Determine which of these statements describing the cytochrome P450 f.pdf
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Determine which of these statements describing the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes or the mechanism of action are true. a) The iron in cytochrome P450s can exist in both Fe2 and Fe3 states in a single catalytic cycle. b) The coenzyme NADPH can serve as a source of electrons for cytochrome P450s. c) Fe3 acts as a general base during the catalytic cycle. d) Each cytochrome P450 isoform can act on only one specific organic substrate. e) Cytochrome P450 uses molecular oxygen (O2) as a reactant. f) The activity of cytochrome P450 generally results in carboxylated products. Please include an explanation with your answer! Thank you. Solution Cytochrome P450 is a class of enzymes essential for many metabolic reactions. This includes about 50 enzymes. ‘Heme’ is the cofactor of all these enzymes, means ‘heme’ is present in the active site of the enzyme. ‘Heme’ shifts from Ferrous and ferric states as electrons are accepted and donated. So, statement (a) is totally correct. And this iron component is present in the centre of porphyrin ring. So, single/same catalytic site is there for ferrous and ferric. In mitochondria, electrons are transferred from NADPH by cytochrome P450 reductase. So, statement (b) is correct. Base is anything which accepts protons. Fe3 (ferric) accepts protons from oxygen in mitochondria. So, statement (c) is also correct. Statement (d) is incorrect. There are several isoforms of P450. Among these CYP3A4 is the most important. It metabolizes nearly half of the total drugs used in clinical biology nowadays. These include codeine, acetaminophen, erythromycin etc. So, one isoform would act on many organic substrates. Statement (e) is correct. Yes, it uses molecular oxygen, and converts it to water. Statement (f) is incorrect. Activity of cytochrome P450 resulted in formation of water (by reduction of oxygen); this is not a carboxylated product..
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International Journal of Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta
We here introduced and elucidated the mechanism of hydrolysis reaction of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules for generation of bio-energy in the living Systems, in which the detained reaction processes of hydrolysis of ATP molecules and its properties, The center effects and functions of ATP molecules in the life activity, AIP enzyme and production of bio-energy in the hydrolysis of ATP molecules and The formation of ATP molecules and its relation with Δ-μH+ were described and explained. From these introductions and results we understand and knew that this mechanism of generation of bio-energy is its an important form, which exists widely in the life bodies of generation of bio-energy. Therefore, to elucidate and research this mechanism and its properties have quite important meanings in biology, biochemistry and biophysics.
Chemiosmotic Theory
A Remarkable Conflict Between Biochemical Dogma And Radical Concept :
Traditional Concept :
By the 1950s it had been clearly established that oxidative phosphorylation involved the stepwise transfer of electrons through a series of carriers to molecular oxygen. But how the energy derived from these electron transfer reactions was converted to ATP remained a mystery. The general assumption was that ADP was converted to ATP by direct transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from some other intermediate. Thus it was postulated that high-energy intermediates were produced as a result of electron transfer reactions and that these intermediates drove ATP synthesis by phosphate group transfer.
Concept Proposed By Peter Mitchell :
The fundamental proposal of the chemiosmotic hypothesis was that the “intermediate” that coupled electron transport to ATP synthesis was a proton electrochemical gradient across the membrane. Mitchell postulated that such a gradient was produced by electron transport and that the flow of protons back across the membrane in the energetically favorable direction was then coupled to ATP synthesis
Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration, fo f1 model of ATpase & ...
Chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration, fo f1 model of ATpase & ...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
introduction
f0 f1 AT pase model
chemiosmotic regeneration of ATP during respiration
role in ATP synthesiseOxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation in Plants
It is like a summary of oxidative phosphorylation and reference to textbooks is required before presentation.
Part of the energy producting structure which contains the cytochrome.pdf
Part of the energy producting structure which contains the cytochrome system.
Solution
protein containing heme that participates in the phase of biochemical respiration called oxidative
phosphorylation
. Cytochromes act as carriers of hydride ions
Any of a group of proteins that carry as prosthetic groups various iron porphyrins called hemes.
Hemes also constitute prosthetic groups for other proteins, but the function of prosthetic groups
in the cytochromes is largely restricted to oxidation to the ferric heme, with the iron in the 3+
valence state, and reduction to ferrous heme with a 2+ iron. Thus, by alternate oxidation and
reduction the cytochromes can transfer electrons to and from each other and other substances,
and can operate in the oxidation of substrates. The energy released in their oxidation reactions is
conserved by using it to drive the formation of the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process of coupling the
oxidation of substrates to phosphorylation of ADP is called oxidative phosphorylation. In cells of
eukaryotic organisms, the cytochromes have rather uniform properties; they are part of the
respiratory chain and are located in the mitochondria. In contrast, prokaryotes exhibit much more
varied cytochromes. Cytochromes are found even in metabolic pathways that employ oxidants
other than oxygen..
SKIPPED hich level of biological orga.pdf
SKIPPED hich level of biological organization is composed of several tissues Multiple Choice
organism organ system organ
Solution
3) the answer is organ. Tissue are made up of cells.. Organ are made up of tissues to perform the
particular function..!!
4) the answer is cell which form tissue then many tissue forms organs then similar organ
combines to form organ systems then different organ systems comes from organism..
10) corn belongs to the family of plantae..!! It\'s an angiosperm & monocot comes under grasses
family..
9) the correct order of writing the scientific name is Homo sapeins .. As the first letter should be
capital and the second starting letter should be small. It should be in italics format..
8) the correct order from least to highest is species, genus, family, class, order, phlyum,
Kingdom, domains..!!.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
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International Journal of Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta
We here introduced and elucidated the mechanism of hydrolysis reaction of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules for generation of bio-energy in the living Systems, in which the detained reaction processes of hydrolysis of ATP molecules and its properties, The center effects and functions of ATP molecules in the life activity, AIP enzyme and production of bio-energy in the hydrolysis of ATP molecules and The formation of ATP molecules and its relation with Δ-μH+ were described and explained. From these introductions and results we understand and knew that this mechanism of generation of bio-energy is its an important form, which exists widely in the life bodies of generation of bio-energy. Therefore, to elucidate and research this mechanism and its properties have quite important meanings in biology, biochemistry and biophysics.
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protein containing heme that participates in the phase of biochemical respiration called oxidative
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eukaryotic organisms, the cytochromes have rather uniform properties; they are part of the
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SKIPPED hich level of biological orga.pdf
SKIPPED hich level of biological organization is composed of several tissues Multiple Choice
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Solution
3) the answer is organ. Tissue are made up of cells.. Organ are made up of tissues to perform the
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please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
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Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
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base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
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synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
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tho.
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9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 6 17 34 15 38
swapping 15 and 34
15 is choosing pivot
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Program
def quickSort(alist):
quickSortHelper(alist,0,len(alist)-1)
def quickSortHelper(alist,first,last):
if first= pivotvalue and rightmark >= leftmark:
rightmark = rightmark -1
if rightmark < leftmark:
done = True
else:
temp = alist[leftmark]
alist[leftmark] = alist[rightmark]
alist[rightmark] = temp
temp = alist[first]
alist[first] = alist[rightmark]
alist[rightmark] = temp
return rightmark
alist = [9,34,17,6,15,8]
quickSort(alist)
print(alist)
Mergesort:
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9 34 17 6 15 38
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9 34 17 6 15 38
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9 34 17 6 15 38
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9 17 34 6 15 38
compare two section
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Merges two subarrays of arr[].
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# Second subarray is arr[m+1..r]
def merge(arr, l, m, r):
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n2 = r- m
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Describe some of the different ways members of Congress can represent the American people.
What are the principles behind sociological and agency representation? What are some examples
of each type? Describe the difference between a trustee and a delegate. Which type of
representation do you believe is the best? Describe the electoral connection in Congress.
Describe some examples of constituency service. What are some of the ways a member of
Congress can directly aid their state or district? What effect do incumbency and redistricting
have in the makeup of Congress?
Solution
Congress is the most important representative institution in american government. It is the voice
of the american people. Members of congress consider different views and demands as they
reprsents their district. Member of congress regularly reach out to their constituents and devote a
great amount of staff amount to constituency service . teh farmers of the constitution provided
for bicameral legislature with House and Senate to serve different constituencies . They are Law
and Policy makers and on the other hand represent the needs and the best interest of their
particular constituents.
The Snete is choosen by the state legislatures and serve a total six year term represents the elite
member of society . While the house who are elected by voters in congressional districts serves a
two year term represent the people or well organized local interests.
Sociological representation is a type of representation in which representative have similar racial
, ethnic , religious or educational background as their constituents . Sociological likeness helps
promote good represntation by the government . On the other hand agency representation act as
an agent of his or her constituency. Constituent hire their agency representative and if the
constituent feel they are not being represnted well they can fire their representative .
There are two different ways elected legistators in congress can act. One way is to act as a trustee
. this mean that the legistators will vote and act according to their own personal belief and what
they feel is best for society Unlike the trustee a delegate vote according to whom they represents
. The deligate connects to their constituents completely tries hard to epathize with their feelings
and wants to be liked by the constituents ..
Company B Company C None of them satisfy the requirements. Question9 .pdf
Company B Company C None of them satisfy the requirements. Question9 The 3-way switch on
the Board of Education board should be set to position positionwhen downloading your code.
making modifications to your breadboard and 0 cut of 5 points Selected Answer: 1,o Answers 0,
1 1,0 0, 2 1, 2
Solution
Position 0 (left): is to power OFF while making modifications (adding or changing components).
Position 1 (middle): while LOADING the program.
Position 2 (right): when you\'re READY for the robot to start moving.
So, Answer is 0, 1..
Case 2S [symptoms] 10 month male presents to pediatrician’s offic.pdf
Case 2
S [symptoms]: 10 month male presents to pediatrician’s office with chief complaint of fever and
rash. In usual state of health until 4 days prior to presentation when developed fever, fussiness
and decreased appetite. Mom thought maybe had thrush again because she noted some white
spots in his mouth a day after the fever started but they went away on their own. Last night she
noticed that his eyes started to appear more red and irritated, is now coughing and very
congested and this morning developed rash on face prompting visit
ROS [review of systems]: as above, no emesis, no constipation or diarrhea, +fewer wet diapers
than usual
PMHx [past medical history]: full term, uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery, neonatal
jaundice but did not require phototherapy, thrush at 6 weeks and 3 months of age treated with
nystatin
SHx [social history]: lives with parents and 2 yo sibling who is enrolled in child care. Flew to
California with family 3 weeks ago to visit grandparents, no other travel hx.
Imm: UTD [up to date]
Exam: T- 39.8 [temperature, C]; R -34 [respiratory rate]; P -120 [pulse]; BP-85/62 [blood
pressure]; Pox-98% in room air [pulse oximetry, oxygenation of blood]
Gen [general]: Alert, fussy infant on mom’s lap, crying with exam
HEENT [head, eyes, ear, nose, throat]: Normocephalic/atraumatic, anterior fontanelle fibrous but
flat, extraocular movements intact, pupils equal and reactive to light, +conjunctival erythema
bilaterally without discharge or crusting, nares congested, oropharynx erythematous with
sloughing of buccal and labial mucosa. Tympanic membranes erythematous but with intact
landmarks and light reflex
Neck: supple full range of motion, +1cm bilateral anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
RESP [respiratory]: mildly tachypneic with fair air exchange all fields, +subcostal retractions no
intracostal or suprasternal accessory muscle use, diffuse crackles audible on auscultation all lung
fields no wheezing or rhonchi
COR [cardiac]: tachycardic, regular, nl s1 and split s2, no murmurs, rubs or gallops
Abdomen: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, nontender non distended, no hepatosplenomegaly, no
masses
GU [genital/urinary]: circumcised tanner I male, no rashes
Skin: diffuse erythematous blanching maculopapular rash most prominent/confluent on face,
neck, and upper trunk, palms and soles spared, no desquamation
Extremities: warm and well perfused
a) What were the spots in the infant’s mouth that the mother mistook for thrush?
b) What is your diagnosis, and which symptoms lead you to this conclusion?
c) Which tests will you order to confirm this diagnosis (give the name and state what is being
measured)?
d) The patient is up to date on his vaccinations, so why was he susceptible to this disease? Where
did he likely contract the disease?
e) In an uncomplicated form, this condition is not usually fatal, but what can cause fatalities for
patients with this infection?
f) A similar patient might be admitted to the hospital or might not fo.
A Correlation of zero means that (what)SolutionA value of zer.pdf
A Correlation of zero means that? (what)
Solution
A value of zero indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables.
If the correlation coefficient of two variables is zero, it signifies that there is no linear
relationship between the variables. However, this is only for a linear relationship.
A bank had 5024 depositers, with an avevrage account of $512. Assume.pdf
A bank had 5024 depositers, with an avevrage account of $512. Assume the standard deviation is
$150. Find the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the average balance
for a random sampling of 1000 depositors. (Finite population corrector needed)
Solution
mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
Mean = 512
Standard deviation = s.d/Sqrt(n) = 150/Sqrt(1000) = 4.7434.
You cut your finger, and your skin cells divide to heal up the wou.pdf
You cut your finger, and your skin cells divide to heal up the wound. What type of nuclear
division is happening in the skin cells? (Mitosis or meiosis?) and why.
You cut your finger, and your skin cells divide to heal up the wound. What type of nuclear
division is happening in the skin cells? (Mitosis or meiosis?) and why.
Solution
When we cut our finger the skin cells undergo mitotic division to heal up the wound, because
skin is a somatic cell not a germ cell. Only germ cells like egg cell and sperm cells undergo
meiosis as these cells are the only haploid and give rise to a new organism with n+n = 2n number
of chromosomes. In our body rest all cells divide by mitosis, as mitosis ensures that
(2n)chromosomes after dividing are distributed evenly between two cells and maintain the
idenity of the cell while dividing..
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