A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
The secret to managing Diabetes doesn't come in a pill. In most cases, simple lifestyle changes including diet and exercise will do the trick.
Treating, or managing, diabetes is a process of finding a balance. The root causes of the disease — insulin resistance and low insulin production — are slightly different in each person. The role each plays in the development of diabetes is different for each person.
So what works to control glucose levels in one person may not work in another. For one person, managing the disease may be as simple as changing diet and becoming more physically active. Whereas, another patient may need to take medication, a combination of medications, or even insulin to control their blood glucose levels. Finding the right balance is a process.
After diagnosing diabetes, a doctor will usually recommend a patient begin exercising and lose weight. These should continue for life. Metformin, an oral medication, will usually be given to the patient soon after diagnosis.
If after three months a patient’s blood-sugar level has not stabilized, a doctor may prescribe a second or different medication.
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
The secret to managing Diabetes doesn't come in a pill. In most cases, simple lifestyle changes including diet and exercise will do the trick.
Treating, or managing, diabetes is a process of finding a balance. The root causes of the disease — insulin resistance and low insulin production — are slightly different in each person. The role each plays in the development of diabetes is different for each person.
So what works to control glucose levels in one person may not work in another. For one person, managing the disease may be as simple as changing diet and becoming more physically active. Whereas, another patient may need to take medication, a combination of medications, or even insulin to control their blood glucose levels. Finding the right balance is a process.
After diagnosing diabetes, a doctor will usually recommend a patient begin exercising and lose weight. These should continue for life. Metformin, an oral medication, will usually be given to the patient soon after diagnosis.
If after three months a patient’s blood-sugar level has not stabilized, a doctor may prescribe a second or different medication.
Hyperglycemia is the specialized term for high blood (glucose). High glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can't utilize insulin appropriately.
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for NursesSwatilekha Das
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for Nurses-
Introduction
Related anatomy and physiology
Definition of Diabetes Mellitus
pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnostic tests of Diabetes Mellitus
Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus- Case Presentaion by Jayesh Anil MahirraoJayesh Mahirrao
This presentation is made especially for B. Pharm. level. It is based on the study of diabetic patient. It mainly focuses on medications and their mechanisms.
Hyperglycemia is the specialized term for high blood (glucose). High glucose happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can't utilize insulin appropriately.
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for NursesSwatilekha Das
Diabetes mellitus- Easy explanation for Nurses-
Introduction
Related anatomy and physiology
Definition of Diabetes Mellitus
pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnostic tests of Diabetes Mellitus
Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus- Case Presentaion by Jayesh Anil MahirraoJayesh Mahirrao
This presentation is made especially for B. Pharm. level. It is based on the study of diabetic patient. It mainly focuses on medications and their mechanisms.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia is due to one of two mechanisms:
Inadequate production of insulin , or
Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
It affects more than 220 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that it will affect 440 million by the year 2030
"Diabetes" comes from the Greek word for "siphon", and implies that a lot of urine is made.
The second term,"mellitus" comes from the Latin word, "mel" which means "honey", and was used because the urine was sweet.
• The onset of type 1 diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains, if DKA has developed.
SIGNIFICANCE
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS DIABETES?
DEFINITION
MECHANISM
PREVELANCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL TEST
MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
HERBS FOR DIABETES
MYTHS AND FACTS
REFERENCES
Immunology and Microbiology,Host-Microbe Interactionsvarinder kumar
Immunology and Microbiology
Host-Microbe Interactions
Cellular Immunity
Principles of Immunization
Vaccines
Examples of bacterial exotoxins
Genetics of Pathogenicity
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Future developments & information
Applications of Principles of Immunity
Effects of Antigen-Antibody Interactions-2
Diabetes mellitus -INTRODUCTION,TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUSvarinder kumar
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
DIAGNOSE TEST FOR DIABETES MELLITUS
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INSULIN (IDDM)
HERBAL DRUG TREATMENT FOR DIABETES
LIFESTYLE FOR TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DM
NEW ANTI DIABETIC DRUGS
What is an Antibody?Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classesvarinder kumar
Forms
History
Immunoglobulins: Classes and Sub classes
Epitope
Antibodies structure
Antibody–antigen interactions
Function
Medical Applications
Regulations
Preclinical studies
Structure prediction
Antibody mimetic
Myocardial Infarction Treatment
Classes of drugs used in the treatment of myocardial infarction
Vasodilators
General Pharmacology
Cardiac depressant drugs
Antiarrhythmics
Anti-thrombotics
Thrombolytics
Analgesics
General Mechanisms of Action
Points to Remember About Myocardial infarctionvarinder kumar
What is acute myocardial infarction?
What are the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction\
What causes acute myocardial infarction
Who is at risk for acute myocardial infarction
How is acute myocardial infarction diagnosed
Acute myocardial infarction prevention
Beta blockers
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) varinder kumar
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
Definitions.
Council members
Establishment of the Council
Executive Committee of the Council
Meetings of the Council
Boards of Studies.
Regional Committees
Power to remove difficulties
Rules and regulations
Power to make regulations
Budget
Payment to the Council
Risk factors
What Is Cholesterol?
Know Your Triglyceride Numbers
Microorganisms
miRNAs: novel players in atherosclerotic processes
Medications Classification
Diagnosis
Surgical procedures
Lifestyle and home remedies
Alternative medicine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
The Most Common Cholesterol Meds: Statins
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. •Diabetes
•A disease in which the body’s ability to produce or
respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in
abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated
levels of glucose in the blood
4. Gastrin: This hormone aids digestion by stimulating certain cells in the stomach to produce
acid.
Glucagon: Glucagon helps insulin maintain normal blood glucose by working in the opposite
way of insulin. It stimulates your cells to release glucose, and this raises your blood glucose
levels.
Insulin: This hormone regulates blood glucose by allowing many of your body’s cells to
absorb and use glucose. In turn, this drops blood glucose levels.
Somatostatin: When levels of other pancreatic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, get
too high, somatostatin is secreted to maintain a balance of glucose and/or salt in the blood.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): This hormone helps control water secretion and
absorption from the intestines by stimulating the intestinal cells to release water and salts
into the intestines.
7. • Diseases and Disorders of the Pancreas
.
• Type 1 diabetes: If you have type 1 diabetes, then your body doesn’t produce any
insulin to handle the glucose in your body. Insulin deficiency causes a range
of complications, so people with type 1 diabetes have to take insulin to help their body
use glucose appropriately.
.
• Type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is much more prevalent than type 1. People with
type 2 diabetes may be able to produce insulin, but their bodies don’t use it correctly.
They might also be unable to produce enough insulin to handle the glucose in their
body. Lifestyle choices, such as diet and exercise, play a major role in managing and
preventing type 2 diabetes.
Hyperglycemia: This condition is caused by abnormally high blood glucose levels. It can
be caused by overproduction of the hormone glucagon. To learn more, read our article
about hyperglycemia.
Hypoglycemia: Conversely, hypoglycemia is caused by low blood glucose levels. It is
caused by a relative overproduction of insulin. To learn more, read our article
about hypoglycemia.
8. •Typically appears in adolescence.
•Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue
and blurred vision.
•Treatment aims at maintaining normal blood sugar levels through
regular monitoring, insulin therapy, diet and exercise.
Common:-
More than 1 million cases per year (India)
•TYPE-1 DIABETES
9. •TYPE-2 DIABETES
•A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose
•More than 10 million cases per year (India)
•With type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin, or it resists
insulin.
•Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue and blurred
vision. In some cases, there may be no symptoms.
10. TYPE 2 DIABETES :- DIET CHART
•Foods to eat for a type 1 diabetic diet
include complex carbohydrates such as
brown rice,
•whole wheat,
•quinoa,
•oatmeal,
•fruits,
•vegetables,
•beans, and
•lentils.
11. •Random blood sugar test
A random blood sugar test involves drawing blood at any given time, no matter when
you last ate. If the result is equal to or higher than 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
this could indicate diabetes. Results in the 140-199 mg/dL range can indicate
prediabetes.
•Fasting blood sugar test
Fasting blood sugar tests involve drawing blood after you have not eaten overnight,
usually for 8 to 12 hours. Results less than 100 mg/dL are normal. Results between
100 to 125 mg/dL are considered prediabetes. Results equal to or greater than 126
mg/dL after two tests are considered diagnostic for diabetes
•Blood tests for diabetes
•A1C test
The test is also known as the glycated hemoglobin test. It measures how much glucose has
attached itself to red blood cells in your body over the last two to three months.
A1C test measures your average blood sugar for about three months.
•less than 5.7 percent: normal reading
•between 5.7 and 6.4 percent: prediabetes
•equal to or greater than 6.5 percent: diabetes
.
12. •Urine testing for diabetes
Urine tests aren’t used to diagnose diabetes. Doctors often use them if they
think you may have type 1 diabetes. Laboratories can test urine for ketone
bodies. The body produces ketone bodies when fat tissue is used for energy
instead of blood sugar. If ketone bodies are present in moderate to large
amounts in the urine, this could indicate your body is not making enough
insulin.
•Oral glucose tolerance test
The oral glucose test (OGTT) is a test that takes place over the course of two hours.
A person’s blood sugar is tested initially and then given a sugary drink. After two
hours, blood sugar levels are tested again. The results are:
less than 140 mg/dL: normal
between 140 and 199 mg/dL: prediabetes
greater than 200 mg/dL: diabetes
13. •Agents used in diabetic therapy include the
following:
•Biguanides.
•Sulfonylureas.
•Meglitinide derivatives.
•Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
•Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
•Glucagon like peptide–1 (GLP-1) agonists.
•Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) Inhibitors.
•Selective sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-
2) inhibitors.
Thank you…
14. Gestational diabetes tests
Gestational diabetes can occur when a woman is pregnant. Women are tested early in a
pregnancy if they have a family history of gestational diabetes or have had it before.
Women who don’t have these risk factors are tested in the second trimester instead.
Doctors may use two different test types to diagnose gestational diabetes. The first is an
initial glucose challenge test. This test involves drinking a glucose syrup solution. Blood
is drawn after an hour to measure blood sugar levels. A result of 140 mg/dL or less is
considered normal. A higher-than-usual reading indicates the need for further testing.
The follow-up glucose tolerance testing involves not eating anything overnight. An initial
blood sugar level is measured. The expectant mom will then drink a high-sugar solution.
The blood sugar is then checked hourly for three hours. If a woman has two or more
higher-than-usual readings, the results indicate gestational diabetes.
The second test involves doing a two hour glucose tolerance test, similar to the one
described above. One out-of-range value would be diagnostic for gestational diabetes
using this test