World History

4. Yi Dynasty in Korea in Decline
 Under Yi rule from 1392 Korea preserved
a correct tributary relationship in China,
which was often referred to by Koreans
as “elder brother”.
 Chinese largely influence Korea on
Confucianism and the adoption of the
Chinese examination.
 Korea experienced a lively cultural growth
and fixed their capital in Seoul.

5.  Korean society remained hierarchical
although the system is supposed to be
conformed in Confucian code.
The reasons of declination:
 The unity and vigor are not maintained
 Its authorities was progressively
weakened by chronic conflicts among
bureaucratic and court factions
 Devastated by the invasion of the
Japanese warlord Hideyoshi
 Invaded by the Manchus in 1626.

6. Korea was especially poorly
prepared to meet the challenge
posed by Western and then
Japanese imperialist in the
nineteenth century.

7. Rejection of Foreign ideas
The Korean establishment and government
were rigidly opposed to any and all foreign
influences or presences and had no
interest in adopting Western technology
even in self-defense.
Catholic missionaries and their
converts were persecuted both
foreign and heretical-that is, anti-
Confucian-and Christianity was driven
underground.

8. Korea was called Hermit Kingdom because of
its seclusionist and antiforeign attitude.
It increased the foreign curiosity and
determination to “open” the country to trade.
Started on 1860, Korea pulled the covers
over its head and hope the foreigners would
go away.

9. Shipwrecked mariners were treated roughly
and expelled. Fired on and drove off foreign
ships that tried to establish contact.
Christianity did spread despite persecution.
Followers in Korea called it “practical
learning”.
Tiger hunters- they are bands of armed men
who attacked foreigners to repel small-scale
foreign expeditions.

10. Tonghak or “Eastern Learning”,
founded by a poor village scholar, Ch’oe
Che-u(1824-1864)
- A religious cult which opposed to
Western learning and all foreign
influences.

11. Tae-wongun
(“Grand
Prince”)-
instituted a
series of
conservative
reforms to
restore the
golden age of Yi
dynasty.

12. Foreign Contention for Korea
 With the Meiji Restoration of 1868,
Japan began to acquire new strength and
new ambition.
 U.S went to China with five warships to
the mouth of Han River and sent his
surveyors up river toward Seoul.
 the Americans demanded an apology, and
when none was forthcoming, destroyed
five forts by gunfire and killed 250
Koreans.

13.  Li Hung-Chang- he
take control of
relations with and for
Korea and tried to
foster “self-
strengthening”.
Yuan Shih-K’ai – a young
Chinese commander in Korea
who defeated the guards of
the Japanese legation and
rescued the king.

14. Both powers agreed to withdraw their
troops and military advisers and to
notify each other before sending them
back.
The affair was
settled by an
agreement
between Li Hung-
0chang and Ito
Herobumi of
Japan- known as Li-
Ito convention.

15. In 1896 Korea became Japanese property
and suffered terribly.
Japan brutally suppressed all efforts and
protest, which they labeled “riots”, killing
over 12,000 people.
Korea was officially annexed to the
Japanese Empire the following year as
Chosen Province.

16.  Japanese rule from 1910 to 1945
 Japan milked Korea of much of its raw
materials and foods.
 Koreans were obliged to take Japanese
names; there language could not be used
publicly or taught in schools.
 Few Koreans took education that time.

18. March 1, 1919- a mass demonstration
of nationalist feelings and grievances
took place .
Over 1 million Koreans marched
peacefully in Seoul.
They were met by Japanese force; over
20,000 were killed or injured.
1929- Koreans was forced to use only
Japanese textbooks and language.

20.  Japanese regarded Koreans as second-
class Japanese.
 Japanese spoke to them as “dirty” and
as smelling of garlic.
 Korea became second to Philippines as
the Asian country with the largest
Christian proportion of its population
by 1950.
 The Korean Communist party was
founded in 1925 but was kept
ineffective by the Japanese police and
their agents

21. Divisions and War
 1945 – formal Japanese surrender
 Soviet dominated Communist
government - ruled the north from its
capital at Pyongyang.
 U.S. Client Government - ruled the
south with its capital at Seoul.
 Syngman Rhee – became the first
president of the Republic of South.

22. Syngman Rhee

23.  Kim II Sung – headed the Democratic
People’s Republic of North.
 Both were puppets of bitterly rival
superpowers.
 The Korea has been called “ the anvil of
East Asia” because of being fought
over by China, Japan, Russia and United
States.

24. Kim II Sung

25. The war caused enormous
destruction in both halves of the
divided country and greatly set
back Korean economic growth; in
all, about 800,000 North and
South Korean combatants, nearly
800,000 Chinese, and about
56,000 UN troops.

26.  By 1960’s the South had begun to
recover from the war and by 1970’s it
had lept ahead economically.
 Syngman Rhee was forced to resign as
president in 1960 after his dictatorial
style had alienated not only his rivals
but many of his supporters.

27.  General Park Chung-hee
was subsequently confirmed
as president in the elections
of 1963 and ruled until 1969.
 He was assassinated by the Korean
Central Intelligence agency.
 General Chun Doo-hwan seized control.
 There were widespread of
protest and demonstrations
and hundreds were killed .

28.  Roh Tae-woo – he was directly voted by
the people to be their president.
 South Korea began to move toward a
more democratic order.
 Vertical conglomerates such as Hyundai
and Samsung emerged.
 As south Korea continue to rose it
became one of the most polluted cities
in the world.
 Kim II Sung, created world crisis in
1994 and as he died, he was suceeded
by his son, Kim Jong II.

29. Southeast Asia Since World War II
 In Vietnam – struggle against the French
colonialism and American invasion
 In Philippines – uprising of peasant
Communist (Hukbalahaps)
 In 1965, Indonesian military, with
American CIA support, killed over half
million innocent Indonesian Chinese

30.  In Malaya from 1943 to 1957, a small
group of Chinese residents led an
insurrection, using Mao’s example of
guerilla warfare.
 In Burma, there were major
Communist-led revolts from 1948 to
1950.
 Burma won its independence from
Britain in 1947.

31.  Vietnam has long been under the shadow
of adjacent China.
 Conquered and incorporated into the
Ch’in empire, under the Han, armies of
the T’ang, Sung and repelled three
successive Mongol conquest.
 But despite of the bitter history
towards China, Vietnam adopted most of
Chinese culture.

33.  In 19th century they began persecution
of both, killing many priests and as many
30,000 converts died.
 They capture Saigon, the south capital,
and take over the surrounding provinces.
 The Sino-Vietnamese war against the
French lasted from 1883 to 1885
 France drained resources from Vietnam.
 French period saw rapid growth of
landlordism and sharecropping.
 French brutally suppressed all political
expression.
 They ran Vietnam as police-state.
 Ho Chih Minh, organized the communist
party of Vietnam in 1930. The world
depression and drought-induced famine
causing great suffering in Vietnam.
 Thousands were killed, executed and
exiled.
 French rule was ended by the Japanese
conquest.

34. Ho Chih Minh

35. Vietnam’s 30 Years of War
• Viet Minh, or League for the Indepenence
of Vietnam – Vietnamese nationalist
organized by Ho.
• September 1945 – Ho proclaimed the
independent Democratic Republic of
Vietnam
• November 1946 – French naval bombarded
Haiphong killing 10,000 civilians and
landed troops.
• “ Endless War “ had began.

36.  With the superior American equipment,
the French reconquered all of the cities
by early 1947.
 After 1949, China sent economic aid,
training and arms to the Viet Minh.
 Geneva Conference 1954 – French
agreed to give up their struggle.
 In 1955 – Bao Dai declared
himself president of the
Republic of Vietnam.

37.  January 1968, during Tet ( Vietnamese
New Year), North Vietnamese forces
mounted a surprise attack on 15 cities
in the south, fighting together with
NLF ( National Liberation Front)
 Strategic hamlets - a fortified
encampments wherein other villagers
were forced to live.
 Peace talks had begun with the North
Vietnamese in Paris in 1968.

38.  In 1976 – the country was formally
reunited as the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam, with its capital at Hanoi; Saigon
was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
 From the beginning of World War II (
1945-1975) 2 million dead, mainly military
personnel but including very large
numbers of civilians, about 4 million
soldiers and civilians were wounded and 1
million refugees, driven from homes by
fighting.

41. • French reoccupied Cambodia in 1945
and granted its independence under the
rule of Prince Norodom Sihanouk.
• In 1969, the Americans began their so-
called secret bombing in Cambodia, in an
effort to block the flow of supplies
from North to South Vietnam.

42. • The united States begin to withdraw
from Vietnam in 19773, Cambodia
became their target, in a campaign of
“carpet-bombing” that in eight months
dropped twice the explosive tonnage
that was droped on Japan in the whole
of World War II.
• Phnom Penh was hopelessly
overcrowded with 2 million refugees.

45. • In 1975, the country was taken over
by the communist, under the
leadership of the man who called
himself Pol Pot.
• His forces was known around the
world as the Khmer Rouge.
• He ordered the entire population of
Phnom Penh to leave their homes and
work indefinitely in the countryside.
• As many as 4 million Cambodians died
in this holocaust in 1975

46. Pol Pot
Khmer Rouge

47. • Cambodia was cut off from all foreign
connections.
• Cambodia too announced a “Great Leap
Forward”, with much the same
consequences in human suffering and
economic chaos as in China a decade
earlier.
• Pol Pot’s agents continued to torture
and murder many thousands.
• In 1979 the Vietnamese army
intervened.

48. Great Leap Forward

49. A pro-Vietnamese government was
installed at Phnom Penh as the People’s
Republic of Kampuchea.
Cambodia became a bloody battleground
for two decades.
In 1991, official Americcann opinion was
at last edging way from support of Pol
Pot, who announced his official
“retirement”.

50. • In tiny, mountainous, isolated Laos, there
has been little peace since 1945.
• By 1963, Laos was engulf in a bloody civil
war.
• Vietnamese support for the Communist
and their use of Lao territory along the
frontier as part of their massive and
immensely destructive American bombing
of Laos, producing uncounted casualties
and nearly 1 million refugees.

51. But Laos, a poor country to begin with,,
still suffered from the destruction of
chronic warfare and from its use as a
pawn in contest between outside powers.

53. The rest of mainland Southeast Asia has
had a varied history since 1945. Only
Burma has failed to win internal order or
benefit from rapid economic growth, while
Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore have
been among the most rapidly growing
economies in the world.

54. • Many Burmese had joined an Anti-
Fascist People’s Freedom League, led
by Aung San and fought the Japanese.
• AFPFL make demonstrations and
strikes to take their independence.
• Burma won its independence in January
1948.
• Aung San was assassinated and U Nu,
his vice president, became the first
independent premier.

55. • Burma made little or no economic progress
as the central government was increasingly
paralyzed by divisions and bureaucratic
ineptitude.
• In 1962, army general Ne Win seized
power.
• The economy slowed even more, and there
were much unemployment.
• In 1989 the military government changed
the spelling of the country’s name to
Myanmar, linguistically and phonetically
equivalent to Burma.

57. Forced collaboration with the Japanese
had saved the country from the
destruction suffered by most of the rest
of Southeast Asia
General Sarit – built wide
political support by
effectively promoting
economic development and
education.

58.  Thailand remains at least nominally a
monarchy despite the reforms of
1932.
 Bangkok had become a huge,
overcrowded city of industry and
trade..
 There were rebellions, fueled by
poverty and organized by the small
Thai Communist party. Dissent were
repressed, but Thai society had been
transformed by economic growth.

60. Bangkok

61. Malaya and Singapore
 Malaya suffered brutal Japanese
invasion and occupation.
 The battle of the colonial government
against what was called The Emergency
lasted 10 years.
 The independence agreement with the
British took effect in August of 1957
 Malays were given the dominant position
in the new state

62.  In 1963 Singapore joined Malaya.
 Islam was the official state religion.
 There were growing industrial sector in
Malaya, with some high-tech electronics
and other consumer goods.
 Singapore became a major banking as
well as trade center.

63. Malaya under Japanese

65.  Former Dutch East Indies
 Achmed Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta
– chief Indonesian leaders who actively
collaborated with the Japanese but
were ineffective n moderating Japanese
brutality.
 They announced Indonesia’s
independence as a republic two days
after the Japanese surrender

67.  The Americans and the United
Nations withdrew their support for
the Dutch, and at the end of 1949 the
Dutch were obliged to grant full
independence.
 The territory was scattered over
some 3,000 separate islands
stretched along more than 3,000
miles.
 Christianity had spread widely
promoted by Portuguese and Dutch
missionaries

68. • Bahasa Indonesian, was created by the
new government as a new national
language.
• In 1965, a horrendous bloodbath
happen were 500,000 to 1 million
unresisting people were killed.
• Bribery became even more widespread
• Most Indonesians remained poor as
population continued to grow rapidly.

69. • Hukbalahap (People’s Anti-Japanese Army)
– was involved in the war with the
Japanese.
• The granting of independence on 1946 was
welcomed.
• As communism triumphed in China and
Vietnam and appeared to threaten Malaya,
Cambodia, and Laos, the Americans became
fearful for the Philippines and lined up in
support of successive conservative
governments.

70. Hukbalahap Movement

71. • Filipinos admired and copied much of
American culture
• Corruption became a trademark of
Philippine politics, and the government
was unable to control destructive
inflation, rebuild the shattered economy,
or defeat the Huks.
• Louis Taruc- a communist and the head
of Hukbalahap, a guerilla group that
fought against the Japanese occupation

72.  Ramon Magsaysay - he put down the
Huk rebellion (1953) .
- He was killed in a plane crash in
1957
 Ferdinand Marcos – elected president
in 1965 and reelected in 1969.
- Instead of having democracy for
the Philippines he pushed to
“constitutional authoritarianism”
- He declared Martial Law on 1972
- a great democrat

73.  The press was controlled, many
thousands were arrested, jailed, and
tortured, normal legal procedures were
suspended, and the army was built up.
 He proclaimed a New Society on 1973
 Government became even more
dominated by cronyism and assossiated
corruption, most of all by Marcos and
his wife, Imelda.

74.  New People’s Army- a reorganized
Communist party same as the Huks.
 Corazon Aquino- Benigno’s widow (who
was shot down at Manila Airport when
he returned from US) defeated Marcos
in the elections in 1986
 Fidel Ramos- succeeded Corazon in
1992
- He made commendable
progress and begun to stimulate healthier
economic growth