Protection of our precious natural resource water with special reference to India, adaptation and mitigation strategies

1. “Worldwater day 2019”
Freshwaterand Sustainabledevelopment-leavingno one behind
March19, 2019
Protection of our preciousnatural resource water withspecial reference to India, adaptation and
mitigationstrategies
Tanu Jindal
Group Additional Pro Vice Chancellor (R&D)
(Professor and Director)
Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity Institute of
Environmental Toxicology, SAfety and Management, AMITY INSTITIUTE OF Water technology AND management, Amity center for
Antarctica research and studies
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313

2. As pure as water
As cool as water
As innocent as water
Where is that meaning gone
Proud of this planet is torn
Nectar of life to survive
Soothest drink to revive
Refreshing to take shower
Having life generating power
Exclusive to our green globe
First medium for life to evolve
Water is our need
It is our life indeed
Each drop is precious
It’s use should be judicious
Water has got miraculous
Properties, qualities and uses
Great Versatility it proposes
In liquid, solid and gases
To Support life and
Various processes

3. Why is it so critical to address this issue in
Asia?
• More than 75% of the countries in the region are
experiencing serious water insecurity, with
many facing imminent water crises (Asian
Water Development Outlook, 2013)
• Around 1.7 billion people in Asia without access
to modern sanitation systems
• About 780 million people in the region still
practice open defecation and 80% of wastewater
is discharged with little or no treatment
• Lack of access to safe water and sanitation are
among poverty indicators which are no longer
measured only in terms of GDP

4. - Lack of hygiene
- Lack of access to safe drinking water
- Sanitation
• More than 60% of households live without safe,
piped water supply and improved sanitation
(Health in the Post-2015, Development Agenda for
Asia and the Pacific)
• Many urban dwellers in major population centers,
including Manila, Jakarta, Dhaka, and New Delhi,
lack access to modern sanitation, making them
more vulnerable to waterborne diseases
Major issues of rapid and unplanned urbanization

5. • Rural
Large population is still dependent
on unsafe sources of water which are
highly polluted, for direct
consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes,
ponds and tube wells
• Urban
India is doing better than many
other countries in the world for
drinking water through treated pipe
water supply
Drinking Water Scenario in India

6. Urgent need for Sanitation and Water
Policy in India
• India continues to be a
country with the highest
number of people (638
million people) i.e.
approximately 60% of the
world data practicing open
defecation (OD) (WHO,
UNICEF, 2014)

7. • India has made “moderate” progress
in reducing open defecation rates
among its population and has
succeeded in providing access to
improved drinking water to more
people in urban and rural areas
• The 31 per cent reduction in open
defecation in India alone significantly
influences regional and global
estimates (Progress on Sanitation and
Drinking Water, 2015 update and
MDG Assessment, UNICEF and
World Health Organization)
Population OD
India
OD
Low Developing Countries(LDC’s)
Urban 12% 6%
Rural 65% 30%

8. Ministry of Earth
Sciences
• Study of contamination of soil and
water through heavily loaded unlined
drains in Delhi
• The project work was planned
specially keeping in view the problem
of groundwater contamination in
Indian context through unlined drains
which are over loaded, with sewage
waste from huge urban population
and also waste from industries,
lysimetric studies are important to
know the possible sources and types
of groundwater contamination
through leaching

10. • Nine major drains were selected in Delhi for the study:
- Nazafgarh
- Khyber pass
- Qudasia Bagh/Mori Gate
- Delhi Gate
- Barapulla
- Maharani Bagh
- Kalkaji
- Okhla
- Shahdara

11. SAMPLING
OKHLA DRAIN
SHAHDARA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN
DELHI GATE DRAIN KHYBER PASS DRAINMORI GATE DRAIN
KALKAJI DRAIN NAZAFGARH DRAIN BARAPULLA DRAIN

12. Samples
Temperature Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) Total Dissolved Solid (mg/l)
Ground
water
Drain
Leachate
Ground
water
Drain Leachate
Ground
water
Drain Leachate
Najafgarh
25.7±2.1 23.0±4.1 ns 597±46.12 3990±426.47 b 258±21.71 2962±279.52 a
Okhla
25.6±1.4 23.1±2.5 ns 841±74.45 21489±832.62 a 375±22.55 13924±1147.25 a
Shahdara
25.0±2.3 26.1±2.4 ns 1609±112.26 5804±523.33 a 764±15.76 4410.5±55.02 a
Khyberpass
25.7±2.4 25.4±3.6 ns 1089±132.46 2661±234.47b 488±26.42 13751.7±875.85 a
Mori gate
26.1±2.1 23.8±2.0 ns 1321±45.32 12420±1754.76a 604±48.65 8318±537.50 a
Delhi gate
25.8±3.4 24.4±3.1 ns 1617±123.45 9175±335.34 a 776±56.36 5978.5±487.31 a
Barapullah
25.0±5.4 24.8±2.8 ns 1447±97.38 34700±1432.52c 664±54.69 4508±423.67 a
Maharanibagh
24.1±1.4 24.3±4.7 ns 1908±245.95 7440±368.64 a 921±86.48 3816±279.40 a
Kalkaji
25.6±1.3 26.0±3.2 ns 1256±140.75
34600±1758.40
a 577±48.96 4458±438.94 a
Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), (mg L-1)- 1500, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard
Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids

13. WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO3), ( mg L-1)- 500; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg L-1)- 2
Samples
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l Turbidity (NTU) BOD @ 27 deg C for 3 days
Groundwater Drain Leachate Groundwater Drain Leachate
Ground
water
Drain
Leachate
Najafgarh
302.47±27.44 1030.2±94.52 a 6.0±1.21 2.55±0.12 a 0.1±0.02 68.0±9.15ns
Okhla
222.24±19.41 5010.5±486.55 a 3.0±0.96 9.86±2.41 a 1.3±0.08 104.5±8.28ns
Shahdara
425.96±36.63 2860.7±236.41 a 2.5±0.85 25.15±6.85c 1.8±0.34 81.5±8.22ns
Khyberpass
351.88±19.53 2244.85±181.34 a 4.5±1.42 9.4±2.36 a 1.56±0.24 83.10±9.56b
Mori gate
407.44±28.44 3241±273.40 a 3.4±0.56 18.75±4.15ns 1.76±0.12 100. 5±6.12 a
Delhi gate
457.44±31.62 2731±301.77 a 4.6±1.32 2.45±0.42 a 2.0±0.26 243±14.26 a
Barapullah
333.36±19.23 2592.8±205.38 a 3.0±1.10 12.6±2.52ns 1.24±0.34 92.48±7.08 a
Maharanibagh
185.2±11.68 7185±468.64 a 6.4±1.84 15.5±3.65 a 1.89±0.11 96.30±8.16b
Kalkaji
351.88±27.39 2870.6±239.35 a 2.8±0.36 2.6±0.66 a 2.1±0.09 72.0±9.39 a
Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD

14. WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg L-1)- 10; Nitrate (NO3), (mg L-1)- 45; Nitrites (NO2), (mg L-1)- 0.1
Sample
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(mg/l)
Nitrate (as NO3) Nitrite (NO2)
Ground
water
Drain Leachate
Ground
water
Drain Leachate
Ground
water
Drain
Leachate
Najafgarh
7.12±1.21 280.22±18.13ns 0.09±0.01 131.79±10.57 a 3.22±0.22 0.10±0.02 a
Okhla
4.51±0.58 402.25±22.35b 13.04±0.23 1306±44.25 a 0.09±0.00 29.75±2.34 a
Shahdara
3.81±0.48 382.5±13.48 a 20.46±2.14 201.15±15.42b 0.41±0.03 4.25±0.79 b
Khyberpass
4.28±0.75 285.21±14.28 a 19.35±3.52 88.20±7.26 a 0 2.74±0.56 a
Mori gate
3.9±0.23 363.5±17.64 a 51.65±6.19 597.45±27.89 a 0 130.23±4.55 a
Delhi gate
4.7±0.68 48.5±4.01 a 0.12±0.0 123.29±19.89 a 0 0.59±0.13 a
Barapullah
5.0±0.75 310.0±16.87 a 132.19±11.07 471.23±34.18 a 1.68±0.05 4.44±0.68 a
Maharanibagh
4.78±0.40 481.45±23.16 a 96.3±14.25 752.8±46.89 a 0.05±0.0 18.08±2.10 a
Kalkaji
8.45±0.68 242.62±16.92 a 18.16±1.41 1172.98±117.22 a 0.08±0.0 4.94±0.36 a
Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite

15. Sample
Total Coliform Count (MPN/100ml) Fecal Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)
Groundwater Drain leachate Groundwater Drain leachate
Najafgarh 2.99 4.81 1.60 4.39
Okhla 1.91 4.91 1.17 4.68
Shahdara 2.87 4.85 2.16 4.56
Khyberpass 0 4.05 0 3.83
Mori gate 2.72 4.14 1.30 3.93
Delhi gate 2.15 4.44 1.41 4.13
Barapullah 2.65 4.54 0.95 4.10
Maharanibagh 2.07 4.45 1.28 4.26
Kalkaji 0 4.25 0 3.99
Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count
WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero

16. 3.8
0
0.80 1.24
16
2.7
1.5
0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.005 0.01 0.0001 0.1 0.05
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Lead (mg/l) Cadmium (mg/l) Arsenic (mg/l) Mercury (mg/l) Nickel (mg/l) Total chromium
(mg/l)
mg/l O D S O C L O D L WHO limit
0 0 0 0 0
0.3
0
0
0.5
0
0.05
0 0
0.23
0
0.5
0
0.05
0 0
0.12
0
0.22
0 0 0 0 0
0.05
0.1
0.005 0.01 0.0001
0.1
0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Cyanide (mg/l) Lead (mg/l) Cadmium
(mg/l)
Arsenic (mg/l) Mercury (mg/l) Nickel (mg/l) Total
chromium
(mg/l)
mg/l
S D S K D S MG D S MB D S WHO limit
18.5
2.5 3.06
18.2
13.6
2.8
0.38 0 0 0
6.2
1.04
0 0.3 0
0.1 0.01 0.0001 0.1 0.05
0
5
10
15
20
Lead (mg/l) Arsenic (mg/l) Mercury (mg/l) Nickel (mg/l) Total chromium (mg/l)
mg/l
DG D S DG C L DG D L WHO limit
Heavy metals detected

17. Recommendations
• Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the
leaching of contaminants
• Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the
sewer before sewage release into drains would
further prevent overloading of drains with
contaminants
• Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be
enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of
toxic chemicals in drains

18. Zero Discharge of Effluent
Domestic
Use
Process
Use
STP
ETP
ETP & STP
treated
water
Tertiary
Treatment
Fresh
Water
Use for Horticulture

19. • The government could also consider subsidizing
sanitation projects at the level of individuals or
community and also play a bigger role
- providing community latrines like toilet blocks
- distribution of soaps
- inculcating hygienic habits starting from school
children
• Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further
and strengthened
• The private corporate sector can also be tapped to
participate in this endeavor through resources
under CSR
• Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every
household having total sanitation

20. Principles of ecosanitation
NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS
closing the loop
between sanitation and
agriculture
FOOD
FOOD
Pathogen
destruction

21. • Surface and groundwater
contamination through
indiscriminate use of
Agrochemicals (pesticides) use
-Rice
-Cotton
-Vegetables
Ministry of Environment and Forests

22. • Farmers use higher doses ignoring the
prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide
formulations are either adulterated or do not
have the prescribed active ingredient of
optimum quantity
• This leads to severe contamination of the soil
besides the agricultural produce may carry
high pesticide residues
• Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the
nearby streams by runoff water and also leach
down to contaminate the groundwater
• Farmers also use banned pesticides which are
easily available and are cheap

23. Area study and Site selection
Crop Pesticide
Usage
Area Sites River
Vegetable 9% Delhi Yamuna
Khaddar
Yamuna
Rice 29% Noida Badoli
Banger
Hindon
Cotton 27% Sirsa Punjuwan Ghaggar

25. Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value
* BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water
Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In
Surface water and Groundwater
Pesticides Vegetable Rice Cotton
GW SW GW SW GW SW
Organochlorine Pesticide (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-
HCH, δ-HCH, Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II,
Endosulfansulfate, Dicofol, p, p’DDE and p,p’
DDT )
31.2% 45% 31.9% 61.1% 65.2% 91.6%
Organophosphate Pesticide (Phorate,
Dimethoate, Phosphamedion, Methyl
Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos,
Quinalaphos, Profenophos, Ethion)
19.4% 25% 13.8% 52.7% 91.6% All
Synthetic Pyrethroids (β cyfluthrin,
fenpropathrin, λ cyhalothrin, Alpha
cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvelerate)
BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
Herbicides (alachlor, fluchloralin, butachlor,
pendimethalin)
43.7% 25% 6.25% 12.5% 81.2% 75%

26. Recommendations
• Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides
• Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use
• Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and
awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which
in turn adversely affect the environment and public health
• If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic
and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis,
skin irritation and problem with the development of early
childhood
• Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for
leaching beyond national regulatory levels
• Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned
and adulterated pesticides

27. • New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that
degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to
the farmers
• Promotion for the use of integrated pest management
methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the
judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical
control methods of pests
• Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use
of pesticides
• Popular articles to be published for public awareness for
regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages
for the proper disinfection, filtration system through
adsorption and boiling of the water

28. To study the dissipation, leaching and persistence of
Chlorpyrifos in three types of soils with different pH
• Chlorpyrifos is being used by pest controllers in buildings
for termite control beyond the prescribed dosages of 1 L/M2
of 20% EC formulation (recommended by BIS) in India
• Farmers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their
ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available
• It is a neurotoxin that presents particular dangers to the
developing brains and bodies of children, unconsciousness,
convulsions, and death can result with sufficient exposure
Amity Institute of Environmental
Toxicology,
Safety and Management
Department of Science and Technology

29. The area and site selected for the study were:
Soil Texture pH Area Site
Neutral Sandy
loam
6.9 Delhi Nazafgarh
Alkali Sandy
loam
9.2 Haryana KVK, Ujha
village, Panipat
Acidic Sandy
loam
5.5 Uttarakhand KVK, Lohaghat,
Champawat

30. Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling
Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling
Neutral
Soil Site
Acidic Soil Site
Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling
Alkali
Soil Site

31. Chlorpyrifos Residue Contamination In
Leachate of Neutral, Acidic and Alkali Soil
pH of soil Single dose treatment Double dose treatment
Neutral (6.9) 37.74% 85.16%
Acidic (5.5) 51.52% 91.15%
Alkali (9.2) 35.31% 73.73%

32. Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different
formulations after treatment
WP-Wettable Powder
EC-Emulsifiable Concentration
WG- Wettable Granules
LC-Liquid Concentration
ME-Microencapsulation

33. Recommendations
• Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH
and texture of the soil
• Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro
encapsulation and slow release which have low
adverse impact on the environment

34. 34st India Scientific Expedition
to Antarctica as part of the
NCAOR programme on
environmental monitoring
• Environmental toxicological
studies on Schirmacher
(Maitri) station in Antarctic
region

35. Environmental Science Courses at Amity
B.Sc. Environmental Sciences
Courses:
1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution)
2. Waste Management
M.Sc. Environmental Sciences
Courses:
1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes
2. Solid Waste management
Ph.D. Environmental Sciences
Courses:
1. Aquatic Ecology
2. Advances in Water Quality & Management
3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management
New Course – M.Tech. (Water technology)

37. Natural filter material
First layer of soil
Second layer of oil
Third layer of soil
20
20
20
Stones & Pebbles
Filter
Fraction collector
Water OR Waste effluent
Soil Column
Diameter - 22 cm
Height - 130 cm
Vegetation
Pump
Flow control knob

38. Water brings civilization in existence
It leaves behind all the cultural resistance
Discoveries of land and countries
Are through water ways
Vasco-de-Gama discovered India
Sailing for many days
Dispersion and adoption of religions
Are through waterways
But man is becoming malicious
Exhausting all the natural resources
Making short term benefits
Without considering long term losses
Ocean, river, wells and lakes
Falls, springs, ponds and rains
Polluted and turned into drains
By selfish means and gains
Fresh water source are depleting
Ground water level is sinking
Sea water would be the only source
To quench our thirst for our life discourse

39. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

42. WET LABORATORY

44. Fume hood for Toxicological Analysis

46. "Save earth
to bring worth
for the new birth"
THANK YOU