This document provides information about common diagnostic instruments used at home including thermometers, blood pressure monitors, glucometers, and weighing scales. It describes how these instruments work and what medical conditions they can help diagnose, such as fever, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Details are given on taking temperature with different types of thermometers including oral, ear, and axillary thermometers. The document also explains how to take blood pressure measurements and normal blood pressure levels, as well as defining related medical terms like hypertension. Guidelines are provided for using glucometers to measure blood sugar levels and interpret test results.

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2. What is diagnostics ? An instrument with procedures and systems which detect, measure and isolate a malfunction of a body, a body part or a body system.

3. Common medical conditions Fever High/Low blood pressure High/Low blood sugar level Obesity/ Sudden weight loss

4. Diagnostic instruments commonly used at home Instrument Medical condition Thermometer Fever B. P. Monitor Hypertension Glucometer Diabetes Weighing scale Over weight/underweight

5. Fever Fever, also known as pyrexia, Increase in internal body temperature to levels which are above normal (37 degrees Celsius, 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit).

6. Fever Fever is the body's reaction to pathogens; It attempts to raise core body temperature to levels which will denature, debilitate, or kill the pathogen. Most fevers are caused by infections and almost all infectious diseases can cause fever

7. Diagnostic instrument used: Thermometer

8. It is an instrument used to measure body temperature in degree Fahrenheit Body Thermometer

9. Types of thermometer available Glass (Bulb) thermometer Digital thermometer

10. Bulb thermometers Traditional type of thermometer. Made of glass. Used to take oral (mouth), axillary (armpit), or rectal temperatures . Although most used to contain mercury, some bulb thermometers are available without this dangerous substance. The only difference between an oral thermometer and a rectal one is in the shape of the bulb. Some are designed to be used in either area.

11. Digital thermometers Digital thermometers are the ones most experts currently recommend. Nowadays inexpensive, accurate versions are available in most drug stores. These thermometers can be used to measure the temperature by the Forehead Rectal, Oral, Armpit, Ear canal routes.

12. Types of Digital thermometer available

13. Oral thermometers Ear thermometers

14. Oral thermometer  Omron MC-110B 

15. Ear thermometer Omron Model MC-510

16. How to use axillary (thermometers used under armpit/oral) thermometer? Shake down the thermometer until it reads below 95.9 degrees, if you're using the glass-mercury type, or turn on the thermometer if you're using the digital type. Insert the thermometer in the mouth below tongue or armpit (in case of babies) and hold down the baby's arm so that the end of the thermometer is completely surrounded by skin. Leave the thermometer in place for 2 to 3 minutes if using the glass-mercury type. For the digital type, wait until the thermometer signals that the process is complete. Read the thermometer where the line of mercury ends or, if using a digital thermometer, read the display. Clean a glass-mercury thermometer with soap and water, and sterilize it by soaking it in alcohol. Clean a digital thermometer by following the manufacturer's instructions.

17. How to use ear thermometer (thermometer inserted under ear)?  Wipe the thermometer probe with a soapy washcloth or a tissue dabbed in isopropyl alcohol or put on a clean probe, depending on your brand of thermometer.  Turn the thermometer on.  Use a gentle rocking motion as you insert the thermometer into the ear canal or rectum. Never push or cram the probe into the body. Forcing it causes pain, especially if there is swelling in the ear canal or rectum.  Listen for the beep.  Remove the thermometer.  Read the thermometer. If you see "ERR," you did not get good contact with the ear canal or rectum, and will need to take the temperature again.  Use the chart insert that comes with your thermometer to see what your normal reading should be. Clean your thermometer probe with a soapy washcloth and/or isopropyl alcohol before storing .

18. Blood pressure

19. Hypertension/Hypotension What is blood pressure????

20. The blood pressure of a normal human is taken to be 120/80mm Hg. BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE FORCE EXERTED BY THE BLOOD AGAINST THE WALLS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS.

21. How does the heart create pressure Blood is taken through pulmonary arteries to get purified in the lungs. Pulmonary veins bring the purified blood back to heart.

22. Types of blood pressure 120 / 80 SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE PRESSURE EXERTED BY BLOOD WHEN THE HEART CONTRACTS DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE PRESSURE EXERTED BY BLOOD WHEN THE HEART RELAXES

23. MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY mm Hg mm Hg Blood Pressure measurement units

24. COMMON BLOOD PRESSURE COMPLICATIONS HYPERTENSION HYPOTENSION HYPER : EXCESS TENSION: PRESSURE i.e.on blood vessels HYPO: LESS TENSION: PRESSURE i.e.on blood vessels

25. CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSION MILD HYPERTENSION: MODERATE HYPERTENSION: SEVERE HYPERTENSION:

26. TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS AVAILABLE AT GUARDIAN STORES MANUAL BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS

27. SEMI-AUTOMATIC BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS AVAILABLE IN OUR STORES

28. AUTOMATIC BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS AVAILABLE IN our STORES

29. AUTOMATIC BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORS AVAILABLE IN our STORES

30. Diabetes: What is Diabetes Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia

31. Normal blood glucose levels (before meal) 80-100 mg/10micro liter of blood (after meal) 100-140 mg/10micro liter of blood

32. Common blood glucose related complications Hyperglycemia Hyper: more than normal Glycemia:presence of glucose in the blood. Hypoglycemia Hypo: less than normal Glycemia:presence of glucose in the blood.

33. Hyperglycemia results in diabetes Diabetes is marked by high levels of glucose in blood. Food Glucose Glucose Glucose Food Energy Diabetes Insulin

34. GLUCOMETER GLUCO : SUGAR METER :MEASURE AN INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE THE LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD OF A PERSON.

35. Common components Monitor Lancet device Lancet Strips

36. Common brands available Accu Chek (Active) One Touch (Ultra/Horizon)

37. Types of glucometers available in stores

38. Glucometers: One touch ultra

39. CHROMATOGRAPHY BASED TEST STRIP FOR DETECTING PREGNANCY . PREGNANCY TEST KITS

40. Parts of a pregnancy test kit Test strip A dropper

41. How does a test kit work Put few drops of the morning urine sample on the sample window,S Wait for 3 to 5 minutes

42. Interpretation of results Color and test band turn pink: positive(pregnant) Color band turns pink: negative(not pregnant) None of the bands turn pink: invalid

43. WEIGHING SCALES AN INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE THE BODY WEIGHT OF A PERSON.