator on Altera Cyclone IV FPGA. For design and implementation of QPSK modulator we used Altera DSP
Builder Tool combined with Matlab/Simulink, Modelsim and
Quartus II design tools. As reconfigurable hardware platform
we used Altera DE2-115 development and education board with
AD/DA daughter card. Software and Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)
simulation was conducted before hardware implementation and
verification of designed system. This method of design makes
implementation of SDR based modulators simpler ad faster.
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DIC_video_coding_standards_07
1. Video Coding Standards
• H.120
• H.261
• MPEG-1 and MPEG-2/H.262
• H.263
• MPEG-4
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 1
2. Video Coding Standards
MPEG-2
digital TV
2 -6 Mbps
ITU-R 601
166 Mbit/s H.261
ISDN 64 kbps
Picture
phone
H.263
PSTN < 28.8 kbps
picture
phone
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 2
3. H.120: The First Digital Video Coding Standard
• ITU-T (ex-CCITT) Rec. H.120: The first digital
video coding standard (1984)
• v1 (1984) had conditional replenishment,
DPCM, scalar quantization, variable-length
coding, switch for quincunx sampling
• v2 (1988) added motion compensation and
background prediction
• Operated at 1544 (NTSC) and 2048 (PAL)
kbps
• Few units made, essentially not in use today
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 3
4. H.261: The Basis of Modern Video Compression
• ITU-T (ex-CCITT) Rec. H.261: The first widespread
practical success
• First design (late ’80s) embodying typical structure
that dominates today: 16x16 macroblock motion
compensation, 8x8 DCT, scalar quantization, and
variable-length coding
• Other key aspects: loop filter, integer-pel motion
compensation accuracy, 2-D VLC for coefficients
• Operated at 64-2048 kbps
• Still in use, although mostly as a backward-
compatibility feature – overtaken by H.263
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 4
5. H.261&3 Macroblock Structure
= luminance pixel
= chrominance pixel
(two chroma fields)
• Intra/Inter Decisions: 16x16
macroblocks
• DCT of 8x8 blocks
• H.261: 16x16 1-pel motion
• H.263: 16x16 1/2-pel
motion or
• H.263 AP mode: 8x8 1/2-
pel motion with overlapping
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 5
6. MPEG-1
• Formally ISO/IEC 11172-2 (‘93), developed by
ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 WG11 (MPEG) – use is
fairly widespread, but mostly overtaken by
MPEG-2
• Superior quality to H.261 when operated at
higher bit rates (≥ 1 Mbps for CIF 352x288
resolution)
• Can provide approximately VHS quality
between 1-2 Mbps using SIF 352x240/288
resolution
• Technical features: Adds bi-directional motion
prediction and half-pixel motion to H.261 design
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 6
7. Predictive Coding with B-Pictures
I B P B P
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 7
8. Hierarchical Syntax
• "Video Sequence“
• "Group of Pictures“ = “GOP“ (GOP structure is
very flexible)
I-Picture P-Picture P-Picture
B-Pictures
time
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 8
9. MPEG: Coding of B-Pictures
• Motion compensated prediction from two
consecutive P- or I-pictures
either
only forward prediction (1 vector/macroblock)
or
only backward prediction (1 vector/macroblock)
or
average of forward and backward prediction =
bidirectional prediction = interpolation
(2 vectors/macroblock)
• Half-pel accuracy of motion compensation:
bilinear interpolation
• Coding of prediction error with 8x8-DCT, uniform
quantization, zig-zag-scan as in I-pictures, VLC
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 9
10. MPEG-2/H.262
• Formally ISO/IEC 13818-2 & ITU-T H.262, developed
(‘94) jointly by ISO/IEC SC29 WG11 (MPEG) and
ITU-T
• Now in wide use for DVD standard and DTV
(the most commonly used video coding standard)
• Primary new technical features: support for interlaced-
scan pictures and scalability
• Essentially the same as MPEG-1 for progressive-scan
pictures, and MPEG-1 forward compatibility required
• Not especially useful below 2 Mbps (range of use
normally 2-20 Mbps)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 10
11. Interlaced Video
Vertical Vertical
Horizontal Temporal
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 11
12. H.263: The Next Generation
• ITU-T Rec. H.263 (v1: 1995): The next
generation of video coding performance,
developed by ITU-T
• Has overtaken H.261 as dominant
videoconferencing codec
• Superior to H.261 at all bit rates
• Wins by a factor of two at very low rates
• Versions 2: H.263+ (late ’97/early ’98) and 3
(about now) later developed
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 12
13. Technical Features of H.263
• “Baseline” Algorithm Features beat H.261
– Half-pel motion compensation
– 3-D variable length coding of DCT coefficients
– Median motion vector prediction
– More efficient coding pattern signaling
– Deletable GOB header overhead
• Optional Enhanced Modes
– Increased motion vector range with picture
extrapolation
– Advanced prediction mode (AP mode): Variable-
size and overlapped block motion compensation
(OBMC) with picture extrapolation
– PB-frames (bi-directional prediction)
– Arithmetic entropy coding
– Continuous-presence multipoint / video mux
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 13
14. Motion Compensation H.261 vs. H.263
• H.261 (1990): integer-pel accuracy, loop filter,
1 motion vector per MB
• H.263 (1995): half-pel accuracy, no loop filter,
1 motion vector per MB (already in MPEG-1,2)
• H.263 option „Advanced Prediction Mode“
- overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC),
- switch between 1 or 4 motion vectors per MB
• H.263 option „PB frames“
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 14
15. H.263 AP mode: OBMC
remote luminance Current
block
luminance
block (8x8)
M
A
C
remote luminance remote luminance R
block block O
B
L
O
remote luminance C
block
K
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 15
17. Performance of H.263 AP Mode
36
35 1)
2)
34
33
PSNR [dB]
32
31
30
29 1) H.263 TMN-9 AP-mode
2) H.263 TMN-9 w/o options
28
27
26
0 32 64 128
rate [kbps]
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 17
18. H.263: PB-frames
forward prediction
P B P
bidirectional bidirectional
prediction prediction
PB-Frame
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 18
19. Performance of H.263 PB-Mode
36
1) 3a)
35 2)
34
33 3b)
32
31 1) H.263 TMN-9 w/o options (6.25 fps)
30 2) H.263 TMN-9 w/o options (12.5 fps)
3) H.263 TMN-9 PB-mode (12.5 fps)
29 a) P-frames
28 b) B-frames
27
26
0 32 64 128
rate [kbps]
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 19
20. Performance of H.263 and H.261
1) 2) 3)
34
4)
5)
32
30
28 1) H.263 v1 TMN-9, all options
2) H.263 TMN-9 w/o options
26 3) H.261 PVRG codec
4) H.263 TMN-9 w/o options, integer-pel ME
24 5) H.261 PVRG codec w/o loop filter
32 64 128
rate [kbps]
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 20
21. H.263+ Feature Categories
• Improved compression efficiency (e.g.,
15-25% overall improvement over
H.263v1)
• Error resilience (1st resilient video
standard)
• Custom and Flexible Video Formats
• Scalability for resilience and multipoint
• Supplemental enhancement information
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 21
22. H.263+: Better Ways of Coding
• Efficiency & Perceptual Enhancement
– Advanced intra-coding
– Deblocking filter (in the loop)
– Alternate inter VLC for heavy motion
– Modified quantization/coefficient range
– Improved PB-frames (and B frames too)
– Tweaks of prior features (RC, UMV, AP, CPM)
• Dynamic Resolution Features
– Reference-picture resampling (also global motion)
– Reduced-resolution update
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 22
23. H.263+: Improved Error Resilience
• Slice-structured coding (packetization, low
delay, object-oriented coding)
• Independent segment decoding
(packetization, encoder parallelization)
• Reference picture selection (with optional
back-channel)
• Scalability Features (see part 3)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 23
24. H.263+: New Kinds of Pictures
• Custom Video Source Formats
– Custom picture resolutions
– Custom pixel/picture aspect ratios
– Custom picture clock rates
• Scalability Pictures
– SNR scalability (fidelity enhancement layer)
– Temporal scalability (B pictures)
– Spatial scalability (resolution enhancement
layer)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 24
25. Spatial Scalable Coding
EI EP EP EP EP
I P P P P
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 25
26. What New Applications Does H.263+ Enable?
• Error/packet-loss resilient video
• Scalable multiple bit rate video at low bit rates
• Flexible-format low bit rate video
• High frame rate video (e.g., 72 frames / sec)
• Progressive picture quality refinement
• Dynamic video picture resolution
• Graphics/still-picture snapshot coding
• Object-layered video using chroma key
• Special effects / global motion
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 26
27. MPEG-4: H.263 + Additions + Variable Shape Coding
• MPEG-4 (v1: early 1999), formally ISO/IEC
14496-2: Roughly follows H.263 design and
adds all prior features and various “trick
modes” and (most important) shape coding
• Includes zero-tree wavelet coding of still
pictures, segmented coding of shapes,
coding of synthetic content
• v2 (early 2000) developed, v3 and v4 in
progress
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 27
28. MPEG-4 v1: Simple Profile
• H.263v1 Baseline (exact compatibility to H.263, plus
custom picture format with a different picture header)
• Variable block-size and picture-extrapolating MC
(parts of H.263v1 Annexes D & F & H.263+ Annex J)
• Spatial-Predictive Intra Coding (similar to H.263
Annex I)
• Altered step size for DC coefficients
• Relative placement of rectangular pictures (sort of
H.263+ Annex R)
• Slice-structured coding (like H.263+ Annex K)
• Data partitioning and reversible VLC (not in H.263
until v3)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 28
29. MPEG-4 v1: Core Profile
• Binary shape coding (shape coding is the
most unique new feature of MPEG-4 –
different than H.263+ Annex L chroma
keying)
• B-picture temporal scalability (a subset of
H.263+ Annex O)
• P-picture temporal scalability (a subset of
H.263+ Annex N)
• MPEG-2-style inverse quantization (not in
H.263)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 29
30. MPEG-4 v1: Main Profile
• Grey-scale shape coding (soft representation
of shapes)
• Interlace (backward compatibility for 1940’s-
era analog compression technique)
• Static sprite coding (warpable pictures,
different than H.263+ Annex P)
• Scalable still pictures
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 30
31. MPEG-4 v1: Other Technical Features
• Temporal & spatial scalability (a subset of
H.263+ Annex O)
• Overlapped block motion compensation (part
of H.263v1 Annex F)
• 12-bit video
• Dynamic 2D mesh coding
• Face animation modeling
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 31
32. MPEG-4 v2
• Fidelity
– Quarter-pel Motion Compensation
– Global MC (somewhat different than
H.263+ Annex P)
– Shape-Adaptive DCT (for shape-based
coding)
– Reduced-Resolution Update (H.263+
Annex Q)
• Error Resilience
– Reference Picture Selection (H.263+
Annex N)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 32
33. MPEG-4 v2
• Object based spatial scalability (spatial scalability for
arbitrary shaped coding)
• Multiple auxiliary components (specialized apps)
• Mesh coding for Body Mesh and 3-D Mesh (synthetic
and semi-synthetic content)
• Still-Picture Coding
– Wavelet tiling for still picture (random access
within a still picture)
– Error resilience for still pictures (recovery from
errors)
– Scalable arbitrary shape for still picture coding
(scalability with shape coding for still pictures)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 33
34. H.263++ New Version 3 Features, I
• Annex U: Fidelity enhancement by
macroblock and block-level reference picture
selection
- Improved compression performance
- Improved error resilience
• Annex V: Packet Loss & Error Resilience
using data partitioning with reversible VLCs
(roughly similar to MPEG-4 data partitioning,
but improved by using reversible coding of
motion vectors rather than coefficients)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 34
35. H.263++ New Version 3 Features, II
• Annex W: Additional Supplemental Enhancement
Information
– IDCT Mismatch Elimination (specific fixed-point
fast IDCT)
– Arbitrary binary user data
– Text messages (arbitrary, copyright, caption, video
description, and URI)
– Error Resilience:
• Picture header repetition (current, previous,
next+TR, next-TR)
• Spare reference pictures for error concealment
– Interlaced field indications (top & bottom)
Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Video Coding Standards 35