The document provides an overview of fundamental clinical tools, including sphygmomanometers, stethoscopes, thermometers, glucometers, and more. It describes the types and functions of these instruments, such as measuring blood pressure with different sphygmomanometer types and using stethoscopes for internal auscultation. Additionally, it explains the uses and significance of each tool in medical settings, highlighting their importance in patient care and diagnostics.

1. SEMINAR ON
FUNDAMENTAL
CLINICAL ARTICLE

2. List Of article
 Sphygmomanometer
 Stethoscope
 Thermometer
 Hammer
 Gucometer
 Cannula
 Measurement tape
 Oxygen inahelar
 Weighing machine
 Iv set
 BT set

3. SPHYGMOMANOMETER
The word sphygmomanometer is derived from the
Greek word ‘sphygmos’ meaning beating of the heart
or the pulse and manometer mean the device used
for measuring the pressure or tension. This
instrument was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl
Ritter von Basch in the year 1881.

5. TYPES OF SPHYGMOMANOMETER
Three major types of sphygmomanometer
1. Mercury sphygmomanometer
2. Aneroid sphygmomanometer
3. Automatic digital sphygmomanometer

6. Mercury sphygmomanometer
 The mercury sphygmomanometer combined with an
inflated cuff.

7. Aneroid sphygmomanometer
Aneroid means “without fluid” and in this
instrument, there is no use of mercury.

8.  The instrument needs to be recalibrated to avoid faulty
readings. There are other different types of aneroid
sphygmomanometer depending upon their use
they are:
 Pocket-aneroid sphygmomanometer
 Palm aneroid sphygmomanometer
 Clock-style aneroid sphygmomanometer

9. Pocket-aneroid sphygmomanometer

10. Palm aneroid sphygmomanometer

11. Automatic digital sphygmomanometer
It is the most technologically advanced
sphygmomanometer.

12. It consists of an electronic sensor to measure the
blood pressure and the readings are displayed on the
digital monitor. In order to measure the blood
pressure, the instrument measure the fluctuations of
arteries.
These need to be checked using a mercury
sphygmomanometer to avoid inaccurate readings.

13. Parts of sphygmomanometer
 Bladder: This is an inflatable bag that is used to
compress the arm to occlude the artery.
 Cuff: This is designed to hold the bladder around the
arm during the measurement.
 Manometer: This is a device used to measure the air
pressure in mmHg.

14. STETHOSCOPE
 The stethoscope(also known as Aala) is an acoustic
medical device for auscultation, or listening to the
internal sounds of human body
 It is also used to listen bowel sound and blood flow
in arteries and veins.

16. Types of Stethoscopes
 Cardiology Stethoscope.
 Infant Stethoscope.
 Neonatal Stethoscope.
 Pediatric Stethoscope.
 Electronic Stethoscope.
 Teaching Stethoscope.

17. Cardiology stethoscope

18. INFANT STETHOSCOPE

19. Electrical
stethoscope

20. Teaching Stethoscope

21. Thermometer
 A thermometer is a device that is used to measure
the temperature of a body.

23. Types of thermometer
 Digital thermometers.
Digital thermometers are regarded as the fastest and
most accurate type of thermometer.
 Electronic ear thermometers.
 Forehead thermometers.
 Plastic strip thermometers.
 Pacifier thermometer.
 Glass and mercury thermometers.

24. Electronic
ear thermometers
Digital thermometers

25. Forehead thermometers

26. Plastic strip thermometers.

27. Pacifier thermometer

28. Glass and mercury thermometers.

29. GLUCOMETER
 A blood glucose meter is often called a glucometer
or glucose meter or sugar meter. Glucometer is
fundamentally a medical device which measures the
concentration of glucose in human blood.
 A blood glucose meter is a small, portable machine

32. Hammer
 A reflex hammer is a medical instrument used by
practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes. Testing for
reflexes is an important part of the neurological
physical examination in order to detect
abnormalities in the central or peripheral nervous
system.

33. uses
The reflex hammer is an important diagnostic tool
used by physicians to test deep tendon reflexes, an
essential part of the neurological physical
examination in order to assess the peripheral and
central nervous system.

34.  The Taylor Reflex Hammer is a classic diagnostic
neurological medical instrument used to test joint
reflexes or bone fractures in the joints. This
Taylor Hammer features a triangular rubber head
with a sturdy metal handle. It is widely used
by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes.

35. CANNULA
 A thin tube inserted into a vein or body cavity to
administer medication, drain off fluid, or insert a
surgical instrument.

38. There are 3 main types of IV cannulas
 Peripheral IV Cannula,
 Central Line IV Cannula And Mid-line IV Cannula.
 The central line intravenous cannulas are used for
long term treatments, followed by midline cannulas
used in less invasive scenarios.

39. peripheral IV Cannula

40. Central Line IV Cannula

41. Common uses of IV cannulas include
 Blood Transfusions Or Draws
 Administering Medication
 Providing Fluids

42. IV SET
 There are a wide variety of IV sets and uses for
these IV sets. IV Administration sets are designed to
optimize infusion delivery, reduce the risk of
infection for the patient, and to keep access sites
clean and protected.

44. Blood trasfusion
 A procedure in which whole blood or parts of blood
are put into a patient's bloodstream through a vein.
The blood may be donated by another person or it
may have been taken from the patient and stored
until needed.

45. BT SET

48. Oxygen Mask
Oxygen therapy is a treatment that delivers oxygen
gas for you to breathe. You can receive oxygen
therapy from tubes resting in your nose, a face mask,
or a tube placed in your trachea, or windpipe. This
treatment increases the amount of oxygen your lungs
receive and deliver to your blood

49. Nasal cannula

50. Weighing machine

51. digital machine

52. Use a digital scale
 Have the child or teen remove shoes and heavy
clothing, such as sweaters.
 Have the child or teen stand with both feet in the
center of the scale.
 Record the weight to the nearest decimal fraction
(for example, 55.5 pounds or 25.1 kilograms)

53. Measurement tape

54. Nurses responsibility