The presentation covers clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus. Common Symptoms. Acute Presentation. Examination of different systems.Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar state. Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Hypoglycaemia, Hyperglycaemia
2. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a
group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high
blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time
There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 diabetes results from failure of the pancreas to
produce enough insulin due to loss of beta cells. The
loss of beta cells is caused by an autoimmune response
Type 2 diabetes begins with insulin resistance, a
condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin
properly.[2] As the disease progresses, a lack of insulin
may also develop
Gestational diabetes is the third main form
4. HISTORY: CARDINAL SYMPTOMS
Polyuria: Urine output >3L/day
Polydipsia: Abnormal or Excessive thirst. (d/d:- DI,
Psychogenic.)
Polyphagia: abnormally strong sensation of hunger or
desire to eat often leading to or accompanied by
overeating
5. OTHER COMMON SYMPTOMS
Lethargy & Weakness
Recurrent Skin Infection
Dry, Scaly Skin
Delayed Wound Healing
Palpitation & Breathlessness
H/S/O Claudication
Numbness/Tingling/ Pain in extremities
White Vaginal Discharge & white oral patches(
Candidiasis)
Erectile Dysfunction
Blurred vision/ Floaters/ Sudden LOV
9. UNCOMMON SYMPTOMS
Malignant Otitis Externa: otorrhoea for 1-2 weeks,
followed by otalgia which can be followed by facial
nerve paralysis and features of meningitis
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis: nasal obstruction and
discharge, followed by headache/facial pain along
with features of multiple cranial nerve palsies,
proptosis and vision loss.
14. LOCOREGIONAL EXAMINATION
Diabetes can affect almost every system of the
body. So, A patient suspected of having diabetes
should be examined thoroughly from head to toe.
15. EXAMINATION OF HEAD AND NECK
Xanthelasma
Cranial Nerve Palsy(3,4,6 & 7)
Eye movements
Ptosis
Hirsutism
Carotid Pulse
Carotid Bruit
Thyroid Enlargement
18. EXAMINATION OF BUCCAL CAVITY
Puffy, Red gums
Plaque deposition
Dacayed teeth
Bad breath of Periodontitis
19. EXAMINATION OF SKIN AND NAIL
Acanthosis Nigricans Granuloma Annulare Diabetic Dermopathy
Bullosis Diabeticorum Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum Fungal Nail Infection
20. EXAMINATION OF HANDS
Diabetic Cheiroarthropathy
(Prayer Sign)
Trigger Finger Dupuytren’s Contracture
Tinel’s Sign
Phalen’s Test
Sensory Loss and
Muscle wasting may
be present
21. EXAMINATION OF INJECTION SITES
Areas to be examined:
1) Anterior abdominal wall
2) Upper Thighs/Buttocks
3) Upper outer arm
Possible Findings:
1) Bruising
2) Lipodystrophy
3) Lipohypertrophy
4) Lipoatrophy
Lipohypertrophy
Lipoatrophy
23. EXAMINATION OF LEGS
Calf and thigh muscle atrophy
Sensory abnormality
Dry skin and hair loss
Absent/weak femoral pulse
Femoral bruit
Loss of knee/ankle jerks
Elicitation of Ankle Jerk
24. EXAMINATION OF FEET
Inspection:
1) Charcot Neuroarthropathy/ Claw Toe
2) Callus
3) Loss of Plantar Arch
4) Diabetic Foot Ulcer
5) Discoloration of skin d/t ischaemia
6) Fungal Infections
Claw Toe Charcot Neuroarthropathy Diabetic Foot Ulcer
25. EXAMINATION OF FEET(CONT…)
Peripheral Pulse:- Palpated at
1) Posterior Tibial Artery
2) Dorsalis Pedis Artery
3) Also examine for nail fold refilling
Test for Sensation
1) Light touch (using monofilament)
2) Crude touch (using blunt end of pin)
3) Pain ( tip of pin)
4) Temperature
5) Vibration( using 128Hz Tuning fork)
6) Propioception