Relationship Between Counselling And Psychotherapy

Relationship Between Counselling And Psychotherapy
COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Counselling It helps the individual to know their
problems, issues, crises and it inspires them to go for the positive steps in order to overcome those
issues. It is the best type of therapeutic treatment for the individual who have an early understanding
of the well being and for the one who is capable enough of solving those issues and problems.
Counselling is a short term method that inspires the modification of the behaviour. Psychotherapy It
helps the individual with the psychological problems that have been created over a long period of
the time. It shall also helps to well understand the thought processes, desires, wishes and the actions
more efficiently. Psychotherapy is a long term method of the treatment which recognises the
emotional problems and the history and reason to those issues and difficulties. TRANSFERENCE
The idea of transference portrays the most basic keystone to the psychodynamic ... Show more
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A presupposition that the client might to be properly concerned of the real reason or impulse behind
his or her deeds. The usage in the counselling and therapy of interpretation of the transference
relation. Psychodynamic approaches of counselling can happen in many different ways. Following
are the some principles that are used or have to be kept in the mind while using the psychodynamic
way of counselling :– The presence of an idea that the psychotherapy starts with the very beginning
of the childhood proficiencies The vision that all those proficiencies are some how attached with the
relation of the child with the other person. The usage of the affiliation and other ways may give
extra details, extrapolating and inquisition of the issues and the problems. The confession that
perception is most important so as to attain the complementary enhancement and smash in the
counselling. Psychodynamic Counselling in a given period of
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Psychodynamic Psychotherapy And Person Centered Psychology...
The counseling profession has a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to choosing which
psychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career
options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in
existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two
psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person–Centered Psychology, will be
critically analyzed and discussed in depth in order to compare the techniques as well as effectiveness
of each.
Foundation of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy was developed by Sigmund Freud during the Victorian
Era in Vienna, Austria. Sigmund Freud's psychological works set the base for the profession of
psychology as well as the practice of modern psychotherapy. Freud believed human behavior was
motivated by "intrapsychic conflict" stemming from the three areas of the subconscious: id, ego, and
superego (Murdock, 2009).
Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy had more of a negative view of human nature that Carl
Rogers' view. Freud thought human dysfunction developed as a result of poor genetic make–up, as
well as deficits (fixations) caused by missed psychosexual developmental stages. In short, human
conflict came about as a result of struggles between the id (primal, instinctual urges), ego (role of
self in reality) and superego (conscience/critic), manifested in the

What Is Psychodynamic Psychotherapy?
Psychotherapy has changed its ways and many new methods are employed to make this field
efficient. Starting its roots from Freud, there have been many upsides and downsides of
psychotherapy. Eventually, it led to the formation of many branches of psychotherapy and
psychodynamics is one active branch which gained lot of emphasis. The contributions in developing
this method are immense and patients all over the globe can benefit from the advancements. In this
method, it is no longer about the patient relaxing on a comfortable couch and vomiting out emotions
while the therapist listens patiently without making a noise. Therapists in Toronto are forever
researching on finding new ways to understand minds and treat mental illnesses in an even better ...
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It results in expression of diverted feelings and psychodynamics uses this resistance to the benefit of
the patient as it becomes easy to identify the darkest portions of the mind when there is pausing of
thoughts. Psychodynamics also tends to this problem and makes the flow of thought uninterrupted.
Therapists strive hard to get through the patients with resistance and in this method it becomes easy
and effective as well. The main reason being, both resistance and avoiding resistance leads to
identification of common patterns and notions which are making the patient to suffer

Essay on A Critical Review of the Theory of Person Centred
Counselling
1038 ADVANCED COUNSELLING THEORY
Essay
Title A Critical Review of the Theory of Person Centred.
Word Count : 4000
A Critical Review of the Theory of Person Centred.
In counselling and psychotherapy, it is fundamental aspect for practitioners to use theory as a way of
informing the way the work with a client.(McLeod). The goal of this essay is to explore the
humanistic personality theory of Carl Rogers. The essay will begin by giving a summary ... Show
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Human beings are seen has having capacity to strive for fulfilment and growth. Rogers referred this
capacity as the 'ideal self'. Enabling a person to move in the direction of their self defined ideals is
major aim of the person centred therapy. Human beings are viewed as fully functioning persons who
are open to experience and able to live existentially, trusting in own organism, expresses feelings
freely, acts independently, are creative and lives a richer life which involve a process and a direction,
and not a destination (Rogers, 1961, p.186).Therapy can develop and psychologically change those
who do not have an optimal childhood in order restore the organismic valuing process (Rogers,
1959).This idea portrays an importance strand contrast to psychoanalysis whose orientation of their
theory as reflected by Freud was towards understanding and explaining pathology or illness.
There are three important aspects to the therapist's approach; congruence, unconditional positive
regard and accurate empathic understanding. These are three core conditions that facilitate the
actualization and growth. These conditions relate to the shared journey in which therapists and
clients reveal their humanness and participate in a growth experience together.Its only

The Mind Is A Complex Part Of The Human Being That Can...
The mind is a complex part of the human being that can elicit emotions, thoughts, and reactions that
influence and mold an individual's personality and attitude. Culture, diversity, religion can also play
a strong role in how an individual views the world. As well as how the individual was raised, what
values were instilled, and various experiences in life. Between the attributes that are contained in the
mind, a person's culture, values, and experiences in life are the sediment for a person's foundation.
The attributes mentioned, cannot act alone to help an individual in how they will cope with various
situations. Some individuals are reluctant to be resilient by accepting help and support when
encountered by stressors, tragedies, or traumas in life. Others decide that they want to put on a brave
face and do the best they can, yet do not communicate to anyone their problems. Consequently, this
can lead for a person to repress feelings, and when they reach a breaking point emotions come out,
can be of a great magnitude and dangerous. No doubt, the field of counseling and therapy is
essential and beneficial to just about everyone. Case Study/Stressors Take, for instance, Linda's case
who is a 42–year–old Hispanic female who lives in NYC. She is facing the following social
stressors: finding out her husband of 21 years has been meeting up with various women, helping her
live–in mother with her legal problems, and has her two children of college age at home. An
environmental

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Abstract This essay describes the
purpose, goal, method and several other factors related to psychodynamic psychotherapy. It
describes that it is a therapy used to deal with the emotional matters of the patients. An emphasis is
made on the therapeutic alliance in psychodynamic psychotherapy. In addition to this, certain other
concepts such as transference and counter transference, interpretation, boundary issues and defense
mechanism is also defined. Beside this, the significance of therapeutic alliance in all these factors is
also discussed. The concept of therapeutic alliance is given and examples are provided to clarify the
points. It is discussed that therapeutic alliance is a strong bond of relation between the patient and
the doctor. In the end conclusion is provided. Introduction An oral communication method or a
therapy used by a therapist in order to overcome the emotional pain of a person is termed as
psychodynamic psychotherapy. Sigmund Freud and Joseph Breuer were the pioneers of
psychodynamic theory. Though this therapy is same as psychoanalysis but it id different from
classical psychoanalysis. The reason behind it is that classical psychoanalysis does not fully obey
the theory proposed by Freud. According to that theory, the nature of the insensible motives of the
patients is sexual. The goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is similar to psychoanalysis because
psychoanalysis also aims at giving relief

Compare and contrast CBT and psychodynamic approaches to...
Compare and contrast CBT and psychodynamic approaches to counselling focusing particularly on
trauma and PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder): Theory and therapy. When working with clients
in today's society it's extremely important to take into consideration the specific needs of each
individual. Serious contemplation is given to the approaches and methods regarding the client's need
and presenting matters. Trauma appears in many forms in society, even from the 1960's due to the
impact on returning soldiers from war. Since this, trauma has been categorised and widely
researched leading to numerous theories. Psychotherapies were one of the first approaches to be
founded in the 1970's, which were the foundations to counselling ... Show more content on
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This treatment approach is based on cognitive and learning theories, tackling–misleading beliefs
related to the traumatic events of acknowledgments related to the abuse and provides a supportive
environment of which individuals are encouraged to talk about their traumatic experience. A
numerous amount of research has been carried out to investigate into how effective CBT really can
be for PTSD. (Resick et al, 2002) carried out an investigation comparing CBT with strong cognitive
restructuring focus and CBT with a strong exposure focus and to a waiting–list control of rape
survivors. Prior to this experiment approximately 80% of patients who completed either form of
CBT no longer met the criteria for PTSD. Once this investigation was complete a follow up
treatment took place of which it was noted 2% of the waiting list group had lost the PTSD
diagnoses. Only a year after this investigation Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, Dang & Nixon, (2003)
restructured the experiment comparing exposure alone, exposure plus cognitive restructuring, and
supportive counselling in civilians with PTSD resulting from various traumatic events. At this
particular follow up 65–80% of participants who either completed either form of CBT were now
clear of PTSD diagnosis, compared to less than 40% of those who completed supportive
counselling.

Lord Of The Flies Ego Superego Analysis
In every human being, a constant battle is occurring between two very diverse consciences. William
Golding portrayed this battle through his novel, Lord of the Flies, and with Sigmund Freud's
psychoanalysis theories of ID, Ego, and Superego. ID usually delineates the avarice and guile side
of the soul. Superego, however, represents the euphonious and benign voice of the soul. The Ego is
a balance of the two and is gullible to the forces of both voices. Golding uses these three forces to
show that without the pureness of the conscience, human spirit is innately evil and corruptible. Thus,
Golding uses Freud's ID, Ego, and Superego to demonstrate the overall theme of the flexibility of
the human spirit towards evil through Jack's recklessness, Ralph's sense of balance, and Simon's
cherubic attitude.
The character of Jack symbolizes the ID side of the soul because of his recklessness through his
obsession with hunting and fun on the island. His obsession started when he felt the power from
killing his first pig, "He noticed blood on his hands and grimaced distastefully, looked for something
on which to clean them, then wiped them on his shorts and laughed ... 'We'll go hunting every day–'"
(Golding 69/70). This quote shows that when the ID receives power, it will take full advantage of it
and will enjoy it, just like Jack did when he saw the blood from the pig. This quote also shows that
how the ID treats everything as a game and something to laugh at, which is exactly what Jack

The And Change System Within Whole Deal Psychodynamic
The patching and change system envisioned in whole deal psychodynamic help usually obliges no
short of what 2 years of sessions. This is because of the destination of treatment is normally to
change a part of one 's identity or character or to fuse key developmental learning missed while the
client was stuck at a former period of enthusiastic change. Experts of brief psychodynamic treatment
acknowledge that a couple of movements can happen through an all the more quick process or that a
beginning short intervention will start an advancing strategy of advancement that does not require
the steady relationship of the authority. A central thought in short help is that there should be one
huge habitat for the treatment rather than the more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Pope KS, 1991) Psychodynamic help, overall called learning organized treatment, focuses on
unaware strategies as they are indicated in an individual 's accessible behavior. The goals of
psychodynamic treatment are a client 's care and understanding of the effect of the past on present
behavior. In its brief structure, a psychodynamic philosophy enables the client to take a gander at
questionable crashes and evidences that rise up out of past futile associations and show themselves
in the need and longing to misuse substances. A couple of different techniques to short
psychodynamic psychotherapyhave created from psychoanalytic theory and have been clinically
joined with a far reaching assortment of mental issue. There is a grouping of research that all around
sponsorships the sufficiency of these techniques. (Cogan, R, 2005) Psychodynamic treatment is the
most settled of the front line medications. (Freud 's investigation is a specific structure and subset of
psychodymanic treatment.) As such, it is arranged in an uncommonly made and multifaceted
speculation of human change and cooperation. This part displays how rich it is for modification and
further progression by contemporary consultants for specific purposes. The material presented in
this segment gives a lively take a gander at the worth and the complex nature of this kind of help.
The Theory The patching and change philosophy envisioned in long term psychodynamic help
regularly obliges

Short Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy ( Stpp )
Short–Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Short–term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP)
focuses on uncovering the root of emotional suffering. Followers of this therapeutic approach argue
against individuals having free will. Our early life experiences and biological drives determine the
motivations of the unconscious, which control our actions, thoughts, and behaviors. During our first
few years of life, emotions are the predominant form of communication. Having a secure attachment
to his or her caretaker is essential to an infant's survival. If a young child's expression of emotion
provokes a negative reaction from the caretaker, then survival is perceived to be in peril. In order to
protect the attachment, young children create defenses to hide those emotions. Because they were
formed in the early years, these defenses evolve into habitual adaptive mechanisms that come out
when certain feelings are triggered in order to preserve the present relationship. Certain emotions,
negative attachment issues, and other early life experiences might cause the adaptive mechanisms to
become maladaptive. Even though these defenses may have solved a past problem, they may create
greater problems in present relationships. Examining a client's belief's, emotions, early life
experiences, and thoughts can give insight into recurring patterns (i.e., transference). Awareness of
emotional trigger to these defensive unconscious reactions can help begin the process of changing
the recurring

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PP) rooted from traditional psychoanalysis theories. PP operates
with the basic assumption that focuses on unconscious processes that recognise how a person's
behaviour and feelings in the present are rooted from childhood experience in the past. The
objective of PP is to facilitate client to reach self–awareness and to have a better understanding of
the problems by identifying where the origin of the issue as well as underlying causes that may be
present. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy places heavy emphasis on client's relationships and
interpersonal experience (Shedler, 2010).
Therapeutic Relationship
Gelso & Carter (1985) suggested therapeutic relationship as "the feelings and attitudes that the
counselling participants have toward one another and the manner in which these are expressed". The
establishment of a therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client that is open, non–
judgmental and empathic serve as the basis of new internalisations. It allows the client to develop
trust towards the therapist and bring about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These adaptive behaviour, feelings and thoughts that are projected, stemmed from past interactions
with significant figures in the client's life. There are two types of transference.
Positive transference. Occur when client experiences positive feelings such as fondness, trust,
concern, admiration. It may contribute to forming a healthy alliance, however, it may become an
obstruction when love and sexual desire strongly involved (Chua, 2017). In the case study, Mei Lin
observed to developed a positive transference of trust as she was able to share her past painful
experience as well as her marital issue to the

The Connection between Civilization and Individuals in...
In Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes primarily to examine the relationship
between the individual and society. Through Freud's examination of the relationship, a deeper
understanding of the complexity of mental life is realized. Freud begins to develop the relationship
early in the work by depicting the most primitive realizations of self and the most primitive
realizations of the external world. He further develops this relationship through the musing of sexual
desire and its connections to love, which he claims, lead to the formation of families and then later
groups of humanity that came to comprise civilization as a whole. Through questions raised
concerning society, culture, history and the self, Freud is able to ... Show more content on
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This fulfillment would later lead to love and the formation of families. In addition, the ego seeks not
only pleasure in the fulfillment of sexual desires, but in companionship of a more plutonic nature.
This form of companionship, according to Freud, leads to the formation of civilization. Freud writes
that civilization is perpetuated and developed through the internalization of natural aggressiveness,
and that the repression of such aggressiveness in the interest of civilization leads to the formation of
the superego and thus feelings of guilt, not only for carrying out such aggressiveness, but for musing
upon it. Therefore, Freud seeks to imply that the relationship between mental life and civilization is
intertwined, that they are dependent upon one another. Freud's realization that mental life and
civilization are so connected helps him to achieve a deeper understanding of the complexity of
mental life. He comes to conclude that the development of each, if not the same process applied to
different kinds of object, then they are at the very least similar. Freud's examination of the
relationship between civilization and the individual allows him to note that the individual seeks to
serve itself while at the same time serving civilization, just as civilization seeks to create unity
among humans while perpetuating its own self. Freud also comes to conclude through his

A Comparison of Two Therapeutic Approaches to Mental...
A Comparison of Two Therapeutic Approaches to Mental Disorders
The essence of the medical model is the view that abnormal behaviours like mental disorders result
from physical problems and should be treated medically, in other words; mental disorders resemble
physical diseases, in that they are both illness of the body. As a result, the medical approach would
argue that mental illness and therapeutic action should be taken from the medical perspective.
Whereas the psychodynamic approach concerning mental illness put forward by Freud was based
partly on his psychosexual development theory. In essence, the child passes through stages such as
oral, anal etc. Major conflicts or excessive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Drugs have been used with some success to treat various disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety,
and depression. The medical model argues for direct manipulation of the physiological system
within the body, and uses somatic therapy (a major part of which is drug therapy). Drug therapy has
been used in the treatment of several disorders, and has been used in the treatment of patients
suffering from major depression and schizophrenia. Neuroleptic drugs (drugs that reduce psychotic
symptoms but can also produce some of the symptoms of neurological diseases) are often used in
the treatment of schizophrenia. Common neuroleptic drugs include the phenothiazines, the
butyrophenones and the thioxanthenes as they reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for
example delusions and hallucinations, but have little effect on the negative symptoms e.g. lack of
motivation and emotion and social withdrawal. The drugs used to treat schizophrenia have the great
advantage that schizophrenic patients no longer need to be restrained in straitjackets. However, they
have significant disadvantages. First, as we have seen, they have several unfortunates' side effects.
Second, the drugs basically reduce symptoms, and cannot be regarded as providing a cure for
schizophrenia.
This is very unlike the psychodynamics' approach to treating mental disorders; the psychodynamic
therapy

Billie Holiday Essay
Billie Holiday, whose real name is Eleanora Gough, was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1915.
She grew up mostly in Baltimore and always loved jazz. Billie was born to very young parents. Her
mother was thirteen when she was born and her father just fifteen. (www.numberonestars.com,
2010) Her father made his living as a jazz musician and later he left Billie's mother. Billie was raised
by her mother and grandparents. Billie was not a happy child and eventually left school at an early
age. It was rumored that she became a prostitute like her mother. (www.numberonestars.com, 2010)
Her relationship with her father was not a loving one. Clarence Holiday was hardly ever around.
Sometimes Billie would blackmail him for money by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Billie went through years of hard drug and alcohol use mixed in with bad relationships.
(www.numberonestars.com, 2010) It is said that this hard lifestyle began to affect her work. Her
songs were no longer filled with youthful emotions, but a sort of bitter regret. Even with the change
in her music still had a great impact on other artists of her time and later.
(www.numberonestars.com, 2010) At the end of her life Billie's personal life and career suffered.
She didn't have a cabaret card which is what was needed to work in New York City clubs at the
time. She had no many in her bank account because she was cheated out of it. While she was dying
she was arrested due to her heroin addiction. (www.numberonestars.com, 2010) The relationships
that Billie engaged in were almost as bad as her heroin addiction. She was married to Jimmy
Monroe, but separated from him and briefly had an affair with a trumpeter. She finally divorced her
husband and left the trumpeter only to take up with a man thought to be an enforcer for the mob.
Louis McKay was no better than the rest, but tried to get Billie clean. When Billie died they weren't
even together. (www.numberonestars.com, 2010) When I begin to use the diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders based on axis 1: Billie displayed depression or a mood disorder which
could have caused her to use drugs at an early age. Axis 2: Billie displayed a

Psychology : Psychology And Psychology
Psychology as we all know is the scientific study of the behavior of humans and animals. The
following paragraphs will compare and contrast Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Humanistic
perspectives of psychology. Each one of these perspectives searches for answers about behavior
through different techniques and through looking for answers to different kinds of questions. Due to
the different approaches, each perspective form their own assumptions and explanations. Some
perspectives are widely accepted while others struggle for acceptance Ya– Ling Wang and Yi–Cheng
Lin were the key people in developing the Humanistic Perspective, Chin– Lan Huang and Kuang–
Hui Yeh were the key people in developing the Psychodynamic Perspectives and American
psychologist John B. Watson was the key person in developing the Behavioral perspective. The
Psychodynamic Perspective focuses on unconscious mental activity. This perspective suggests that
both normal and abnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces (Ya– Ling
Wang and Yi–Cheng Wang). The Behavioral Perspective focus on observable behaviors; but does
not speculate about mental processes such as thinking (Ya Ling Wang and Yi–Cheng Wang). It also
focuses on learning in understanding how various behaviors occur. Likewise, David Ackerman
wrote a book about "A Natural History Of the senses" and in this book he talks about all the natures
and about their perspectives. Similarly, I have pretty much got a concept of how a

Review Of Antwone Fisher 's ' Diagnostic And Statistical...
Diagnostic Assessment
Antwone Fisher is a character who is very hostile and antisocial. He feels alone and confused by
previous events that occurred during his childhood. Fisher is very withdrawn, unforgiving, and
apprehensive. The constant battle of flashbacks denoting verbal, physical, and sexual abuse
frequently interferes with his everyday life. The diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder
explain the details of Antwone's life in its entirety. Antwone meets the following criteria in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition: "Directly experiences a
traumatic event, experiences extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event, recurrent,
involuntary distressive memories" (271).
Physical and verbal altercations tended to be the most frequent activities that he was involved in.
Post traumatic stress disorder is one of many disorders that was displayed in the behavior of
Antwone Fisher. The symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder occurred during his individual
psychotherapy sessions. He felt as if he was forced to re–live a past that he had left behind. Antwone
experienced traumatic events very often throughout his life. The death of Antwone's best– friend and
abuse, were two of the major factors that played a role in his symptoms of post traumatic stress
disorder. Antwone couldn't see that psychotherapy was actually molding him to forgive his past. He
was always full of anger and rage. The psychotherapy was his

Erikson's Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development : An...
Taking a look at the attachment theory right off the back you can see that with Chick not having his
mother around it was difficult for him to attach to a caregiver. Growing up, as a child in a neglectful
household would cause numerous difficulties throughout life. Not being able to form attachment
with the primary caregiver (usually the mother) would hinder social and emotional development,
confidence, the ability to make and maintain healthy relationships ("How can growing up without a
mother affect a child?," 2017). The list is endless, children who grow up in neglectful and abusive,
households learn to see the world in a 'unsafe' way and often suffer trauma as a result. I believe that
due to what happened to chuck it had the opposite affect with his strength "Positivity", because
People especially talented in the Positivity theme have an enthusiasm that is contagious, basically
they are upbeat and can get others excited about what they are going to do ("clifton strengthfinder,"
n.d.). This is true Chuck believed that he was capable of great things regardless of what he had to go
through without a mother, being bullied, and all the above. He chose to look at his situation as
positive as he could which carried on throughout his life. As the reader observes Erikson's Eight
Stages of Psychosocial Development, the fourth stage to be exact, you will be able to make ties
between Chuck's childhood and what Erikson says about a person's childhood phase. Erikson says at
the

Short-term or Brief CounselingTherapy and the Current...
Short–term or Brief CounselingTherapy and the Current Mental Health System
Abstract
"Short–term" or "Brief Counseling/Therapy" and the current mental health system seem to be
inexorably linked for at least the foreseeable future. This paper discusses the history, objectives,
appropriate clientele, efficacy, and the other benefits, and short comings, of this
therapeutic/counseling modality and its relevance to my present career direction, College
Counseling. Cognitive–behavioral, Psychodynamic, and Gestalt applications of brief
therapy/counseling methods will be addressed.
For a working definition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Short–term therapy and counseling have consistently proven to be a powerful, efficient, and
effective approach for resolving human emotional and behavioral problems, and it is a major force
in the field of psychotherapy and counseling today (Saposnek, 1984). Although the overwhelming
emphasis on brief counseling/therapy in the mental health system is a relatively recent phenomenon,
the concept itself is at least as old as Freud. Freud originally viewed psychoanalysis as a research
tool that had powerful therapeutic applications.
Although he tried to limit his early analysis to six to twelve months, he had hoped that in time it
would be superseded by more efficient methods (Saposnek, 1984; Nugent, 1994; Phillips, 1985).
According to Small (1979), "Historically, it is clear that Freud first sought a quick cure; when he
began he could not foresee the developments that would lengthen the psychoanalytic process." Who
would have believed that Freud would have preferred a brief therapy over the open–ended, time–
unlimited therapy process that classical psychoanalysis had become. Social changes brought on by
the pressures of World War II led to a great demand for short– term interventions. "The stress–
related emergencies of World War II necessitated the development of early forms of crisis
intervention aimed at

Insight Therapy And Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
To begin with, insight therapy is known as talk therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Its goal
is for clients to gain deeper understanding of the clients' dreams. According to Coon, the "main goal
of psychoanalysis is to reduce internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering (Coon 513). There
are different categories under insight therapy. You have free association. It is in which clients
express their thoughts and feelings full as exactly as they occur. In dream analysis therapy, a
therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the clients' dreams. I feel this type of therapy will only
be useful for minor things really. But as always, there will always be reluctance to sharing these
visions. Coon describes these resistances as "blockages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The therapies are physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with
psychological disorders. Usually, the disorders are caused by biological function. Drugs may be
used as treatment, called psychopharmacology treatment. What is interesting is that there actually
still treatments of electric shock being given – and they're not even rare. According to Coon, there
are about 100,000 cases of electric shock in the U.S. being given. There is a debate over its effects,
whether they are temporary or permanent. The most invasive medical treatment for a mental illness
is psychosurgery. The lobotomy is the oldest and most radical psychosurgery (Coon 528). The
frontal lobes of the brain would surgically be disconnected from the rest of the brain. At first, the
lobotomy was excited for because of its "success". Conversely, patients who had lobotomies have
had their own chance of side effects – seizures, blunted emotions, personality changes, stupor, and a
"vegetable" mentality. Psychosurgery cannot be reversed; once a patient has gone through it, they
cannot go

Ted Bundy and Psychodynamic Theory Essay
Theodore Bundy was born on November 24th 1946. He was born to an unwed mother who was told
that she was his sister. He was raised by his grandparents who portrayed themselves as his parents
throughout his early childhood years. According to the article I read Ted's grandfather was abusive
towards Ted and his other siblings (Montaldo). Ted was shy and said to be sociably awkward, but
during high school he developed into good looking guy and was liked by many. Ted met his first
girlfriend in college and eventually falls in love. His girlfriend did not see Ted as someone who
would be successful and eventually broke up with him and this broke his heart. This was about the
time he learned the truth about his family too. He developed ... Show more content on
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Psychodynamic theorists believe that this disorder begins during infancy when infants either
develop trust or mistrust towards their caregivers. In the case of Ted this very issue caused a lot of
turmoil for him. He grew up thinking that his grandparents were his parents and that is sister was his
mother. I think that this was very hard for him to accept and he felt like he could not trust anyone.
Researchers have supported the psychodynamic theory by claiming that people with disorder have
been subjected to family violence and parental conflict or divorce. Ted's grandfather was said to be
violent towards Ted and his other siblings. I believe that Ted's environment played a huge role in his
developing antisocial disorder and that these factors would be listed under axis IV of the DSM–IV–
TR. Michael Packard who was an editor for DSM–IV's criteria developed a way to determining the
GAF or the Global Assessment Functioning. He suggests moving up and down the scale until the
person's status at that moment is described. I chose the time in Ted's life when he was killing and
found his GAF to be a 4 or lower according Packard's method. At this level the DSM–IV's criteria
would be that Ted was a persistent danger of severely hurting others (Midwest Behavioral Health
Network, 2009). Psychodynamic theorists would believe that Ted's past experiences would
contribute to his disorder. They believe that psychological

Compare and Contrast Psychodynamic and Humanistic Essay
Compare and contrast how the psychodynamic and person–centred approaches to counselling
understand the person, and how these two approaches explain psychological distress experienced by
individuals. In part 2 reflect on and write about which of the two models appeals most to you and
why? INTRODUCTION Psychodynamic and person–centred approaches to counselling have many
differences in the way they understand the person and explain psychological distress. Part one below
reviews both approaches separately, followed by a comparison of the main similarities and
differences. Part two explains why I feel psychodynamic therapy appeals to me most. PART ONE
PSYCHODYNAMIC Psychodynamic counselling has its roots in the work of Sigmund ... Show
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Person centred therapists believe that people are driven by two distinct needs. The first is self–
actualisation (the ability to be the best we can be), the second is the need to be loved and valued.
'Self concept' or the way we view ourselves is highly relevant in person–centred therapy. Should
there be a separation between actual experience, and the way our 'self' believes something should be
incongruence is said to occur. McLeod (2008) describes this as, "Where there is a disjunction
between feelings and the capacity for accurate awareness and symbolization of these feelings, a state
of incongruence is said to exist. Incongruence is the very broad term used to describe the whole
range of problems that clients bring to counselling" (p. 179). Rogers 'conditions of worth' are
explanation of how a person's self–concept is shaped by parental influence, and 'locus of evaluation'
considers how the self–concept is shaped by internal versus external influences. It is worth noting
that 'conditions of worth' are the only explanation Rogers used of childhood influences on current
behaviour. Rogers had a very positive view on humanity and believed that if a normal, self–aware
person follows their own internal thoughts and feelings, they would come to the correct conclusions
which would not only satisfy themselves, but others

A Psychodynamic Therapist May Also Be Willing To Help Steven
A psychodynamic therapist may also be willing to help Steven explore these dynamic, internal
forces that have determine the trajectories of his life, thus far, since coming into contact with, or
being influenced by, his past experiences. Taken together, the overarching goal of a psychodynamic
therapist is to listen attentively to what the client is sharing, looking for abnormalities that the
individual finds hard to cope with, which give rise to the stated conflict amongst these forces,
subsequently leading to the presenting negative effects. In Steven's situation, we know that his
childhood was spent looking out for his two younger brothers because his parents were alcoholics
and "disinterested in us kids." Thus, Steven's chronic worry ... Show more content on
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Considering some common features and characteristics of psychodynamic psychotherapies, we can
also encompass a focus on Steven's affect and emotional expression, self–experience and
relatedness, maladaptive relationship patterns, transference and countertransference, exploration of
unconscious motives and fantasies, and relate his current experiences to his past experiences
(Friederich, Zeeck & Herzog, 2015).
Altogether, Steven's ego defense mechanism has failed to control his unacceptable id impulses,
which lead to his chronic worry and negative ruminations. Insofar, his childhood experiences
coupled with both his parents being alcoholics, has conflicted with Steven's unconscious forces,
since becoming aware that he is expecting his first child. Or perhaps, his fixation on the actions of
his parents could have impacted him. Irrespective of both, they are all important in helping us to
understand Steven's presenting concerns and allowing him to gain a deepened understanding of self
and others, recognize his strengths and challenges and develop or increase his capacities to cope
more effectively (Borden, 2000; Cortina, 2010).
Sociocultural Model of Abnormality According to the sociocultural model, abnormal behavior is
best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual (Comer, 2015), examining
the

Psychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior
Psychopathology and Abnormal Behavior
Introduction
The developments of psychopathology and abnormal behavior sciences have achieved significant
progress. However, key issues that seek to determine various causes and presentations of
psychopathology continue to emerge. Notably, the identification of a better model or perspective
that explains psychopathology better than other models continue to elicit varied debates. The
prevalence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior is explained by the psychodynamic and
behavioral perspectives. This paper will critically compare and contrast the precepts of
psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives to determine their success in delineating the
presentation and incidence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
Challenges of Classifying Abnormal and Normal Behavior
Behavior shifts on a broad spectrum between the expected or accepted behavior and behavior that is
considered abnormal. As a result, the identification of a definite position of transition from normal
to abnormal behavior is significantly challenging. It has been argued that abnormal behavior is
merely accentuated normal behavior that has been exaggerated; hence, to distinguish such behavior
from the norm can be quite difficult (Hansell & Damour, 2008). In addition, psychopathology and
abnormal behavior have been subjected to changes in social and cultural dynamics over time.
These changes have led to the assertion that normal behavior and abnormal behavior are subject to

Object Relations Theory Is A Psychodynamic Theory
Object Relations Theory Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that observes our
capability to form long–lasting attachments, and is based on our early experiences of disconnection
from and connections with out primary caregivers. We internalize our initial relationship examples,
which means that our first relationships make lasting impressions on us, determining how we
approach future relationships. Also, object relations theory studies how people form various
attitudes towards others and how those attitudes affect their view of themselves as well as social
relationships. There is a central notion of object relation's theory, which is that all people naturally
search for relationships with others, what this theory looks at is how well an individual can form the
interpersonal relationship and what, if any, deficiencies in social functioning may have occurred. For
social workers, this theory is helpful in seeing an individual in the framework of the relationship
rather than an individual being. According to object relations theory, the ultimate situation is to be
raised by caregivers who in turn help us to progressively and appropriately move away from their
physical and emotional direct care while they continue to convey their availability for support
(Hutchison, 2013). These early associations are a major determinant of our personalities and the
quality of our interpersonal performance (Hutchison, 2013; Dorfman, Meyer, & Morgan, 1998).
Essentially, an

Depression: a Sociological and Psychological Perspective
The expression "I feel depressed" is used normally as a throwaway comment when we are feeling
sad or miserable. Normally these feeling will pass us by, and we then continue with our everyday
life without another thought. But what if these feeling didn't disappear over time? What happens
when these start to interfere with our everyday life? What if the enviorment around us is the major
cause of depression? It's not really hard to believe when you think about it as we are faced with
mass unemployment, and a recession which can put heavy strain on even the most balanced of
individuals and their interpersonal relationships around them. There are many interpersonal
instances that can have the ability to lead to the onset of depression, such ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately the people who managed to escape being burnt or drowned were never seen as they
were thrown in asylums and hidden away from the public. Throughout the 14th, 15th and the very
early parts of the 16th century this behaviour continued. By early parts of the 1620s, Robert Burton
(1577–1640) who was an English scholar from Oxford published his first works entitled The
Anatomy of Melancholy. His book looked at the more sociological side of depression by looking at
the social issues that can cause depression. The issues he highlighted were issues that are still around
today such as poverty to name one. Like Hippocrates before him, he believed that a good healthy
diet, regular exercise, hobbies, and travel was maybe a solution to the cause of depression. As a
lifelong sufferer of depression, his works were personal and straight to the point. Once again things
took for the worse during the Age of Enlightenment (18th and early 19th century) the thought
process for depression was that of inheritance. Once again people with mental illness were rejected
from society, which lead to them becoming poor and homeless and in some cases being
institutionalised. It wasn't until the later part of the Age of Enlightenment that doctors sought out to
explain the causes of depression, which some doctors thought it was aggression that was at the core
of it. The treatment suggested was a good diet, plenty of exercise and talking to someone about

Transference And Counter-Transference
1
Running head: TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTER–TRANSFERENCE
8
TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTER–TRANSFERENCE
Transference and Counter–Transference
Harriet L. Wiley
Mississippi College
Abstract
Transference and counter–transference are natural behaviors. The literature under review has
focused on the expression of counter–transference and transference in many ways. The value of
recognizing both are acknowledged due to them being dually important by having positive and
negative behaviors depending on the approach. The knowledge provided would help provide insight
and comprehension reflected in the quality of care which the clients receives. Both transference and
counter–transference will be defined and explained for a better understanding, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Conscious Transference is when a therapist chooses to share the affect the client is having on their
feelings (Fuertes, 2013). It can also be when a therapist share an experience they have that relates to
what a client is sharing. In this process, it helps the client and therapist understand each other better
and it allows trust to grow. The client should have several ways on how to approach or gain
perspective when it comes to communicating with others. Useful counter–transference is geared to
the client and assists their growth, while the therapist can continue to focus on building a positive
relationship with the client (Oelsner, 2013). In order to have a positive relationship with a client
there should be a personal bond between a therapist and client. If trust is gained it should limit
counter–transference and with trust between the client and counselor a level of comfort comes that
will help build a strong relationship. Developing healthy boundaries and being mindful of counter–
transference as it can come into the therapy sessions will eliminate future issues and the therapist
can making the client first priority (King, Obrien,

Describe and Discuss Ethical Frameworks Within Which...
Assessment 6 1. Describe and discuss ethical frameworks within which counselling and therapeutic
practitioners work. Include justification for observing codes of conduct and how professionalism is
maintained. 2. Outline a range of therapeutic strategies which ensure safe practice for both
practitioner and client. This will include safety, record keeping, confidentiality and issues such as
bias, prejudice and transference. To have good ethical practice within counselling it is important that
there are boundaries and contracts in place that are agreed to and understood by both the counsellor
and the client. At the start of each new counselling session it is important that a contract is set out
between the client and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transference is often manifested as an erotic attraction towards a therapist, but can be seen in many
other forms such as rage, hatred, mistrust, prettification, extreme dependence, or even placing the
therapist in a god–like or guru status. When Freud initially encountered transference in his therapy
with clients, he felt it was an obstacle to treatment success. But what he learned was that the analysis
of the transference was actually the work that needed to be done. The focus in psychodynamic
psychotherapy is, in large part, the therapist and client recognizing the transference relationship and
exploring what the meaning of the relationship is. Because the transference between patient and
therapist happens on an unconscious level, psychodynamic therapists who are largely concerned
with a patient's unconscious material use the transference to reveal unresolved conflicts patients
have with figures from their childhoods. Countertransference is defined as redirection of a therapist's
feelings toward a client, or more generally as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a client. A
therapist's atonement to his own countertransference is nearly as critical as his understanding of the
transference. Not only does this help the therapist regulate his or her own emotions in the
therapeutic relationship, but it also gives the therapist valuable insight into

Psychotherapy Strategies Drawn from Psychodynamic and...
The purpose of this paper is to analyze a video entitled Psychodynamic–Interpersonal Counseling &
Psychotherapy (Brooks–Harris &Oliveira–Berry, 2004). The video features Dr. Jeff Brooks–Harris
and Dr. Jill Oliveira–Berry demonstrating sixteen skills drawn from psychodynamic and
interpersonal approaches to psychotherapy.
Essential Elements of Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Approaches to Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis is a unique form of psychological treatment founded by Sigmund Freud and later
modified by his followers including Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and Harry Stack–Sullivan (Wedding &
Corsini, 2013). Although there is no one psychoanalytic theory Wedding and Corsini (2013) tell us
that there are basic principles that tend to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This transference may represent Mia's feelings about her past relationship with her parents or her
current relationship with her friends, and/or her boyfriend. Dr. Brooks–Harris encourages Mia to
blame him for her disappointment instead of blaming herself. By resolving her conflicts in the
therapeutic relationship, Mia may discover ways of resolving conflicts in a more healthy way
outside of therapy. Mia then describes a dream she had about leaving home for college. She also
describes her sister who is in her dream attempting to keep her from leaving. Dr. Brooks–Harris uses
dream interpretation to suggest that the characters in the dream may represent different parts of Mia
and her feelings about leaving her boyfriend. For instance, Mia's sister may represent the part of Mia
that doesn't want to leave her boyfriend. Once Mia has decided to break up wither boyfriend, Dr.
Brooks–Harris encourages her to build new relationships or strengthen those she already has. He
does this because if Mia has alternative relationships she is less likely to respond to changes in her
other relationships with anxiety and depression. The second session features Dr. Jill Oliveira–Berry
who is working with a female client named Suzy who has recently broken up with her boyfriend.
Suzy is at first unable to identify what she wants to talk about. Dr. Oliveira–Berry's encourages her
to use free association to

Substance Abuse Case Study Essay
1. Well, it is more than obvious that Jen has some issues in her life that she tries to suppress with
alcohol or that she tried to overcome with marijuana usage. Moreover, it is important to look at all
aspects of her problems. Smoking marijuana in order to ''reduce stress'' (more likely to forget about
her abuse as a kid) through her high school time doesn't look like a big issue, but it might left a
pattern that Jen picked up later in her life in order to deal with her problems. She obviously learned
that facing problems through substance usage is her way to go and to deal with the same, which is
completely wrong. In my opinion, as I stated, smoking marijuana does not present a substance abuse
problem, but rather a core for something that became substance abuse later in Jen's life. She states
that she can go couple of days without alcohol, but also that she uses it in order to reduce her stress.
Furthermore, Jen feels anxious about the times when she does not use the alcohol. ... Show more
Biblical perspective about drugs and alcohol is interesting. It is well known that the Bible doesn't
mention anything about marijuana, cocaine, LSD, or any other drugs that people are consuming
today. That is the reason why many people do not see it as a sin. However, really the application to
drugs is obvious: all the substances that compromise our bodies and minds are out of bounds! It is
the same with alcohol. Scripture instructs us to avoid being high and buzzed. For example, Paul
writes: "Do not get drunk on wine, which leads to debauchery. Instead, be filled with the Spirit"
(Ephesians 5:18). The principle behind the passage is simply this: Stay away from stuff that will
confuse your thoughts, weaken your inhibitions and make you more vulnerable to sin. If we follow
this pattern it is more than obviouse to see the sin in Jen's life. Besides her own sins, we can that it
has been sinned against Jen through her family, from her sexual abuse to substance abuse that she
was exposed

Comparing Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered...
Comparing Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person–Centered Psychology
The counseling profession has a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to choosing which
psychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career
options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in
existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two
psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person–Centered Psychology, will be
critically analyzed and discussed in depth in order to compare the techniques as well as effectiveness
of each.
Foundation of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The psychosexual stages of development played an important role in human development also.
Freud believed it was vital for every human to experience each stage fully; otherwise the
consequences of the missed stage(s) would manifest later in the life cycle–a defense mechanism
called "fixation." Fixation occurs when there is conflict at a certain stage in psychosexual
development. There are five psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital. The first psychosexual stage of development, the oral stage, begins in infancy and lasts
throughout the first year. During this stage, infants are performing oral exercises such as sucking
and learning to create noise with their mouths and will be expected to wean themselves from their
mother's breasts/bottles. If fixation occurs at this psychosexual stage, the individual is likely to have
difficulty forming healthy relationships, as well as regulating their optimism and pessimism.
The second stage, the anal stage, occurs from the first year to year and a half until age 3. The child is
learning the technique of controlling both their bladder and their bowels, as well as learning toilet
training. When fixation occurs in the anal stage, it is manifested in the individuals' personality.
These anal–fixated individuals are the "anal–retentive" and "anal expulsive" population. They are
always either late or messy, or they suffer from obsessive

Allport Humanistic And Existential Theory
Personality Analysis Personality Analysis The personality of an individual is what makes him or her
unique among others. That same uniqueness is what makes each person interesting to study and
observe. The same set of identical twins may have all the same genetic makeup, but he or she will
still have an individual personality to call his or her own. The study of personality is quite complex
and involves many ideas and theories from wide variety of scholars. Personality is also something
people can share and relate to with one another. According to Allport, "Personality is about what is
unique to the individual, but it is also about what is shared across people" (Allport, ... Show more
Humanistic and Existential Theory While the psychodynamic theory focuses on the
interrelationships of one's psyche, the humanistic approach focuses more on the self and how an
individual perceives things along with the experiences that may influence his or her perception. The
humanistic theory is simple and may perceive the world as the present being the most important that
does not focus on the past or present, but just the "Now". This theory has a focus on reality that
suggests people must take responsibility for their actions regardless of being positive or negative.
The theory also states that people either posses or inherit his or her worth and that the overall goal in
life should be that of understanding and personal growth. The humanistic theory finally suggests
that an individual may only find true happiness through self–knowledge and self–improvement
(Heffner Media Group, Inc, 2004). The existential theory is an approach on life that focuses on the
experiences one has lived rather than how to seek self–knowledge or self–improvement. The
existential theory is similar to that of the humanistic theory except that humanists see people as
basically good, whereas the existential person may look

Jenny Durra Character Analysis
Analyzation of Jenny Curran: Trait and Psychodynamic Theories Looking at Psychodynamic areas
in Jenny Curran's life, it is easy to see where the root of her problems lie and how she grew into
such a troubled young woman. Whether she realized it at any stage of her life or not, Jenny's
experiences as a little girl followed her for the rest of her life. After her mother's death when she was
only a little girl of five years old, she unfortunately lives with her alcoholic father in Greenbow,
Alabama. Her dad sexually and physically assaults her and her two equally unfortunate siblings
during the course of their troubled childhood. In an innocent and desperate attempt to run away from
her dad's alcohol–induced stupors, she and Forrest hide nearby ... Show more content on
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It was not uncommon that she found herself confused, wondering why she was dealt the cards given
to her and dwelling on why it was so hard for her to just disappear to a new place she didn't know.
Since Jenny's childhood was plagued by physical and sexual abuse from her drunken father, the
police whisked her away to coincide along with her grandmother during her teenage youth. The pain
and torture would nevertheless make an imprint upon her personality and make her the perfect
example of the psychodynamic theory. Upon a return visit to Greenbow, Alabama, Jenny sees her
father's abandoned house and is given an unhappy reminder of her abusive past. It was her unhealthy
home life that likely caused her to go astray, searching for the love and nurturing she never received
as a child. Her vulnerability as a child translated into pain and destruction as an adult. Jenny traveled
down a road to nowhere in her many pursuits, she had no goals or final destination in mind. She
lived by the seat of her pants. She led a whimsical, spontaneous life, but somewhere down the road
she got lost. Jenny was often confused and ran away from her true happiness. Jenny didn't care
where the road–or more explicitly, life–took her. For example, after an anti–Vietnam rally in
Washington, D.C., Jenny once again abandons Forrest and hitches a ride from a random truck

Four Characteristics Of Pychodynamic Therapy
Psychodynamic or psychoanalysis is a theory that is based on the personality. Psychodynamic
therapy is the focus of unconscious processes as they are manifested in the clients' present
behaviour. Self awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on ones present behaviour
is the goal of psychodynamic therapy. Psychodynamic therapy operates with the tool of dialogue in
order to expose and explore unconscious conflicts for the purpose of allowing their processing and
integration. The fundamental rules for intervention in psychodynamic hypnotherapy are the same in
other psychodynamic therapy (Wormnes, et al., 2000).
There are four psychodynamic techniques used in psychodynamic hypnotherapy, these being, free
associations, dream interpretation and interpretation of transference and defences. During hypnosis,
free associations will often present themselves in the form of images that are closer to primary
process thinking as well as the unconscious, and hence defences and ... Show more content on
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There does however tend to be a certain type of individual who responds particularly well to the
psychodynamic therapy approach.
These tend to be individuals that are genuinely interested in the exploration of themselves, and the
seeking of self–knowledge in addition to symptom relief. They will have the capacity to self–reflect
as well as a natural curiosity for their internal life and why they behave the way they do in certain
situations. An example of this may be someone who keeps choosing abusive partners may have the
desire to learn how to break that pattern by exploring their unconscious conflicts. Should a client be
willing to commit themselves wholly to psychodynamic therapy, they should see the benefits within
the first few months of

Social Exchange Theory And Social Exchange Theory
Mrs. Rose, an 85–year–old Dominican woman, grew up in an urban town in South Carolina. She is
the youngest of two sisters and one brother. Rose stated her life growing up was stressful after her
parents separated. Also, she said her mother had to work two jobs so that she could provide for their
family. Due to the fact of limited income with many mouths to feed, Rose's older siblings moved to
their grandparent's house. She further stated once her siblings moved, there was not a relationship
between the siblings, and her mother became abusive. Consequently, the stress of having to work
two jobs coupled with Rose's mother experiencing abuse as a child kept the cycle of violence to
continue. Rose stated her mother homeschooled her brother for the reason that the bruises left would
have quickly alerted the department of family and children services. Moreover, Rose indicated her
mother dropped out of middle school, and the education that her mother taught was not beneficial.
As Rose developed, she noted discrimination started happening. Although she tried to disregard the
racism, she stated the environment affected her ability to love.
Social Exchange Theory
According to Thibauilt and Kelley (1959), people weigh their costs and benefits of their relationship
to determine satisfaction and commitment. Essentially meaning people form relationships in which
the incentive is more significant than the action. George Homans summarizes his proposition into
three sections: (1) rewards

Counselling Psychotherapy And Psychodynamic Perspectives
Introduction I am developing an understanding of two of the most utilised approaches in counselling
psychotherapy. These are the person centered and psychodynamic perspectives. I seek to explore my
development and attunement to the concepts we have been introduced to by facilitating my own
learning. Also I isolate difficulties that have arisen and explain how I have overcome these
obstacles. This will aid my continual development towards becoming a helper. This piece is my own
reflexive account on my journey so far. In my development to date, and the feelings of achievement
and failure through actions of my early adolescence. Becoming a helper is a longstanding ambition
of mine, formulated by my desire to help others. My experiences over the last twenty–five years,
have taught me that I am sometimes over analytical in my thoughts, overly concerned about others, I
can end up neglecting myself. Throughout this journey I have had chronic ups and downs life can
harbor. I continue to develop my own sense of self, and pursue the opportunity to guide others
through their own dialogue. Narrative of the self I recall when I was younger I was insistent on
helping my mum and dad look after my two brothers. This could be because I'm the eldest of three. I
am a daughter and sister. My youngest brother was born with congenital heart disease when I was

Psychodynamic Counselling Overview Essay
Psychodynamic Counselling – Overview.
Psychodynamic counselling has a long history and vast literature to condense so only a brief
overview is possible here – following on from the themes already discussed and with particular
focus on four psychologists: Freud, Jung, Adler and Klein.
"The primary purpose of psychodynamic counselling is to help clients make sense of current
situations; of memories associated with present experience, some of which spring readily to mind,
others which may rise to consciousness as the counselling develops; and of the images that appear in
fantasies and dreams." (Jacobs)
In essence it is concerned with the presenting past, the use of the counselling relationship in terms of
its meaning for the client, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So it is possible to say "I don't like her behaviour" which is about a relationship in the external
world or to say "I don't feel like my usual self today" which suggests a relationship between two
parts of the self, the dynamic of the internal world.
Great importance is attached to past experiences and feelings. Aspects (objects) of the psyche
develop in parallel with external relationships in childhood, i.e., with mother and father. In addition,
the childhood perception of experiences, feelings and relationships may not match reality, so such
perceptions are significant.
Object relations theory
A third type of relationship is added to those of the outer and inner worlds, to non–human objects.
The activity is going on all the time, but is increased in some circumstances – in stressful and
anxious times, in dreams.
The Unconscious
Freud identified the unconscious, the preconscious and the conscious in terms of mental activity.
Within the unconscious are thoughts, experiences and feelings which are not easily accessible but
which have great influences on the current mental activity in the conscious. Memories, half
forgotten, but easy to access offer a route to the unconscious, thus belonging to the preconscious.
Feelings such as grief and anger can remain in the unconscious and remain unexperienced and
forgotten, that is, repressed; or

Psychodynamic Theory And Family Counseling
Psychodynamic Theory and Family Counseling Advantages and Disadvantages Psychodynamic
therapy has been around for ages, and has been very beneficial for clients who are suffering from an
array of difficulties in life. This form of therapy has the client focus on the past and understand how
it has positively or negatively affected his/her behavior and outlook on life. There are many
advantages and disadvantages to taking this historical approach when working with families.
Starting with the advantages of psychodynamic therapy, a client is able to re–examine past conflicts
and work though unresolved issues that could be hindering his/her present day life. Going through
life and never really dealing with what is troubling you, can cause stress and anxiety all the way into
adulthood. When an individual decides to seek help for the first time, it is beneficial for the
counselor to know about the client's past experiences to fully understand why they are the person
they are today. A historical approach helps the counselor focus on the root of the problems, and how
events along the way have become overpowering struggles that has brought the family into
counseling. Understanding one's past can help a person heal and learn to deal with new issues that
may come along in the future. This type of therapy is also beneficial because it helps the client and
counselor identify reoccurring behaviors that have led to negative outcomes. Being aware of why
the behaviors occur and recognizing

The Concept Of Transference Within Psychodynamic...
n this essay, I will provide a critical analysis of the concept of transference within psychodynamic
psychotherapy. I will begin with a discussion into the development of the psychodynamic paradigm
and psychoanalysis and how it has developed from its original founder Sigmund Freud to the
influence it has in therapy within the modern present day. The essay will go on to explore the
techniques used specifically within psychodynamic psychotherapy. I. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis was first given its name in the 1980's by Sigmund Freud. The theory was both
founded and developed by Freud and plays a significant role in our understanding of Psychology
and the human mind in this present modern day. Freud held a strong interest within the unconscious
mind and believed unconscious thoughts and feelings to be at the root of psychological distress
(Cabaniss, 2011). The aim of psychodynamic therapy is to bring forward the thoughts that hide deep
within the unconscious, into the conscious mind to allow for psychological and self–awareness to
develop within the client. The Psychodynamic paradigm is seen to hold a rather deterministic view
towards humanity. According to the theory, humans are made up of inner instinctive drives (Rizq,
2010) and forces of which our thoughts, emotions, and thus our behaviour is motivated and driven
by. Freud theorised that humans repressed certain emotions, desires and thoughts in infanthood (not
childhood??). It therefore became an aim of

Relationship Between Counselling And Psychotherapy

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