The document summarizes the process of fertilization and early embryonic development. It describes how the zygote is formed in the fallopian tube and then travels down the tube towards the uterus, undergoing cell division. During this time, it develops from a zygote to a morula as it divides into a cluster of cells. As it enters the uterus around 4 days, fluid begins to penetrate the zona pellucida and the morula begins to form a blastocyst, with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. The blastocyst implants and the zona pellucida degrades, allowing hatching to occur around 6 days after fertilization.
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Ben Ambridge walks through 10 popular ideas about psychology that have been proven wrong and uncovers a few surprising truths about how our brains really work.
A brief history of the most well-documented and provocative UFO sightings (along with declassified government documents) and a discussion of the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) and alternatives, such as the interdimensional/control system theory promoted by Jacques Vallee.
The video of this presentation is also available, and will help makes sense of some of the slides that lack text and descriptions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MA0zQdbFfY&feature=youtu.be
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Ben Ambridge walks through 10 popular ideas about psychology that have been proven wrong and uncovers a few surprising truths about how our brains really work.
A brief history of the most well-documented and provocative UFO sightings (along with declassified government documents) and a discussion of the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) and alternatives, such as the interdimensional/control system theory promoted by Jacques Vallee.
The video of this presentation is also available, and will help makes sense of some of the slides that lack text and descriptions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MA0zQdbFfY&feature=youtu.be
UX, ethnography and possibilities: for Libraries, Museums and ArchivesNed Potter
These slides are adapted from a talk I gave at the Welsh Government's Marketing Awards for the LAM sector, in 2017.
It offers a primer on UX - User Experience - and how ethnography and design might be used in the library, archive and museum worlds to better understand our users. All good marketing starts with audience insight.
The presentation covers the following:
1) An introduction to UX
2) Ethnography, with definitions and examples of 7 ethnographic techniques
3) User-centred design and Design Thinking
4) Examples of UX-led changes made at institutions in the UK and Scandinavia
5) Next Steps - if you'd like to try out UX at your own organisation
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality. Imagine transmitting signals directly to someone's brain that would allow them to see, hear or feel specific sensory inputs. Consider the potential to manipulate computers or machinery with nothing more than a thought. It isn't about convenience, for severely disabled people, development of a brain-computer interface (BCI) could be the most important technological breakthrough in decades.
A Brain-computer interface, sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device. It is the ultimate in development of human-computer interfaces or HCI. BCIs being the recent development in HCI there are many realms to be explored. After experimentation three types of BCIs have been developed namely Invasive BCIs, Partially-invasive BCIs, Non-invasive BCIs.
Currently there are no proper managed system which can give all the information’s easily at one place, if a person wants to know about the current event happening around him, then he have to use a pc to search related information and there are no proper website exists which provides all the information at the same place, then if he gets the event location even though he have to suffer a lot to reach that place, in the stadium after taking the seat if the person wants to eat something or order something he need to go to the food court nearby him which again need a lot of time in the searching process in the main time they may miss a lot of stuff in the show . This is what the existing unmanaged system look like.
The Fun and Food application can manage all those things in a very good and efficient way, The application is very powerful and efficient that it can locate user’s required position and track all the nearby fun and food zones currently available, if user selects any zone the app will automatically provide the minimum detail about the zone i.e., minimum cost, entry fee such kind of detail are being displayed in the app. We will get the zones on the base of location which will be a viewed in a list which contains the entire fun and food zones at that particular location.
As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality. Imagine transmitting signals directly to someone's brain that would allow them to see, hear or feel specific sensory inputs. Consider the potential to manipulate computers or machinery with nothing more than a thought. It isn't about convenience, for severely disabled people, development of a brain-computer interface (BCI) could be the most important technological breakthrough in decades.
A Brain-computer interface, sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device. It is the ultimate in development of human-computer interfaces or HCI. BCIs being the recent development in HCI there are many realms to be explored. After experimentation three types of BCIs have been developed namely Invasive BCIs, Partially-invasive BCIs, Non-invasive BCIs.
A second type of cell division called meiosis takes place in multicellular eukaryotes. This is a reduction division in which the daughter cells receive exactly half the number of chromosomes of the mother cells.
Meiosis occurs in the production of gametes—the sperm of the males and the eggs of the females. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, a zygote is produced with the appropriate number of chromosomes for the species—in humans (and potatoes) the zygote and the somatic (body) cells produced from it have 46 chromosomes. This is the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes, half of which have come from the sperm nucleus, half from the egg. The sperm and egg are haploid ( n); they carry half the number of chromosomes of the body cells (in humans, 23 in each sperm and egg). Meiosis thus makes it possible to maintain a constant number of chromosomes in a species that reproduces sexually by halving the number of chromosomes in the reproductive cells. Meiosis uses many of the same mechanisms as mitosis and is assumed to have been derived from mitosis after the latter procedures were in place in some early organisms millenia ago.
Figure 1 shows the stages of mitosis, and Figure 2 shows the stages of meiosis. Note that the names for the stages are the same as those of mitosis, with the addition of a numeral to designate either the first or the second divisional stage. Both divisions are part of meiosis; not until the final four daughter cells are produced is the process complete.
Synapsis in Prophase I is a decisive interval in determining the inheritance of the daughter cells. At this time, genetic recombination can occur; that is, daughter cells may receive combined traits of their two parents rather than simply the trait from one or the other. This is possible because the phenomenon called crossing over often occurs when the chromatids lie together—segments containing similar alleles break apart and rejoin to the corresponding segment of the opposite chromatid, thus mixing the traits from individual parents.
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
3 GEN EMBRYOLOGY third Week 3 germ layer .pptxAkhilaV16
third wk there is formation of three germ layers. primitive streek and prochordal plate forms the intra embyyonic mesoderm. the epiblast cells replace all the 3 germ layers. iem is converted to paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderms
The physiological processes that regulate parturition and the onset of labor continue to be defined. It is clear, however, that labor onset represents the culmination of a series of biochemical changes in the uterus and cervix. These result from endocrine and paracrine signals emanating from both mother and fetus.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. • Fertilization occurs in the ampullary part of fallopian
tube so zygote is formed in the ampullary part of
fallopian tube.
•
• Immediately after its formation it starts:
• 1. Moving towards uterus
• 2. Multiplying mitotically
5.
6.
7. • Zygote immediately after its formation, in the
ampullary part, is guided medially through the
uterine tube toward the uterine cavity.
• As the zygote, passes through the uterine
tube, it undergoes mitotic cell divisions known
as cleavage.
8. • This phase of development begins with the
first mitotic division of the zygote and ends
with formation of blastocyst.
• It extends for 6 to 7 days or a week.
9. • The 1st division of zygote gives rise to two
daughter cells. They are called blastomeres.
• Each blastomere is half the size of parent cell.
They develop about 30 hours after
fertilization.
• Subsequent divisions follow one another,
forming progressively smaller blastomeres.
10. • After three or four divisions, the zygote, looks
like a mulberry and is known as morula (L.
Morus, mulberry).
• It is a solid mass of 12 to 16 cells
(blastomeres).
• This stage is reached about three days after
fertilization and the mass of cells is about to
enter the uterus.
11.
12. • At this time, the morula consists of a group of
centrally located cells, the inner cell mass, and
a surrounding layer, the outer cell mass.
13. • The inner cell mass will give rise to the tissues
of the embryo proper, while the outer cell
mass forms the trophoblast which later
contributes in the formation of placenta and
other membranes.
• Note also the degeneration process of zona
pellucida.
14. • Morula enters uterine cavity about 4th day
after fertilization. As the morula enters the
uterine cavity fluid begins to penetrate
through the zona pellucida. Spaces appear
between the inner cell mass and outer cell
mass.
15.
16. • During the formation of blastocele the cells of
outer cell mass becomes flattened.
• So the outer cell mass is now a single layer of
flattened cells forming the wall of blastocyst
and it is now given the name trophoblast
(Gr. Trophe, nutrition), which will form
placenta and associated membranes.
17. • The cells of the inner cell mass are attached to
one side of trophoblast and project into the
blastocyst cavity.
• They are now referred to as embryoblast,
which will form the embryo.
18.
19. • The zygote lies free in the uterine
secretions for about two days.
• During this time the zona pellucida
degenerates and disappears. The
blastocyst hatches out and this is called
hatching of blastocyst.
20. • At about 6th day after fertilization the
embryonic pole of the blastocyst becomes
attached to the endometrium and start
penetrating into it.
21. Zona pellucida
• Zona pellucida is created around primary
oocyte when primordial follicle is transformed
into primary follicle.
• So Zona Pellucida is not present in primordial
follicle while primary follicle is characterized
by Zona Pellucida.
22. • This Zona Pellucida is present in all follicles
(primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary
follicles and Gra’afian follicles) except
primordial follicles.
• Zona Pellucida surrounds primary oocyte and
itself Zona Pellucida is surrounded by
granulosa cells.
23. • Just before ovulation the primary oocyte is
converted into secondary oocyte and it is
always the secondary oocyte, which ovulates.
• Now the Zona Pellucida contains secondary
oocyte and first polar body.
24. • After ovulation the granulosa cells
surrounding the secondary oocyte and zona
pellucida are given the name corona radiata
cells.
25. • During fertilization the sperms after passing
through corona radiata, become attached to
Zona Pellucida. The enzymes released from
the acrosome (esterases, acrosin, and
neuraminidase) causes lysis of Zona Pellucida,
thereby forming a path for the sperm through
Zona Pellucida.
26. • After fertilization Zona Pellucida contains
ovum with two polar bodies.
• Zona pellucida remains present around zygote
and morula at different stages of
development.
27. • Shortly after the morula enters the uterus
(about 4 days after fertilization), fluid starts
appearing within the morula between the
blastomeres.
• This fluid passes from the uterine cavity
through the zona pellucida to form spaces.