Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or resistance. There are four main types: type 1 caused by beta cell destruction; type 2 related to insulin resistance; gestational occurring during pregnancy; and other specific causes. Symptoms, causes, and management are described. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, diabetic coma, and hypoglycemia. Chronic complications involve damage to various organs over time if not properly managed.
- The document discusses exercise and diabetes, outlining the benefits of exercise for diabetes management and guidelines for a safe exercise program. It provides details on warm up, active exercises and cool down phases. Regular exercise is recommended to help control blood sugar levels and reduce diabetes complications by improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health. Exercising requires monitoring blood glucose levels before, during, and after workouts to prevent hypoglycemia.
Mr. G, a 47-year-old businessman, was admitted to the hospital on September 27th at 11:05pm for diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. His medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease in 2008, and peripheral vascular disease in 2010. On examination, he had dry skin, flaky skin on his lower legs and feet, and an IV in his left hand. Lab tests showed elevated glucose, cholesterol, and kidney function. Imaging found an old heart attack and brain infarct. The patient's diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy depending on his ability to control blood sugar levels.
This document provides information from a diabetes education course about monitoring diabetes. It discusses the importance of checking blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c. Target levels are listed for before meals, bedtime, and A1c. Signs and treatment of high and low blood sugar are covered. Sample blood glucose logs and factors that affect blood sugar are also reviewed.
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus including the pathophysiology, types, diagnostic tests, treatment, and complications. It discusses that diabetes results from insulin deficiency or resistance leading to high blood sugar. There are three main types - type 1 is insulin dependent, type 2 is related to insulin resistance, and type 3 is linked to Alzheimer's disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin therapy depending on the type of diabetes. Complications can be acute like ketoacidosis or chronic like damage to organs and tissues over time if not managed well.
Evidence based nursing management of diabetes mellitus in children Aklilu Endalamaw
This document discusses the management of pediatric diabetes mellitus. It aims to manage diabetes and prevent complications. It outlines topics like case history, types of diabetes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, nursing interventions, and complications. Type 1 diabetes is the most common type in children. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. Diagnosis is based on blood glucose levels. Treatment involves fluid replacement, insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, and education for patients and families to improve control and prevent complications.
1. Diabetes can be investigated through urine and blood tests to check for glucose, ketones, proteins, and glycated hemoglobin. Glycated hemoglobin indicates average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is used to monitor diabetes control.
2. Management of diabetes is multidisciplinary and may involve nutritionists, endocrinologists, and other specialists. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and possibly insulin.
3. Complications of long-term diabetes include microvascular issues like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy as well as increased risk of cardiovascular problems. Tight control of blood glucose levels can help prevent or delay
- The document discusses exercise and diabetes, outlining the benefits of exercise for diabetes management and guidelines for a safe exercise program. It provides details on warm up, active exercises and cool down phases. Regular exercise is recommended to help control blood sugar levels and reduce diabetes complications by improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health. Exercising requires monitoring blood glucose levels before, during, and after workouts to prevent hypoglycemia.
Mr. G, a 47-year-old businessman, was admitted to the hospital on September 27th at 11:05pm for diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. His medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease in 2008, and peripheral vascular disease in 2010. On examination, he had dry skin, flaky skin on his lower legs and feet, and an IV in his left hand. Lab tests showed elevated glucose, cholesterol, and kidney function. Imaging found an old heart attack and brain infarct. The patient's diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy depending on his ability to control blood sugar levels.
This document provides information from a diabetes education course about monitoring diabetes. It discusses the importance of checking blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c. Target levels are listed for before meals, bedtime, and A1c. Signs and treatment of high and low blood sugar are covered. Sample blood glucose logs and factors that affect blood sugar are also reviewed.
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus including the pathophysiology, types, diagnostic tests, treatment, and complications. It discusses that diabetes results from insulin deficiency or resistance leading to high blood sugar. There are three main types - type 1 is insulin dependent, type 2 is related to insulin resistance, and type 3 is linked to Alzheimer's disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin therapy depending on the type of diabetes. Complications can be acute like ketoacidosis or chronic like damage to organs and tissues over time if not managed well.
Evidence based nursing management of diabetes mellitus in children Aklilu Endalamaw
This document discusses the management of pediatric diabetes mellitus. It aims to manage diabetes and prevent complications. It outlines topics like case history, types of diabetes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, nursing interventions, and complications. Type 1 diabetes is the most common type in children. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. Diagnosis is based on blood glucose levels. Treatment involves fluid replacement, insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, and education for patients and families to improve control and prevent complications.
1. Diabetes can be investigated through urine and blood tests to check for glucose, ketones, proteins, and glycated hemoglobin. Glycated hemoglobin indicates average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is used to monitor diabetes control.
2. Management of diabetes is multidisciplinary and may involve nutritionists, endocrinologists, and other specialists. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and possibly insulin.
3. Complications of long-term diabetes include microvascular issues like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy as well as increased risk of cardiovascular problems. Tight control of blood glucose levels can help prevent or delay
Diabetes is increasingly affecting children at younger ages. Many children are now diagnosed with diabetes before the age of 12. This is due to diets high in sugar from foods like fast food burgers and sweets. Diabetes results from either the body not producing enough insulin or developing a resistance to insulin, which regulates blood sugar. The main types of diabetes are type 1 which requires insulin injections and type 2 which is typically diagnosed in adults and can be managed through diet and exercise. Proper treatment involves dietary management, exercise, medication, and regular doctor visits to avoid serious health complications.
This document discusses insulin and diabetes. It provides background on the types and symptoms of diabetes, then details the history of insulin discovery and treatment. Insulin was discovered in the 1920s and revolutionized diabetes treatment, increasing life expectancy dramatically. The document describes the different types of insulin including short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting varieties and their effects, onset times, and uses. Rapid-acting insulin analogs were later developed to better manage post-meal blood glucose levels.
This document provides information on lifestyle changes and natural remedies to help lower high cholesterol levels. It recommends losing weight if overweight, eating a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fiber, and exercising regularly. Specific dietary tips include choosing monounsaturated fats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and fish. Some natural supplements like artichoke, garlic and oats may also help lower cholesterol.
This document discusses the gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes can impact the entire GI tract from the esophagus to the large intestine. Common problems include gastroparesis, diarrhea, constipation, and an increased risk of liver disease and cancer. The document provides details on the mechanisms, clinical presentations, and management of various GI issues associated with diabetes.
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 & MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Rakesh Verma
1) Type 1 diabetes is characterized by low or absent insulin production and is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
2) It requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy via injections or pumps to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.
3) Intensive insulin regimens aim to mimic normal physiology using rapid, short, intermediate and long-acting insulin preparations in combination with diet, exercise and glucose monitoring.
This document discusses diabetes, its types, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and management. It defines diabetes as a condition where blood glucose levels are too high due to the body not properly using or producing insulin. The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors differ depending on the type but include family history, age, obesity, and lifestyle factors. Signs and symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Management involves nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, and medication or insulin. Complications may occur if diabetes is not properly managed.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin. It results from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The disease presents with symptoms of hyperglycemia and if left untreated can lead to serious acute complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Management involves insulin therapy, dietary changes, exercise, glucose monitoring and patient education to prevent acute complications and reduce the risk of long-term complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system. Strict glycemic control is important for improving health outcomes and quality of life.
This document provides information on the treatment of diabetes mellitus with a focus on insulin therapy. It discusses the different types of insulin based on action and source, proper administration techniques, complications of diabetes like diabetic ketoacidosis, and the importance of patient education on topics like medication management, blood glucose monitoring, hypoglycemia prevention, and foot care.
Diabetes. Presented by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Nurse Practitioner and Lecturer.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly regulate blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond to insulin properly. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment for type 1 is insulin injections, while type 2 focuses on diet, exercise, and sometimes medication or insulin. Proper management can reduce risks of complications like damage to organs and tissues over time.
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy and exercise recommendations for diabetes. It outlines the basic objectives of nutrition therapy as achieving ideal body weight, preventing hypoglycemia, and managing comorbidities. It then describes the steps for individualized diet planning, including assessing food habits, calculating calorie needs, distributing calories among meals, and developing a menu. Exercise guidelines emphasize aerobic and resistance training to improve insulin sensitivity. The document provides guidance on exercise intensity, duration, and types of exercise appropriate for diabetes management.
This document provides guidance on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. It discusses diagnostic criteria including A1C levels and oral glucose tolerance tests. The goals of treatment are outlined as maintaining tight glucose control while avoiding hypoglycemia. Insulin therapy is described as the primary treatment involving multiple daily injections or continuous infusion. Target blood glucose ranges and total daily insulin doses are provided for different age groups. Guidance is also given on managing diabetic ketoacidosis, including precipitating factors, treatment approach involving fluid resuscitation and insulin therapy, and electrolyte monitoring and replacement.
Diabetes self-management involves understanding the different types of diabetes, treatment options, and applying the chronic care model. It is important for healthcare providers to empower patients by making them knowledgeable experts in managing their own condition through education, goal setting, and addressing concerns about treatments like insulin. Proper self-management can help delay or prevent diabetes complications through techniques like regular blood sugar testing and lifestyle changes.
Diabetes nursing, medical, surgical managementsReynel Dan
Diabetes mellitus is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin therapy. Diet involves balancing carbohydrates, proteins and fats at consistent times each day. Exercise of at least 30 minutes most days helps control blood sugar. Oral medications like sulfonylureas and metformin help regulate glucose levels. Insulin therapy is used for type 1 diabetes and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Treatment goals include an A1C below 7% and blood pressure under 130/80 mm Hg to prevent complications.
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
INSULIN MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES DR. NEVA JAY
This document discusses insulin management for type 1 diabetes mellitus. It provides information on diabetic ketoacidosis, goals of treatment, criteria for diabetes diagnosis, the treatment team, intensive insulin therapy including different insulin preparations and regimens, goals for blood sugar and HbA1c levels, and home blood glucose monitoring. The standard treatment involves multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy to closely mimic normal insulin secretion and intensive education to allow patients to lead normal lives.
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It outlines the causes of DKA including missed insulin doses, infections, and stress. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, and breath that smells like fruit. Treatment involves rapid fluid replacement, insulin therapy, monitoring of electrolytes and glucose levels, and identifying and treating any underlying causes. Patient education emphasizes the importance of medication adherence and seeking medical help for symptoms of high blood sugar or ketones in the urine.
1) This document discusses screening and diagnosis of diabetes, including definitions, criteria for testing asymptomatic adults, methods of testing such as fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests, use of HbA1c for diagnosis, and classification of diabetes types.
2) Prediabetes, defined as impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle changes and metformin can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
3) Diabetes causes serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels due to damage to both small and large blood vessels if not properly managed.
Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
Glucommander
PID
Developed by University of Colorado. No published data.
Glycemic
Management
System
PID
Developed by University of Pittsburgh. No published data.
GlucoStabilizer
PID
Developed by University of Padua. No published data.
GlucoDose
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
28
References:
1. Klonoff DC. Automated insulin delivery: the perspective of the artificial pancreas project. J Diabetes Sci
Technol. 2011;5(5):10
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin and can often be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications, though some people may eventually require insulin therapy. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The main goals of diabetes treatment and management are to control blood glucose levels and minimize the risk of short and long-term complications.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de neuropatía diabética, incluyendo la neuropatía periférica, la neuropatía autonómica y el pinzamiento nervioso. Explica cómo la neuropatía periférica y la enfermedad vascular periférica contribuyen a la enfermedad del pie diabético, que es una causa importante de morbilidad y costes de la diabetes. También identifica factores de riesgo de neuropatía periférica y describe signos y síntomas de neuropatía y enfermed
Este documento resume los tipos de diabetes mellitus, enfocándose en la diabetes MODY. Explica que la MODY es una forma genética de diabetes que ocurre en la juventud y se caracteriza por ser no cetósica y no asociada con obesidad. Describe los diferentes subtipos de MODY según las mutaciones genéticas involucradas, como MODY 1, 2, 3, etc. También compara los síntomas, causas y manifestaciones clínicas de cada subtipo. Finalmente, discute el diagnóstico y retos del tratamiento de la diabetes MODY.
Diabetes is increasingly affecting children at younger ages. Many children are now diagnosed with diabetes before the age of 12. This is due to diets high in sugar from foods like fast food burgers and sweets. Diabetes results from either the body not producing enough insulin or developing a resistance to insulin, which regulates blood sugar. The main types of diabetes are type 1 which requires insulin injections and type 2 which is typically diagnosed in adults and can be managed through diet and exercise. Proper treatment involves dietary management, exercise, medication, and regular doctor visits to avoid serious health complications.
This document discusses insulin and diabetes. It provides background on the types and symptoms of diabetes, then details the history of insulin discovery and treatment. Insulin was discovered in the 1920s and revolutionized diabetes treatment, increasing life expectancy dramatically. The document describes the different types of insulin including short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting varieties and their effects, onset times, and uses. Rapid-acting insulin analogs were later developed to better manage post-meal blood glucose levels.
This document provides information on lifestyle changes and natural remedies to help lower high cholesterol levels. It recommends losing weight if overweight, eating a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fiber, and exercising regularly. Specific dietary tips include choosing monounsaturated fats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and fish. Some natural supplements like artichoke, garlic and oats may also help lower cholesterol.
This document discusses the gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes can impact the entire GI tract from the esophagus to the large intestine. Common problems include gastroparesis, diarrhea, constipation, and an increased risk of liver disease and cancer. The document provides details on the mechanisms, clinical presentations, and management of various GI issues associated with diabetes.
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 & MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Rakesh Verma
1) Type 1 diabetes is characterized by low or absent insulin production and is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
2) It requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy via injections or pumps to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.
3) Intensive insulin regimens aim to mimic normal physiology using rapid, short, intermediate and long-acting insulin preparations in combination with diet, exercise and glucose monitoring.
This document discusses diabetes, its types, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and management. It defines diabetes as a condition where blood glucose levels are too high due to the body not properly using or producing insulin. The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors differ depending on the type but include family history, age, obesity, and lifestyle factors. Signs and symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Management involves nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, and medication or insulin. Complications may occur if diabetes is not properly managed.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin. It results from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The disease presents with symptoms of hyperglycemia and if left untreated can lead to serious acute complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Management involves insulin therapy, dietary changes, exercise, glucose monitoring and patient education to prevent acute complications and reduce the risk of long-term complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system. Strict glycemic control is important for improving health outcomes and quality of life.
This document provides information on the treatment of diabetes mellitus with a focus on insulin therapy. It discusses the different types of insulin based on action and source, proper administration techniques, complications of diabetes like diabetic ketoacidosis, and the importance of patient education on topics like medication management, blood glucose monitoring, hypoglycemia prevention, and foot care.
Diabetes. Presented by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Nurse Practitioner and Lecturer.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly regulate blood glucose levels. The two main types are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond to insulin properly. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment for type 1 is insulin injections, while type 2 focuses on diet, exercise, and sometimes medication or insulin. Proper management can reduce risks of complications like damage to organs and tissues over time.
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy and exercise recommendations for diabetes. It outlines the basic objectives of nutrition therapy as achieving ideal body weight, preventing hypoglycemia, and managing comorbidities. It then describes the steps for individualized diet planning, including assessing food habits, calculating calorie needs, distributing calories among meals, and developing a menu. Exercise guidelines emphasize aerobic and resistance training to improve insulin sensitivity. The document provides guidance on exercise intensity, duration, and types of exercise appropriate for diabetes management.
This document provides guidance on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. It discusses diagnostic criteria including A1C levels and oral glucose tolerance tests. The goals of treatment are outlined as maintaining tight glucose control while avoiding hypoglycemia. Insulin therapy is described as the primary treatment involving multiple daily injections or continuous infusion. Target blood glucose ranges and total daily insulin doses are provided for different age groups. Guidance is also given on managing diabetic ketoacidosis, including precipitating factors, treatment approach involving fluid resuscitation and insulin therapy, and electrolyte monitoring and replacement.
Diabetes self-management involves understanding the different types of diabetes, treatment options, and applying the chronic care model. It is important for healthcare providers to empower patients by making them knowledgeable experts in managing their own condition through education, goal setting, and addressing concerns about treatments like insulin. Proper self-management can help delay or prevent diabetes complications through techniques like regular blood sugar testing and lifestyle changes.
Diabetes nursing, medical, surgical managementsReynel Dan
Diabetes mellitus is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin therapy. Diet involves balancing carbohydrates, proteins and fats at consistent times each day. Exercise of at least 30 minutes most days helps control blood sugar. Oral medications like sulfonylureas and metformin help regulate glucose levels. Insulin therapy is used for type 1 diabetes and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Treatment goals include an A1C below 7% and blood pressure under 130/80 mm Hg to prevent complications.
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
INSULIN MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES DR. NEVA JAY
This document discusses insulin management for type 1 diabetes mellitus. It provides information on diabetic ketoacidosis, goals of treatment, criteria for diabetes diagnosis, the treatment team, intensive insulin therapy including different insulin preparations and regimens, goals for blood sugar and HbA1c levels, and home blood glucose monitoring. The standard treatment involves multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy to closely mimic normal insulin secretion and intensive education to allow patients to lead normal lives.
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It outlines the causes of DKA including missed insulin doses, infections, and stress. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, and breath that smells like fruit. Treatment involves rapid fluid replacement, insulin therapy, monitoring of electrolytes and glucose levels, and identifying and treating any underlying causes. Patient education emphasizes the importance of medication adherence and seeking medical help for symptoms of high blood sugar or ketones in the urine.
1) This document discusses screening and diagnosis of diabetes, including definitions, criteria for testing asymptomatic adults, methods of testing such as fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests, use of HbA1c for diagnosis, and classification of diabetes types.
2) Prediabetes, defined as impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle changes and metformin can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
3) Diabetes causes serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels due to damage to both small and large blood vessels if not properly managed.
Detail information about Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
Here we discuss about the type, indications, contra-indications, precautions, Medication avoiding, Nursing care plan, Risks of OGTT & explain the technique, procedures of doing the test. Thus OGTT is a very important test in medical field. Upgrade your knowledge by reading this. Thanks.
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
Glucommander
PID
Developed by University of Colorado. No published data.
Glycemic
Management
System
PID
Developed by University of Pittsburgh. No published data.
GlucoStabilizer
PID
Developed by University of Padua. No published data.
GlucoDose
PID
Developed by University of Virginia. No published data.
28
References:
1. Klonoff DC. Automated insulin delivery: the perspective of the artificial pancreas project. J Diabetes Sci
Technol. 2011;5(5):10
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin and can often be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications, though some people may eventually require insulin therapy. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The main goals of diabetes treatment and management are to control blood glucose levels and minimize the risk of short and long-term complications.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de neuropatía diabética, incluyendo la neuropatía periférica, la neuropatía autonómica y el pinzamiento nervioso. Explica cómo la neuropatía periférica y la enfermedad vascular periférica contribuyen a la enfermedad del pie diabético, que es una causa importante de morbilidad y costes de la diabetes. También identifica factores de riesgo de neuropatía periférica y describe signos y síntomas de neuropatía y enfermed
Este documento resume los tipos de diabetes mellitus, enfocándose en la diabetes MODY. Explica que la MODY es una forma genética de diabetes que ocurre en la juventud y se caracteriza por ser no cetósica y no asociada con obesidad. Describe los diferentes subtipos de MODY según las mutaciones genéticas involucradas, como MODY 1, 2, 3, etc. También compara los síntomas, causas y manifestaciones clínicas de cada subtipo. Finalmente, discute el diagnóstico y retos del tratamiento de la diabetes MODY.
Este documento resume las complicaciones agudas de la diabetes mellitus cetoacidosis diabética y el estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico. La cetoacidosis diabética se caracteriza por la presencia de cuerpos cetónicos, acidosis metabólica y deshidratación, mientras que el estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico se caracteriza por un aumento de la osmolaridad plasmática, hiperglicemia severa y ausencia de cetosis. El tratamiento incluye reemplazo de fluidos, corrección de la hip
La neuropatía diabética es una complicación común de la diabetes que causa daño a los nervios y se manifiesta clínicamente a través de alteraciones sensitivas, motrices y autonómicas. Existen diferentes tipos como la neuropatía difusa, focales y autonómica. El tratamiento se enfoca en controlar la glucemia, aliviar síntomas como el dolor neuropático y prevenir la progresión del daño nervioso a través de fármacos y cuidados generales.
Pie diabético etiopatogenia neuropatia - otec innovaresOTEC Innovares
Este documento proporciona información sobre la etiopatogenia del pie diabético. Comienza explicando que el pie diabético se debe a alteraciones que sufren las personas diabéticas que ponen en riesgo de lesiones y amputaciones, debido principalmente a la neuropatía diabética. Luego describe que la neuropatía diabética es una complicación frecuente de la diabetes pero con frecuencia es descuidada, y es el principal factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de úlceras en el pie diabético. Finalmente,
Este documento habla sobre los trastornos de la osmolaridad, incluyendo la hipoosmolaridad y la hiperosmolaridad. La hipoosmolaridad generalmente se debe a hiponatremias y la pérdida de sodio o potasio. La hiperosmolaridad generalmente se debe a hipernatremia o hiperglucemia. El documento describe los síntomas, causas y tratamientos de estos trastornos.
This document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide and is influenced by factors like age, residence in urban vs. rural areas, obesity levels, physical activity levels, and ethnicity. It provides statistics on the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in various countries and populations over time. It also examines trends in obesity globally and its association with increased risk of diabetes.
Este documento describe la neuropatía diabética, una complicación de la diabetes que causa lesiones y úlceras en los pies. Explica que factores como la neuropatía, la macroangiopatía, la microangiopatía y las infecciones, producidos o agravados por la hiperglicemia, dan lugar a un pie vulnerable. También clasifica las úlceras del pie diabético según la escala de Wagner.
This document defines diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. It classifies diabetes into four main types: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other specific types. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical management including oral medications and insulin therapy, dietary management, nursing interventions, nursing diagnoses, and complications of diabetes.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including its causes, types, symptoms, testing, treatment, and effects on the body. It notes that diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin, resulting in high blood sugar. The main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, gestational, and pre-diabetes. Symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, fatigue, and blurred vision. While there is currently no cure for diabetes, it can be controlled through lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and medication to prevent or reduce complications that can affect organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.
This document provides educational points for diabetics. It defines diabetes as elevated blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion or cells not responding to insulin. It classifies diabetes into four main types and discusses methods for monitoring blood glucose levels. It also outlines the properties, administration techniques, storage requirements, and dosing of various insulin types. Additional topics covered include potential insulin side effects, diet, exercise, foot care, and references for further information.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia is due to one of two mechanisms:
Inadequate production of insulin , or
Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
It affects more than 220 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that it will affect 440 million by the year 2030
"Diabetes" comes from the Greek word for "siphon", and implies that a lot of urine is made.
The second term,"mellitus" comes from the Latin word, "mel" which means "honey", and was used because the urine was sweet.
• The onset of type 1 diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains, if DKA has developed.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly use glucose from food for energy due to a lack of or issues with insulin. There are two main types - type 1 occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin and type 2 occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the insulin does not work properly. Management focuses on controlling blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, and monitoring to prevent complications. Nursing care involves education on nutrition, medication administration, monitoring blood sugar, foot care, and supporting lifestyle changes.
Diabetes Mellitus in children for medical students Azad Haleem
This document defines type 1 diabetes, discusses its epidemiology, diagnosis, etiology, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, and complications. The key points are:
- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting from insulin deficiency. It peaks in children aged 5-7 and during puberty.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms plus random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL or fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL.
- Management requires a team approach including specialists, nurses, dietitians, and psychologists. Treatment involves insulin administration and nutrition management.
- Presentations include diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia. Investigations include blood glucose, HbA1c
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
The document discusses diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India currently has 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number after China.
- There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and sometimes insulin therapy. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications like damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and other less common forms. The pancreas produces hormones including insulin which regulates blood glucose. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and is used to treat diabetes. Treatment involves dietary management, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin therapy depending on the type of diabetes. Complications of diabetes must be managed and can include hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and other conditions.
The document provides information about diabetes, including what it is, the different types of diabetes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prevention. It explains that diabetes is caused by the body's inability to properly use insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes results from the body failing to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not properly use insulin. Risk factors, symptoms, blood tests, treatment goals and management strategies are outlined. The importance of diet, exercise, medication and monitoring are emphasized.
This document provides information on type 1 diabetes mellitus (juvenile diabetes). It discusses that type 1 diabetes results from the body's failure to produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells. It is treated through insulin therapy, nutritional modification, glucose monitoring, and physical activity. The nurse's role includes educating patients and families on diabetes management and monitoring for complications like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
Pharmacotherapy of diabetes including diabetes complicationsRupali Patil
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus. It begins by describing the different types of diabetes, including type 1 and type 2. The pathophysiology of diabetes is explained, focusing on hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, ketosis, and protein catabolism. The document then discusses the management of type 1 diabetes, which involves insulin therapy using various preparations and analogs. Type 2 diabetes management includes oral hypoglycemic agents, diet, and exercise.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are two main types - type 1 caused by lack of insulin and type 2 which results from insulin resistance. Management involves diet, exercise, oral medications or insulin to control blood sugar levels and prevent acute and chronic complications.
Diabetes mellitus complete Disorder Exclusively for Nursing Students Baljinder Singh
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Risk factors include family history, age, obesity, and physical inactivity. Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests. Treatment depends on diabetes type but may include medications to increase insulin production/sensitivity, insulin injections, diet control, exercise, blood sugar monitoring and management of complications which can include kidney disease, vision loss and heart disease if uncontrolled.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types: type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent; type 2 diabetes is initially non-insulin dependent; and gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Diagnosis is based on fasting blood glucose levels above 126 mg/dl or HbA1c levels above 6.5%. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs.
Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidusShweta Sharma
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. It discusses the types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of both conditions. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or action. Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive urine production and thirst. The document outlines the different etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment approaches for diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
5. INTRODUCTION
“Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycemia due
to relative insulin deficiency,resistance or both”
• 2 MAJOR types
1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Gestational diabetes
4. Diabetes due to other causes
6. TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
• IDDM/juvnenile diabetes
• Immune mediated
• Beta cells are destroyed
• Severe insulin deficiency
• Insulin administration is must
• Onset age is before 30
7. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
• NIDDM
• High Blood glucose level due to
decreased insulin production
Insufficient insulin action
Insulin resistance
• Onset age after 35
8. GESTATIONAL DIABETES
• Occurs in pregnant women
• Glycemic levels should be mantained during pregnancy
• Uncontrollable GD can cause
Macrosomia
Shoulder dystocia
Neonatal hypoglycemia
9. TYPE 4 DM
• Due to other causes
Genetic defects
Medications
pancreatectomy
10. What is Insulin? What does it do?
-Peptide Hormone, regulates
blood sugar.
-Causes body cells to take up
glucose from the blood.
-Insulin receptors found on:
• Liver cells
• Skeletal muscles
• Adipose tissue
11.
12. ETIOLOGY
1.GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY;
• Inheritence
• HLA system.more than 90% of patients with type 1 DM carry HLA-
DR3-DQ2,HLA-DR4-DQ8
• Another CFLA-4 gene has also been implicated in type 1 DM
• MODY-dominantly inherited,early onset(type 2 diabetes mellitus)
13. 2.VARIOUS FACTORS
• Poor nutrition impairs beta cell development &
function,predisposing to diabetes in later life
• Any disease that cause extensive damage to
pancreas may lead to diabetes e.g, chronic
pancreatitis
14. 3.AUTOIMMUNITY
• Type 1 DM is an immune mediated diseases
• Include HLA associations
• Association with other organ specific autoimmune diseases
e.g,autoimmune thyroid disease
• Antibodies against islet constituents are present in 90% of newly
presenting patients
19. TESTS
• Fasting plasma glucose level
• Plasma glucose level
• Detection of antibodies against islet of antigens in the
serum
• GLUCOSE screening
• Oral glucose test
23. 1.Diet
• a basic part of management in every case
• to ensuring appropriate nutrition.
• ensuring weight control
• Fibre content of diet containing CHOs should
be high
• Excessive salt intake should be avoided
• Proteins & fats should be taken in lesser
amounts
26. 3.Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents
There are currently
following classes of oral
anti-diabetic agents:
1) Sulphonylureas
2) Biguanides
3) Alpha-glucisidase
inhibitors
4) Glitazones
5) Other insulin secreting
drugs
27. TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
If glycaemic control is not achieved with lifestyle modification
within 1 –3 months, ORAL ANTI-DIABETIC AGENT should be
initiated.
Combination oral agents is indicated in Patients who are not
reaching targets after 3 months on monotherapy
If targets have not been reached after optimal dose of
combination therapy for 3 months, consider adding
intermediate-acting/long-acting insulin .
30. INSULIN THERAPY
• Sources
Human insulin
Beef insulin
Pork insuln
“prepared by DNA recombinant technology by
injecting proinsulin gene into E.coli”
INSULIN PREPARATIONS
1. Rapid acting insulins
2. Short acting or regular insulins
3. Intermediate acting 4. long acting
31.
32.
33. “SLIDING SCALE THERAPY OF
INSULIN”
The term “sliding scale”refers to the
progressive increase in the pre-meal or
nighttime insulin dose, based on pre-
defined blood glucose ranges. Sliding scale
insulin regimen approximate daily insulin
requirement.
The insulin dose to be administered becomes greater when
blood sugar readings are higher.
34. COMMON SLIDING SCALE REGIMEN:
• Long-acting insulin (glargine/detemir) BD or TID +
short acting insulin (aspart, glulisine, lispro,
Regular) before meals and at bedtime
• Long-acting insulin (glargine/detemir) OD
• Regular and NPH, BD
• Pre-mixed, or short-acting insulin analogs or
Regular and NPH,BD
35. The general principles of sliding scale
therapy are:
• The amount of carbohydrate to be eaten at each meal is pre-set
• The basal (background) insulin dose doesn’t change. You take the
same long-acting insulin dose no matter what the blood glucose
level.
• The bolus insulin is based on the blood sugar level before the meal
or at bedtime
• Pre-mixed insulin doses are based on the blood sugar level before
the meal
36.
37. Calculating Insulin Dose
Bolus – Carbohydrate coverage
• The bolus dose for food coverage is prescribed as an insulin to carbohydrate
ratio.The insulin to carbohydrate ratio represents how many grams of
carbohydrate are covered or disposed of by 1 unit of insulin.
• one unit of rapid-acting insulin will dispose of 12-15 grams of carbohydrate.
– range can vary from 4-30 grams or more of carbohydrate depending on an
individual’s sensitivity to insulin
For Example #1, assume:
You are going to eat 60 grams of carbohydrate for lunch
Grams of CHO disposed by 1 unit of insulin= 10
To get the CHO insulin dose, plug the numbers into the formula:
CHO insulin dose =
Total grams of CHO in the meal (60 g)
÷ grams of CHO disposed by 1 unit of insulin (10) = 6 units
You will need 6 units of rapid acting insulin to cover the carbohydrate.
38. Total Daily Insulin Requirement
The general calculation for the body’s daily insulin requirement is:
Total Daily Insulin Requirement(in units of insulin)
= Weight in Pounds ÷ 4
Alternatively, if you measure your body weight in kilograms:
Total Daily Insulin Requirement (in units of insulin)
= 0.55 X Total Weight in Kilograms
Example 1:
If you are measuring your body weight in pounds:
Assume you weigh 160 lbs.
In this example:
TOTAL DAILY INSULIN DOSE = 160 lb ÷ 4 = 40 units of insulin/day
Example 2:
If you are measuring your body weight in kilograms:
Assume your weight is 70Kg
In this example:
TOTAL DAILY INSULIN DOSE = 0.55 x 70 Kg = 38.5 units of insulin/day
39. INSULIN ADMINISTRATION
Almost always being administered via SC route
usually in arm,thigh or abdomen
Administered usually by an insulin syringe
Can be administered by insulin pump,also
known as portable pen injector
42. INSULIN DOSE-summary
• Initial dose, monotherapy: Total daily requirement: 0.1
unit/kg/day subcutaneously upto 0.6 unit per kg
• When insulin is used alone, twice daily injections are
recommended for better glycemic control
• The total daily insulin dose is administered as a mixture of
rapid/short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins in 1-2
injections.
• With the 2-injection regimen, generally two-thirds of the
daily dose is given before breakfast and one-third is given
before the evening meal.
• Intensive regimen: monotherapy: Total daily insulin
requirements may progress to 2.5 units/kg or higher in
patients with obesity and insulin resistance.
47. o Complication of type 1 DM
o Medical emergency,leads to death if not
treated
o DKA develops from lack of insulin
occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel
source
Fat is used for fuel instead. It produces toxic acids in the
blood stream called ketones, eventually leading to diabetic
ketoacidosis if untreated.
DIAGNOSIS: blood & urine tests
49. cont…
SYMPTOMS:
Nausea
Vomiting
Dehydration
Abdominal pain
Dry mouth
Loss of appetite
Hyperventilation
ketotic breath
unconsciousness (coma)
TREATMENT:
IV fluids-rapid saline
For mild ORS & SC insulin
Insulin 0.1 unit/kg body
50. 2.HYPERGLYCEMIA HYEROSMOLAR
STATE
• Extremely high blood sugar (glucose) level
• Extreme lack of water (dehydration)
• Decreased consciousness (in many cases)
• Without significant ketoacidosis
• Plasma glucose level of 30 mmol/l or greater
SYMPTOMS
• comma
• Confusion
• Dry mouth, dry tongue
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Lethargy
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Weight loss
51. Cont…
Tests that may be done include:
• creatinine levels
• Blood sodium level
• Ketone test
• Blood glucose
TREATMENT
correct the dehydration
Fluids and potassium will be given through a
vein
Insulin to decrease glucose level
52. 3.DIABETIC COMA
• occurs when the blood sugar gets too high and
the body becomes severely dehydrated.
• Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic
syndrome
• Most often in older people
• severe loss of body water can lead to shock,
coma, and death
• Death rates can be as high as 40%.
53. Cont..
SYMPTOMS
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• High fever
• Weakness
• Drowsiness
• Altered mental state
• Headache
• Inability to speak
• Visual problems
hospitalization with
intravenous fluids and
electrolytes such as
potassium as well as insulin
as ordered by doctor
TREATMENT:
54. 4.HYPOGLYCEMIA
• a low blood glucose level occurring in a person
with DM 1
• Due to medicines used for glucose control
• caused by sulfonylureas in people with DM 2
• lower limit of normal glucose is 70 mg/dl
(3.9 mmol/l)
SYMPTOMS:
TREATMENT
Oral intake of glucose
Intravenous glucose
Glucagon
55. 5.PERIODONTAL DISEASES
infections of gums and the bones
that hold the teeth in place
DM causes a decrease in blood
supply to the gums making them
more susceptible to disease
high blood sugars may cause dry
mouth and make gum
disease worse
decrease in saliva can cause
an increase in tooth decaying
bacteria and plaque build up.
56. symptoms
• bleeding
• sore gums
• bad breath
TREATMENT
Maintain good glucose
control.
Brush and floss your
teeth at least twice a day
Have a dental checkup
every six months
Quit smoking
58. 1.DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
• damage to the retina
• growth of friable and poor-quality new blood
vessels in the retina as well as macular edema
• lead to severe vision loss or blindness
62. Signs & symptoms
• HT & fluid retention cause
EDEMA
• swelling, usually around
the eyes in the mornings
• excessive frothing of the urine
• Anorexia
• Malaise-general ill feeling
• proteinurea
63. Diagnosis
• positive microalbuminuria test
• Serum creatinine may increase as kidney
damage progress
• A kidney biopsy confirms the diagnosis
TREATMENT
Medicines to lower BP
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Do not smoke or use tobacco products
64. 3.DIABEDIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
• disorder of the heart muscle in
people with diabetes
• can lead to inability of the heart to
circulate blood through the body
• Can lead to state HEART FAILURE
• characterized functionally by
ventricular dilation, enlargement
of heart cells & fibrosis
66. Treatment
• no effective specific treatment available for
diabetic cardiomyopathy
• intense glycemic control through diet, oral
hypoglycemics & insulin
• Beta blockers with ACE inhibitors can be given
67. 4.DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
“Diabetic neuropathy is damage to nerves that
occurs as a result of diabetes”
• neuropathy include:
• peripheral neuropathy-feet and legs
• focal neuropathy- specific nerve or area at any site
• autonomic neuropathy-GIT,urinary,vascular system
• proximal neuropathy- thighs, hips or buttocks
68. Signs and symptoms of diabetic
peripheral neuropathy include:
• Numbness or tingling
• Pain or burning sensations
• Loss of sensation
Signs and symptoms of
diabetic proximal
neuropathy include:
• Pain, usually on one side,
in the hips or thighs
• Weakness of the legs
69. Signs and symptoms of diabetic
autonomic neuropathy
• nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Bloating
• Difficulty swallowing
• orthostatic hypotension
70. Signs and symptoms of diabetic focal
neuropathy
• Chest pain
• Eye pain
• Changes in vision
• Bell's palsy
• Pain in a localized area of the body
DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
patient's symptoms
medical history
physical exam
71. Treatment
• diabetic neuropathy cannot be cured, there are
treatments available to help manage some of the
symptoms
• keep blood glucose levels under good control
• in relieving pain due neuropathy:
– Antidepressant(duloxetine) can be given
– TCA(nortriptyline,desipramine)
– Antiseizure drugs(gabapentin & pregabalin)
– Opoid analgesics in severe cases
• Capsaicin cream is an over-the-counter topical
agent that has been shown to relieve nerve pain.
72. FOOT PROBLEMS
• Two major causes Peripheral artery
disease & peripheral neuropathy
• People with diabetes have an increased
risk of ulcers and damage to the feet
• A number of different kinds of foot
problems can occur in people with
diabetes.
73. Cont..
• Treatment depends on the exact type of foot
problem. Surgery may be required for some
cases.
• Gangrene (dry gangrene) is tissue death due
to absence of blood circulation. It can be life-
threatening if bacterial infection develops
74. Symptoms
• decreased sensation in the nerves of the legs and
feet
• tingling, pain, or burning
EXAMPLES:
• Calluses and corns-thick hardened layeres of skin
75. Cont..
• Fungal infections of
the nails, which can
appear as
thickened,
discolored, and at
times brittle nails
• athlete's foot, a
fungal infection of
the skin of the feet
76. Cont…
• Hammer toes-bent toes
• Bunions- the angling of
the big toe toward the
second toe.
• Ingrown toenails
• Cracking of the skin of the
feet, especially the heels,
due to dry skin
77. Treatment
• depends upon the type of foot problem
• wearing corrective shoes
• antibiotics or antifungals.
• tissue death cannot be reversed but treatments are
available to prevent gangrene
• surgical removal of the dead tissue is typically required,
and antibiotics are given to prevent the development of
life-threatening infections in the dead tissue. In severe
cases of gangrene, amputation of the affected part may
be necessary.
78. Cont…
• Always wash your feet with warm water and dry
them well after washing.
• Be sure that your doctor checks your feet at every
checkup.
• Stop smoking, if you are a smoker. Smoking further
increases the risk of arteriosclerosis and poor
circulation to the feet.