This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, describing the different types and stages of the disease from mild non-proliferative to proliferative retinopathy. It outlines the pathogenesis as a microangiopathy affecting the retinal blood vessels caused by chronic hyperglycemia. Risk factors and diagnostic investigations like fundus fluorescein angiography and OCT are mentioned. Treatment options discussed include intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy. Strict glycemic and blood pressure control can help prevent and slow the progression of this complication of diabetes.

2. TYPES
 Type1 Insulin-dependent diabetes
(IDDM):
- most frequently b/w 10-20 years.
 Type 2 Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
(NIDDM):
- most frequently b/w the ages of 50-70.

5. Progressive dysfunction of the retinal
blood vessels caused by chronic
hyperglycaemia.

6. • Hyperglycaemia
• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidaemia
• Pregnancy
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Anaemia
• Poor metabolic control
• Hereditary

8. PATHOGENESIS
 Diabetic retinopathy is a microangiopathy
affecting the retinal precapillary arterioles,
capillaries and venules .

11. • NON-PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
I. Mild nonproliferative retinopathy
II. Moderate nonproliferative retinopathy
III.Severe nonproliferative retinopathy
• PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
• Diabetic maculopathy
• Advanced diabetic eye disease

12. NO RETINOPATHY

13. I. MILD NONPROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY
• At least one micro aneurysm or intraretinal
hemorrhage
• Hard/ Soft exudates may or may not be present

15. II. MODERATE NONPROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY
• Micro aneurysms / intraretinal haemorrhages in 2 or
3 quadrants
• Early mild IRMA Intra retinal Microvascular
abnormalities
• Hard / Soft exudates may or may not be present

18. III. SEVERE NONPROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY
• Four quadrants of severe micro aneurysms / intra
retinal blot hemorrhages
• Two quadrants of venous beading
• One quadrant of IRMA changes
4:2:1 Rule

21. PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
PDR
PDR without HRC PDR with HRC
NVD ¼ to 1/3 of disc area
with or without VH or PRH
NVD < ¼ disc
area with VH or
PRH
NVD < ¼ disc
area with VH or
PRH

24. EXTENSIVE VITREOUS HAEMORRHAGE OBSCURING MOST OF FUNDUS
(WHITE CIRCLE)

28. DIABETIC MACULOPATHY
On Slit lamp examination with 90D lens :
1. Thickening of retina at or within 500 micron of the centre of fovea
2. Hard exudates at or within 500 micron of the centre of fovea
associated with adjacent retinal thickening
3. Development of a zone of retinal thickening one disc diameter or
larger in size, at least a part of which is within one disc diameter of
foveal centre.

29. Maculopathy within 1 disc diameter of the fovea.

30. ADVANCED DIABETIC EYE DISEASE
1. Persistent vitreous haemorrhage
2. Tractional retinal detachment
3. Neovascular glaucoma

32. INVESTIGATIONS
SYSTEMIC
1. Blood sugar estimation
2. Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1C)
3. Lipid profile
4. Urine examination
5. 24 hour urinary protein
6. Renal function tests
OCULAR
1. Fundus Fluorescein angiography – to elucidate
areas of neovascularisation, leakage and capillary
non perfusion
2. Optical Coherence Tomography to study
detailed structural changes in diabetic
maculopathy

33. PREVENTION
1. Primary Prevention – Strict glycemic control,
Blood pressure control,
2. correction of dyslipidaemia,
3. control of associated anaemia,
4. control of hypoproteinemia
5. Secondary Prevention – Annual eye examination
6. Tertiary Prevention –

34. TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
1. Intra vitreal Anti – vascular endothelial growth
factors (VEGF)
2. Intra vitreal steroids Inj. Triamcinolone
3. Retinal laser photocoagulation
4. Vitrectomy

36. Laser Photocoagulation

40. VITRECTOMY

42. CONCLUSION
Diabetic Retinopathy is preventable through strict
glycemic control and annual dilated eye
examination by an ophthalmologist.

43. JAZAKALLAH KHER