This document provides an overview of public health aspects related to diabetes. It discusses key topics such as:
- The different types of diabetes, their causes, symptoms and prevalence. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 85% of cases in the UK and is associated with modifiable risk factors like obesity.
- Risk factors for developing diabetes, including family history, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, obesity, lack of exercise, and smoking. South Asian, African Caribbean, and poorer populations are at higher risk.
- The impact of diabetes including its complications like cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney disease and foot problems. Diabetes reduces life expectancy by 10-20 years and accounts for a significant portion of healthcare spending.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects over 422 million people worldwide and is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and lower limb amputation. Between 2000 and 2019, diabetes mortality rates increased 3% globally. Diabetes can be treated through lifestyle changes like diet, physical activity, and medication to manage blood sugar levels and screenings to treat complications. The WHO aims to support prevention and control of diabetes, especially in low- and middle-income countries, through guidelines, standards, and awareness campaigns.
Unit 1_Definition & Epidemiology of DM2(1).pptxImanuIliyas
This document defines diabetes and its diagnostic criteria. It describes the global epidemiology of diabetes, including that the number of people with diabetes has risen from 4.7% of the population in 1980 to 9.3% in 2019. In Ethiopia, an estimated 1.9 million people had diabetes in 2015 according to IDF. Risk factors for diabetes include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and genetics. Screening is recommended for adults over age 45 or those with additional risk factors. Lifestyle changes and metformin are recommended to prevent or delay onset of type 2 diabetes for those with prediabetes.
This document provides definitions and information about diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia according to the WHO. Diagnosis is made through laboratory tests measuring blood glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The diagnostic criteria for diabetes and prediabetes are outlined. The document then discusses the global, regional, and national epidemiology of diabetes, noting its increasing prevalence worldwide and the large number of people affected. It identifies factors contributing to the rise in diabetes cases and explains strategies for screening and preventing the disease.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, causes, management, and prevalence in Pakistan. It discusses that diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. The two main types are type 1, characterized by deficient insulin production, and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and increases risk of future type 2 diabetes. Pakistan has a high prevalence of diabetes, estimated at over 27 million people, which is rising due to urbanization, lifestyle changes, and other socioeconomic factors. Initiatives in Pakistan aim to increase awareness, screening, management, and surveillance of diabetes.
PSEDM-DOH WorkshopDiabetes Management Training Using Insulin v_7 - 20170321.pptxRhoda Isip
1) A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests.
2) A two-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
3) A random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher for someone with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia.
- A study of COVID-19 mortality rates in England found that people with diabetes had higher risks of death from COVID-19 compared to those without diabetes, with over 30% of COVID-19 deaths occurring in people with diabetes despite them representing only 5% of the population.
- Risks were highest in older adults with diabetes, especially those with other comorbidities like heart disease, stroke, or kidney disease. Younger adults with diabetes under age 40 had very few deaths.
- The document discusses using risk factor data from the studies to help identify individual patients' risks and develop personalized care plans focusing on glucose control, cardiovascular prevention/management, lifestyle factors, and condition management.
This document discusses diabetes prevention and control strategies in Pakistan. It recommends taking an integrated population and high-risk approach. The population approach involves reducing risks for all ages through school health initiatives and keeping obesity levels low. The high-risk approach focuses on intensified screening of high-risk groups and education on risk reduction and management. Key strategies proposed include lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise and weight control; early diagnosis through affordable testing; treatment through blood sugar and risk factor control; and multilevel prevention programs targeting all sectors.
This document discusses health education intervention strategies for preventing and managing diabetes. It describes the different types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetes. The causes of diabetes are discussed, including genetics and lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise. Health education strategies are recommended to increase awareness of diabetes symptoms and management through programs run by health agencies.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects over 422 million people worldwide and is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and lower limb amputation. Between 2000 and 2019, diabetes mortality rates increased 3% globally. Diabetes can be treated through lifestyle changes like diet, physical activity, and medication to manage blood sugar levels and screenings to treat complications. The WHO aims to support prevention and control of diabetes, especially in low- and middle-income countries, through guidelines, standards, and awareness campaigns.
Unit 1_Definition & Epidemiology of DM2(1).pptxImanuIliyas
This document defines diabetes and its diagnostic criteria. It describes the global epidemiology of diabetes, including that the number of people with diabetes has risen from 4.7% of the population in 1980 to 9.3% in 2019. In Ethiopia, an estimated 1.9 million people had diabetes in 2015 according to IDF. Risk factors for diabetes include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and genetics. Screening is recommended for adults over age 45 or those with additional risk factors. Lifestyle changes and metformin are recommended to prevent or delay onset of type 2 diabetes for those with prediabetes.
This document provides definitions and information about diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia according to the WHO. Diagnosis is made through laboratory tests measuring blood glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The diagnostic criteria for diabetes and prediabetes are outlined. The document then discusses the global, regional, and national epidemiology of diabetes, noting its increasing prevalence worldwide and the large number of people affected. It identifies factors contributing to the rise in diabetes cases and explains strategies for screening and preventing the disease.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, causes, management, and prevalence in Pakistan. It discusses that diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. The two main types are type 1, characterized by deficient insulin production, and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and increases risk of future type 2 diabetes. Pakistan has a high prevalence of diabetes, estimated at over 27 million people, which is rising due to urbanization, lifestyle changes, and other socioeconomic factors. Initiatives in Pakistan aim to increase awareness, screening, management, and surveillance of diabetes.
PSEDM-DOH WorkshopDiabetes Management Training Using Insulin v_7 - 20170321.pptxRhoda Isip
1) A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests.
2) A two-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
3) A random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher for someone with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia.
- A study of COVID-19 mortality rates in England found that people with diabetes had higher risks of death from COVID-19 compared to those without diabetes, with over 30% of COVID-19 deaths occurring in people with diabetes despite them representing only 5% of the population.
- Risks were highest in older adults with diabetes, especially those with other comorbidities like heart disease, stroke, or kidney disease. Younger adults with diabetes under age 40 had very few deaths.
- The document discusses using risk factor data from the studies to help identify individual patients' risks and develop personalized care plans focusing on glucose control, cardiovascular prevention/management, lifestyle factors, and condition management.
This document discusses diabetes prevention and control strategies in Pakistan. It recommends taking an integrated population and high-risk approach. The population approach involves reducing risks for all ages through school health initiatives and keeping obesity levels low. The high-risk approach focuses on intensified screening of high-risk groups and education on risk reduction and management. Key strategies proposed include lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise and weight control; early diagnosis through affordable testing; treatment through blood sugar and risk factor control; and multilevel prevention programs targeting all sectors.
This document discusses health education intervention strategies for preventing and managing diabetes. It describes the different types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetes. The causes of diabetes are discussed, including genetics and lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise. Health education strategies are recommended to increase awareness of diabetes symptoms and management through programs run by health agencies.
Enfield Annual Public Health Report 2016-DiabetesTha Han
Enfield's 2016/17 Annual Public Health Report is on diabetes. In a reader-friendly format, the report summarises useful statistics, best available evidence, case studies and best practices in the prevention and management of diabetes. The information in the report will empower residents in preventing diabetes, or living and working well with diabetes. Nonetheless, to reverse the tide of diabetes epidemic, collective action is needed to make healthy food and physical activity an easier, more affordable and more attractive option.
This document provides information about diabetes and diabetic retinopathy for medical students. It outlines learning objectives related to understanding diabetes demographics, diagnosis, complications, and treatments. Key points include that diabetes affects over 29 million Americans and has significant medical costs. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and its progression can be slowed by controlling blood sugar and blood pressure. The document also defines the stages of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, types (type 1, type 2, gestational, pre-diabetes), symptoms, complications, trends, and management of DM, including through prevention, treatment, nutrition, medication, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. It also provides details on insulin action and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM.
This study examined the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital in Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 69 patients. The majority were male, over age 60, and married. Most common complications were heart and leg issues. Over half did not have kidney disease, but 18% did, with 11 receiving dialysis 1-3 times per week. About a quarter reported numbness in their legs. The study provides insight into the burden of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in Somalia.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including its history, types, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the three main types of diabetes - Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion; it can often be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after. The document outlines diabetes diagnosis and describes classes of medications used to treat diabetes, including insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, and others. It emphasizes the importance of diet, exercise, and medication adherence in diabetes management.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
There are 3 types of diabetes
1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Gestational diabetes
Worldwide status
The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
Asia accounts for 60% of the world’s diabetic population.
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation.
People from South Asian communities are up to 6 times more likely to have diabetes than the general population and 2011 data reveals that almost 1/5th of the world’s population resides in South Asia.
2011 estimates indicate that 8.3% of the adult population, or 71.4 million people have diabetes, 61.3 million of whom are in India.
SEA region has the second highest number of deaths attributable to diabetes with 1.16 million deaths in 2011 with represents 14.5% if all deaths for the region and 55% if these death occur in people under the age of 60.
Burden of diabetes in Nepal
According to Nepal Diabetes Association, the prevalence of diabetes in the people 20 years and above in urban areas is 14.6% and in rural areas is 2.5%
In 2017, over 10, 000 individuals died due to T2DM or diabetes-related complications in Nepal, which is the 11th most common cause of disability in terms of disability-adjusted life years.
In 2020, the prevalence of T2DM in Nepal was 8.5% which was higher than that of 8.4% in 2014. Similarly, in 2020 the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 9.2% compared to 2014, which was 10.3%
Symptoms of diabetes
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Vision change
Fatigue
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RECENT ADVANCES IN DIABETES & OBESITY - HARIMU.pptxDrHarimuBargayary
Diabetes and obesity are growing global health problems. Screening high risk groups is important for early detection and treatment. Lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight and regular exercise can help prevent diabetes. For those with diabetes, treatment aims to control blood sugar and prevent complications through medication, monitoring, and self-care. Government programs are also working to improve prevention, care and control of diabetes and obesity in India.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document discusses diabetes, including its types, symptoms, management, and complications. It defines diabetes, examines the pathophysiology involving insulin and glucose regulation, and outlines the various types such as Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Diagnosis and treatment involve lifestyle changes, medications, monitoring of blood glucose and complications. Understanding diabetes is key to preventing or managing its health impacts.
ueda2012 idf between serious pandemic and difficult solution-d.adelueda2015
The document summarizes the global challenge of diabetes and IDF's efforts to address it. Specifically:
1) Diabetes is a growing global epidemic, with over 366 million cases currently and projections of over 500 million cases by 2030. It disproportionately impacts low and middle income countries.
2) IDF is leading global efforts to combat diabetes through initiatives like securing a UN resolution on diabetes, organizing a UN summit on non-communicable diseases, and establishing a 2011-2021 Global Diabetes Plan.
3) The Global Diabetes Plan aims to improve diabetes treatment and prevention, reduce discrimination, and support national diabetes programs through actions like strengthening health systems and allocating more resources.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. It provides information on:
1) The main types of NCDs including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease.
2) The definition of risk factors as aspects of behavior, lifestyle, environment, or genetics that are associated with increased disease occurrence.
3) That the four main modifiable behavioral risk factors according to WHO are physical inactivity, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and alcohol use.
4) Data on NCD prevalence and risk factors in Malaysia, showing a growing burden from conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including defining the different types, identifying signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosing methods, and pathophysiology. It discusses type 1 diabetes as an autoimmune disease where the body cannot produce insulin, and type 2 diabetes where the body does not properly use or produce enough insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Diagnosis methods include fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and HbA1c levels. Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.
This document provides an overview of a 3-part lecture on recent advances in insulin manufacturing and treatment. It discusses the global and local burden of diabetes, including statistics on prevalence of diabetes in Iraq and Kerbala governorate. It describes the types and causes of diabetes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and the discovery of insulin in 1921 which was a breakthrough in treating diabetes. Recent global updates from WHO note more than 420 million people living with diabetes worldwide.
This document discusses health risks and their impact on diseases globally and in India. It identifies the top five leading global health risks as high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood glucose, physical inactivity, and overweight/obesity. It also examines risks related to diet, addictions like smoking and alcohol, and environment factors like air pollution. India is experiencing a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases due to lifestyle changes, urbanization, and an aging population. Heart disease incidence is increasing in India due to multiple interconnected socioeconomic factors.
Application of epidemiology in Diabetic Mellitus NCD.pptxanjalatchi
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including defining it, describing the different types, and examining the prevalence around the world. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and the diagnostic criteria and recommendations. Global statistics are presented on the prevalence of diabetes in countries like China, the UK, Canada, India, and worldwide. The document concludes that the number of adults living with diabetes is increasing rapidly and is projected to almost double by 2030, with the majority being type 2 cases.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects many people globally. In Malaysia, the number of diabetes cases has doubled over the past decade due to risk factors like obesity, lack of exercise, and diets high in sugar and processed foods. Similarly, Sri Lanka faces a growing diabetes problem, with over 1 million adults affected. Both countries aim to curb diabetes rates through education campaigns, screening programs, and initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles.
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
World Diabetes Day on November 14 brings attention to diabetes and highlights Frederick Banting's discovery of insulin. Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar that affects millions worldwide. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin; type 2 often related to lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetes poses serious health risks like damage to organs and limbs and is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications, and monitoring of blood sugar levels.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body has too much glucose in the blood due to either not producing enough insulin or cells not responding to insulin. There are four main types of diabetes: Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency due to loss of beta cells in the pancreas and accounts for 10% of cases. Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance and accounts for 90% of cases. Type 3 covers specific genetic defects affecting insulin action. Gestational diabetes occurs in 2-5% of pregnancies and may improve after delivery but increases risk of later Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes increases risks of heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, foot ulcers, blindness, and kidney failure. Treatment focuses on blood glucose control through lifestyle changes
Our aim is to alleviate human suffering related to diabetes and its complications among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease. From 2002 to March 2017, the World Diabetes Foundation provided USD 130 million in funding to 511 projects in 115 countries. For every dollar spent, the Foundation raises approximately 2 dollars in cash or as in-kind donations from other sources. The total value of the WDF project portfolio reached USD 377 million, excluding WDF’s own advocacy and strategic platforms.
This document discusses lipids, which are concentrated energy molecules that serve several functions in biology. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and hormones. They are used for energy storage and provide twice the energy of carbohydrates. Lipids also make up cell membranes and help cushion and insulate organs. Saturated fats from animals are solid at room temperature and contribute to heart disease, while unsaturated fats from plants and fish are liquid and are a healthier choice. Cell membranes contain phospholipids that form a barrier for the cell, with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside.
This document discusses lipids and membranes. It describes the basic structures of lipids like fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. These lipids can assemble into structures like micelles and bilayers in aqueous environments due to their amphipathic nature. Bilayers allow for the formation of cell membranes. Membranes contain proteins that can be integral, peripheral, or lipid-anchored. Lipid composition and proteins influence membrane properties like fluidity.
Enfield Annual Public Health Report 2016-DiabetesTha Han
Enfield's 2016/17 Annual Public Health Report is on diabetes. In a reader-friendly format, the report summarises useful statistics, best available evidence, case studies and best practices in the prevention and management of diabetes. The information in the report will empower residents in preventing diabetes, or living and working well with diabetes. Nonetheless, to reverse the tide of diabetes epidemic, collective action is needed to make healthy food and physical activity an easier, more affordable and more attractive option.
This document provides information about diabetes and diabetic retinopathy for medical students. It outlines learning objectives related to understanding diabetes demographics, diagnosis, complications, and treatments. Key points include that diabetes affects over 29 million Americans and has significant medical costs. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and its progression can be slowed by controlling blood sugar and blood pressure. The document also defines the stages of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, types (type 1, type 2, gestational, pre-diabetes), symptoms, complications, trends, and management of DM, including through prevention, treatment, nutrition, medication, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. It also provides details on insulin action and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM.
This study examined the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital in Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 69 patients. The majority were male, over age 60, and married. Most common complications were heart and leg issues. Over half did not have kidney disease, but 18% did, with 11 receiving dialysis 1-3 times per week. About a quarter reported numbness in their legs. The study provides insight into the burden of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in Somalia.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including its history, types, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the three main types of diabetes - Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion; it can often be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after. The document outlines diabetes diagnosis and describes classes of medications used to treat diabetes, including insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, and others. It emphasizes the importance of diet, exercise, and medication adherence in diabetes management.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
There are 3 types of diabetes
1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Gestational diabetes
Worldwide status
The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
Asia accounts for 60% of the world’s diabetic population.
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation.
People from South Asian communities are up to 6 times more likely to have diabetes than the general population and 2011 data reveals that almost 1/5th of the world’s population resides in South Asia.
2011 estimates indicate that 8.3% of the adult population, or 71.4 million people have diabetes, 61.3 million of whom are in India.
SEA region has the second highest number of deaths attributable to diabetes with 1.16 million deaths in 2011 with represents 14.5% if all deaths for the region and 55% if these death occur in people under the age of 60.
Burden of diabetes in Nepal
According to Nepal Diabetes Association, the prevalence of diabetes in the people 20 years and above in urban areas is 14.6% and in rural areas is 2.5%
In 2017, over 10, 000 individuals died due to T2DM or diabetes-related complications in Nepal, which is the 11th most common cause of disability in terms of disability-adjusted life years.
In 2020, the prevalence of T2DM in Nepal was 8.5% which was higher than that of 8.4% in 2014. Similarly, in 2020 the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 9.2% compared to 2014, which was 10.3%
Symptoms of diabetes
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Vision change
Fatigue
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RECENT ADVANCES IN DIABETES & OBESITY - HARIMU.pptxDrHarimuBargayary
Diabetes and obesity are growing global health problems. Screening high risk groups is important for early detection and treatment. Lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight and regular exercise can help prevent diabetes. For those with diabetes, treatment aims to control blood sugar and prevent complications through medication, monitoring, and self-care. Government programs are also working to improve prevention, care and control of diabetes and obesity in India.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document discusses diabetes, including its types, symptoms, management, and complications. It defines diabetes, examines the pathophysiology involving insulin and glucose regulation, and outlines the various types such as Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Diagnosis and treatment involve lifestyle changes, medications, monitoring of blood glucose and complications. Understanding diabetes is key to preventing or managing its health impacts.
ueda2012 idf between serious pandemic and difficult solution-d.adelueda2015
The document summarizes the global challenge of diabetes and IDF's efforts to address it. Specifically:
1) Diabetes is a growing global epidemic, with over 366 million cases currently and projections of over 500 million cases by 2030. It disproportionately impacts low and middle income countries.
2) IDF is leading global efforts to combat diabetes through initiatives like securing a UN resolution on diabetes, organizing a UN summit on non-communicable diseases, and establishing a 2011-2021 Global Diabetes Plan.
3) The Global Diabetes Plan aims to improve diabetes treatment and prevention, reduce discrimination, and support national diabetes programs through actions like strengthening health systems and allocating more resources.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. It provides information on:
1) The main types of NCDs including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease.
2) The definition of risk factors as aspects of behavior, lifestyle, environment, or genetics that are associated with increased disease occurrence.
3) That the four main modifiable behavioral risk factors according to WHO are physical inactivity, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and alcohol use.
4) Data on NCD prevalence and risk factors in Malaysia, showing a growing burden from conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including defining the different types, identifying signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosing methods, and pathophysiology. It discusses type 1 diabetes as an autoimmune disease where the body cannot produce insulin, and type 2 diabetes where the body does not properly use or produce enough insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Diagnosis methods include fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and HbA1c levels. Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.
This document provides an overview of a 3-part lecture on recent advances in insulin manufacturing and treatment. It discusses the global and local burden of diabetes, including statistics on prevalence of diabetes in Iraq and Kerbala governorate. It describes the types and causes of diabetes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and the discovery of insulin in 1921 which was a breakthrough in treating diabetes. Recent global updates from WHO note more than 420 million people living with diabetes worldwide.
This document discusses health risks and their impact on diseases globally and in India. It identifies the top five leading global health risks as high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood glucose, physical inactivity, and overweight/obesity. It also examines risks related to diet, addictions like smoking and alcohol, and environment factors like air pollution. India is experiencing a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases due to lifestyle changes, urbanization, and an aging population. Heart disease incidence is increasing in India due to multiple interconnected socioeconomic factors.
Application of epidemiology in Diabetic Mellitus NCD.pptxanjalatchi
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including defining it, describing the different types, and examining the prevalence around the world. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and the diagnostic criteria and recommendations. Global statistics are presented on the prevalence of diabetes in countries like China, the UK, Canada, India, and worldwide. The document concludes that the number of adults living with diabetes is increasing rapidly and is projected to almost double by 2030, with the majority being type 2 cases.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects many people globally. In Malaysia, the number of diabetes cases has doubled over the past decade due to risk factors like obesity, lack of exercise, and diets high in sugar and processed foods. Similarly, Sri Lanka faces a growing diabetes problem, with over 1 million adults affected. Both countries aim to curb diabetes rates through education campaigns, screening programs, and initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles.
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
World Diabetes Day on November 14 brings attention to diabetes and highlights Frederick Banting's discovery of insulin. Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar that affects millions worldwide. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin; type 2 often related to lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetes poses serious health risks like damage to organs and limbs and is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications, and monitoring of blood sugar levels.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body has too much glucose in the blood due to either not producing enough insulin or cells not responding to insulin. There are four main types of diabetes: Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency due to loss of beta cells in the pancreas and accounts for 10% of cases. Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance and accounts for 90% of cases. Type 3 covers specific genetic defects affecting insulin action. Gestational diabetes occurs in 2-5% of pregnancies and may improve after delivery but increases risk of later Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes increases risks of heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, foot ulcers, blindness, and kidney failure. Treatment focuses on blood glucose control through lifestyle changes
Our aim is to alleviate human suffering related to diabetes and its complications among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease. From 2002 to March 2017, the World Diabetes Foundation provided USD 130 million in funding to 511 projects in 115 countries. For every dollar spent, the Foundation raises approximately 2 dollars in cash or as in-kind donations from other sources. The total value of the WDF project portfolio reached USD 377 million, excluding WDF’s own advocacy and strategic platforms.
This document discusses lipids, which are concentrated energy molecules that serve several functions in biology. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and hormones. They are used for energy storage and provide twice the energy of carbohydrates. Lipids also make up cell membranes and help cushion and insulate organs. Saturated fats from animals are solid at room temperature and contribute to heart disease, while unsaturated fats from plants and fish are liquid and are a healthier choice. Cell membranes contain phospholipids that form a barrier for the cell, with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside.
This document discusses lipids and membranes. It describes the basic structures of lipids like fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. These lipids can assemble into structures like micelles and bilayers in aqueous environments due to their amphipathic nature. Bilayers allow for the formation of cell membranes. Membranes contain proteins that can be integral, peripheral, or lipid-anchored. Lipid composition and proteins influence membrane properties like fluidity.
The document discusses the evolution of cell membranes from early RNA molecules clinging to clay particles to the modern fluid mosaic model. Key events include the formation of lipid bilayers that separated internal and external chemistry, allowing more efficient reactions. Experiments showed lipids spontaneously forming enclosed compartments and lipid bilayers with integral membrane proteins that gave membranes a mosaic-like structure. The fluid mosaic model proposes membranes are fluid with lipids and proteins able to diffuse freely within the plane of the bilayer. Transport proteins like channels and carriers allow selective permeability while pumps use ATP to transport molecules against gradients.
This document provides information about lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus and are soluble in organic solvents but not water. There are different types of lipids containing fatty acids, including waxes, fats and oils (triacylglycerols), glycerophospholipids, and prostaglandins. Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that can be saturated or unsaturated. Fats and oils are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids called triacylglycerols. Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks that prevent close packing, giving oils and unsaturated fats lower melting points than saturated fats. Hydrogen
The octapeptide contains the amino acids A, C, D, G, L, M, S. Enzyme digestion and mass spectrometry identify the fragments D-C-M, A-S, C-M-A, S-G-A, and L-D. This information determines the primary structure is L-A-G-S-D-C-M-A. Secondary structure is based on bond rotations forming elements like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Tertiary structure describes the overall shape from peptide chain folding while quaternary structure involves interactions of multiple protein subunits.
This chapter discusses protein therapeutics including recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. It provides examples of recombinant proteins approved for human use to treat disorders like hemophilia, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. The chapter outlines different expression systems used to produce recombinant proteins, including bacteria, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells. It also describes the structure of antibodies and the development of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents, from mouse antibodies to humanized antibodies to reduce immunogenicity.
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids and are essential to many bodily functions. Amino acids link together through peptide bonds and proteins fold into complex three-dimensional shapes that determine their specific roles. Both insufficient and excessive protein intake can be harmful, so a balanced diet containing moderate protein is recommended.
This document provides an overview of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. It discusses the 20 standard amino acids, including their structures, properties, and classifications. Peptide bond formation between amino acids is described. Peptides are defined as short chains of amino acids, with examples of peptide functions. Proteins are introduced as longer polymers made up of amino acids that may also contain cofactors or modifications. The learning goals cover the key aspects of amino acid and peptide structures and properties.
Protein folding is the process by which a protein goes from an unfolded state to its biologically active three-dimensional structure. It is important to understand protein folding to help predict protein structures from sequence alone and to understand diseases caused by protein misfolding. Proteins typically fold through progressive formation of native-like structures rather than through a random search. Molecular chaperones help other proteins fold within cells. Misfolded proteins can form amyloid fibrils associated with diseases. Computational methods aim to predict protein structures from sequence using fragment libraries and modeling protein energy landscapes. Protein design techniques aim to computationally modify protein sequences to achieve desired stabilities, functions, and binding properties.
This document discusses protein classification and structure. It defines protein classification as grouping proteins based on structure, function or size. Proteins can have domains and subunits. They come in globular, fibrous, and other shapes. Proteins are linked within and between polypeptide chains using covalent bonds. Proteins bind other molecules specifically through interactions like ionic bonds. Binding allows proteins to regulate activity and form complexes with other molecules like opsins.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) help other proteins properly fold and function. HSP90 and HSP70 are molecular chaperones that work sequentially to fold proteins in the cytoplasm. Misfolded proteins can cause disease. HSP90 helps buffer hidden genetic variations but under stress these variations are expressed and can lead to morphological changes. HSP90 is highly conserved across species and plays a role in evolution by allowing traits to change in response to stress. Current research studies HSP90 to better understand protein misfolding diseases.
1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions and increase reaction rates. They are often proteins that contain cofactors.
2. Enzymes are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze, such as oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, or transfer of chemical groups. Common enzyme names end in "-ase".
3. The lock and key model describes how enzymes bind specifically to substrates in their active sites to form enzyme-substrate complexes. In the induced fit model, the enzyme structure changes to better fit the substrate.
Protein structures are classified to generate overviews of structure types and detect evolutionary relationships. Major classification schemes include SCOP, CATH, and FSSP. SCOP classifies proteins into classes, folds, superfamilies, and families based on structural and sequence similarities. CATH also uses a hierarchical system of classes, architectures, topologies, and superfamilies. FSSP provides fully automated and updated structural alignments and classifications.
This document discusses proteins from a chemist's perspective. It describes how proteins are made of amino acids, with 20 standard types but only 9 being essential. The unique side groups of each amino acid determine their individual properties. Protein structure and function depend on the specific amino acid sequence. Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds to form proteins. The document also covers protein digestion and roles of proteins in the body.
This document discusses protein structure and synthesis. It begins by describing the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins. This includes the structures of alpha helices, beta sheets, turns, and domains. It then discusses protein translation, noting that proteins begin folding as they emerge from the ribosome in a co-translational manner. The final section discusses protein folding and some of the challenges of the folding process.
The document discusses heat shock proteins (Hsps), Hsp90 inhibitors, and protein degradation. It provides background on protein degradation mechanisms and heat shock proteins. Hsp90 plays a key role in cancer cell survival by regulating oncogenic signaling proteins. Hsp90 inhibitors like geldanamycin and 17-AAG bind Hsp90's ATP binding site, altering its function and inducing degradation of client proteins, stopping cancer cell growth. The paper found that tumor Hsp90 exclusively exists in active multichaperone complexes, conferring higher binding affinity for 17-AAG compared to normal cell Hsp90. This activated conformation in tumor cells represents a unique drug target.
This document summarizes protein therapeutics and provides a pharmacological classification. It notes that the human genome contains 25,000-40,000 genes that can undergo alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, resulting in a very high number of functionally distinct proteins. Protein therapeutics are classified into 4 groups based on their function: group I includes proteins with enzymatic or regulatory activity, group II targets specific molecules or organisms, group III are protein vaccines, and group IV are protein diagnostics. The document outlines some advantages of protein therapeutics but also challenges including solubility, immune response, stability, and costs.
1. Proteins are made up of amino acids and take on specific three-dimensional structures that dictate their function. Determining a protein's structure is important for understanding its role in biological processes.
2. There are several methods for determining and predicting protein structure, including X-ray crystallography, NMR, and computational methods like homology modeling or ab initio structure prediction.
3. Protein structure is hierarchical, ranging from secondary structure like alpha helices and beta sheets to the overall fold classified in databases like SCOP and CATH. Predicting secondary structure is easier than predicting a protein's full three-dimensional structure.
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are 20 different amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids link together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that fold into complex three-dimensional protein structures. Proteins serve essential functions and 10 of the 20 amino acids must be obtained through diet as humans cannot synthesize them. Common protein tests identify the presence of proteins using reactions that detect peptide bonds, amino acid side chains, or disulfide bridges.
- Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks. There are 20 different amino acids, some are essential and must be obtained through diet.
- The specific sequence of amino acids determines the 3D shape of a protein and its function. Denaturation occurs when proteins lose their shape due to heat, acid, etc.
- Proteins serve many important functions in the body including structure, enzymes, transport, hormones, antibodies, and more. An inadequate intake can result in the body breaking down its own proteins to obtain energy.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.