Is this a Cohort Study What would be an example of a Cohort study.pdf
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Is this a Cohort Study? What would be an example of a Cohort study? 1) Solution Cohort studies, case control studies and randomized controlled trials When people read about a research study, they may not pay attention to how the study was designed. But to understand the quality of the findings, it\'s important to know a bit about study design. According to the widely-accepted hierarchy of evidence, the most reliable evidence comes from systematic reviews (see Infocus, Summer 2004), followed by evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials, cohort studies and then case control studies. Research studies typically fall into one of two main categories: Observational studies Here researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test or treatment without trying to influence what happens. Such studies are usually \"retrospective\".
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In observational studies, a researcher merely documents the presence of exposure(s) and outcome(s) as they occur, without trying to alter the course of natural events. By contrast, in interventional studies, the researcher actively interferes with nature – by performing an intervention in some or all study participants – to determine the effect of exposure to the intervention on the natural course of events. An example would be a study in which the investigator randomly assigns the participants to receive either aspirin or a placebo for a specific duration to determine whether the drug has an effect on the future risk of developing cerebrovascular events. In this example, aspirin (the “intervention”) is the “exposure,” and the risk of cerebrovascular events is the “outcome.” Interventional studies in humans are also commonly referred to as “trials.”
Interventional studies, by their very design, are prospective. This sometimes leads to confusion between interventional and prospective cohort study designs. For instance, the study design in the above example appears analogous to that of a prospective cohort study in which people attending a wellness clinic are asked whether they take aspirin regularly and then followed for a few years for occurrence of cerebrovascular events. The basic difference is that in the interventional study, it is the investigators who assign each person to take or not to take aspirin, whereas in the cohort study, this is determined by an extraneous factor.
Interventional studies can be divided broadly into two main types: (i) “controlled clinical trials” (or simply “clinical trials” or “trials”), in which individuals are assigned to one of two or more competing interventions, and (ii) “community trials” (or field trials), in which entire groups, e.g., villages, neighbourhoods, schools or districts, are assigned to different interventions.
The interventions can be quite varied; examples include administration of a drug or vaccine or dietary supplement, performance of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, and introduction of an educational tool. Depending on whether the intervention is aimed at preventing the occurrence of a disease (e.g., administration of a vaccine, boiling of water, distribution of condoms or of an educational pamphlet) or at providing relief to or curing patients with a disease (e.g., antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected persons), a trial may also be referred to as “preventive trial” or “therapeutic trial”.
VARIOUS TYPES OF INTERVENTIONAL STUDY DESIGNS
Several variations of interventional study designs with varying complexity are possible, and each of these is described below. Of these, the most commonly used and possibly the strongest design is a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
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the slides are about the initial steps in any research process
Research methodology
WHAT IS METHODOLOGY?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?
STUDY DESIGNS
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL STUDY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The need for good research is to find the best evidence for clinical
practice, for specific problems, and to address methods in reducing the
burden of illness on a larger scale.
It should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic.
SKIPPED hich level of biological orga.pdf
SKIPPED hich level of biological organization is composed of several tissues Multiple Choice
organism organ system organ
Solution
3) the answer is organ. Tissue are made up of cells.. Organ are made up of tissues to perform the
particular function..!!
4) the answer is cell which form tissue then many tissue forms organs then similar organ
combines to form organ systems then different organ systems comes from organism..
10) corn belongs to the family of plantae..!! It\'s an angiosperm & monocot comes under grasses
family..
9) the correct order of writing the scientific name is Homo sapeins .. As the first letter should be
capital and the second starting letter should be small. It should be in italics format..
8) the correct order from least to highest is species, genus, family, class, order, phlyum,
Kingdom, domains..!!.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
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Abdulhakam Usman
PharmD Post Baccalaureate 1st Year
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In observational studies, a researcher merely documents the presence of exposure(s) and outcome(s) as they occur, without trying to alter the course of natural events. By contrast, in interventional studies, the researcher actively interferes with nature – by performing an intervention in some or all study participants – to determine the effect of exposure to the intervention on the natural course of events. An example would be a study in which the investigator randomly assigns the participants to receive either aspirin or a placebo for a specific duration to determine whether the drug has an effect on the future risk of developing cerebrovascular events. In this example, aspirin (the “intervention”) is the “exposure,” and the risk of cerebrovascular events is the “outcome.” Interventional studies in humans are also commonly referred to as “trials.”
Interventional studies, by their very design, are prospective. This sometimes leads to confusion between interventional and prospective cohort study designs. For instance, the study design in the above example appears analogous to that of a prospective cohort study in which people attending a wellness clinic are asked whether they take aspirin regularly and then followed for a few years for occurrence of cerebrovascular events. The basic difference is that in the interventional study, it is the investigators who assign each person to take or not to take aspirin, whereas in the cohort study, this is determined by an extraneous factor.
Interventional studies can be divided broadly into two main types: (i) “controlled clinical trials” (or simply “clinical trials” or “trials”), in which individuals are assigned to one of two or more competing interventions, and (ii) “community trials” (or field trials), in which entire groups, e.g., villages, neighbourhoods, schools or districts, are assigned to different interventions.
The interventions can be quite varied; examples include administration of a drug or vaccine or dietary supplement, performance of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, and introduction of an educational tool. Depending on whether the intervention is aimed at preventing the occurrence of a disease (e.g., administration of a vaccine, boiling of water, distribution of condoms or of an educational pamphlet) or at providing relief to or curing patients with a disease (e.g., antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected persons), a trial may also be referred to as “preventive trial” or “therapeutic trial”.
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The methodology section is the most important part of the protocol.
Methods and statistics in Industrial Organization Psychology
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the slides are about the initial steps in any research process
Research methodology
WHAT IS METHODOLOGY?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?
STUDY DESIGNS
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL STUDY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The need for good research is to find the best evidence for clinical
practice, for specific problems, and to address methods in reducing the
burden of illness on a larger scale.
It should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic.
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SKIPPED hich level of biological orga.pdf
SKIPPED hich level of biological organization is composed of several tissues Multiple Choice
organism organ system organ
Solution
3) the answer is organ. Tissue are made up of cells.. Organ are made up of tissues to perform the
particular function..!!
4) the answer is cell which form tissue then many tissue forms organs then similar organ
combines to form organ systems then different organ systems comes from organism..
10) corn belongs to the family of plantae..!! It\'s an angiosperm & monocot comes under grasses
family..
9) the correct order of writing the scientific name is Homo sapeins .. As the first letter should be
capital and the second starting letter should be small. It should be in italics format..
8) the correct order from least to highest is species, genus, family, class, order, phlyum,
Kingdom, domains..!!.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Please I want a detailed complete answers for each part.Then make.pdf
Please I want a detailed complete answers for each part.Then make sure you provide clear
picture(s) of soultions that I can read. Try making all numbers and letters clrearly readable easy
to recognize. You also can type it which I prefer so I can copy all later, paste them in Microsoft
Word to enlarge & edit if needed. Thanks for all :) 1. Sort the record 9, 34,17,6, 15, 3:8 by using
the following sorting techniques, respectively, 1) QuickSort with a good call for the first pivot
value 2) MergeSort 3) HeapSort (including the details for building 1st Heap, and all 6 heaps) 4)
Binsort (Choose Bins as: 0-9; 10-19, 20-29, 30-39) 5) Radix sort The details of each sorting step
should be ncluded The details of each sorting step should be included
Solution
QuickSort:
QuickSort is a Divide and Conquer algorithm. It picks an element as pivot and partitions the
given array around the picked pivot. There are many different versions of quickSort that pick
pivot in different ways.
The key process in quickSort is partition(). Target of partitions is, given an array and an element
x of array as pivot, put x at its correct position in sorted array and put all smaller elements
(smaller than x) before x, and put all greater elements (greater than x) after x. All this should be
done in linear time
elements:
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 34 17 6 15 38
9 6 17 34 15 38
swapping 15 and 34
15 is choosing pivot
compare with i-1 value
Program
def quickSort(alist):
quickSortHelper(alist,0,len(alist)-1)
def quickSortHelper(alist,first,last):
if first= pivotvalue and rightmark >= leftmark:
rightmark = rightmark -1
if rightmark < leftmark:
done = True
else:
temp = alist[leftmark]
alist[leftmark] = alist[rightmark]
alist[rightmark] = temp
temp = alist[first]
alist[first] = alist[rightmark]
alist[rightmark] = temp
return rightmark
alist = [9,34,17,6,15,8]
quickSort(alist)
print(alist)
Mergesort:
MergeSort is a Divide and Conquer algorithm. It divides input array in two halves, calls itself for
the two halves and then merges the two sorted halves. The merge() function is used for merging
two halves. The merge(arr, l, m, r) is key process that assumes that arr[l..m] and arr[m+1..r] are
sorted and merges the two sorted sub-arrays into one. See following C implementation for
details.
9 34 17 6 15 38
divide two parts
9 34 17 6 15 38
divide separate parts
9 34 17 6 15 38
compare two elements in each section
9 34 17 6 15 38
compare section to section
9 17 34 6 15 38
compare two section
6 9 15 17 34 38
Merges two subarrays of arr[].
# First subarray is arr[l..m]
# Second subarray is arr[m+1..r]
def merge(arr, l, m, r):
n1 = m - l + 1
n2 = r- m
# create temp arrays
L = [0] * (n1)
R = [0] * (n2)
# Copy data to temp arrays L[] and R[]
for i in range(0 , n1):
L[i] = arr[l + i]
for j in range(0 , n2):
R[j] = arr[m + 1 + j]
# Merge the temp arrays back into arr[l..r]
i = 0 # Initial index of first subarray
j = 0 # Initial index of second.
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phase.
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Solution
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Solution
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Scanning electron microscope is an instrument where entire primary electron beams emitted
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detection signal produced by secondary particles generated from the sample. Scanning electron
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Explain the four factors of production. In what way are they related to the circular flow
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Solution
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Determine which of these statements describing the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes or the
mechanism of action are true.
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reduction of oxygen); this is not a carboxylated product..
Describe the difference between the lytic cycle and lysogeny when bac.pdf
Describe the difference between the lytic cycle and lysogeny when bacteriophage infection
occurs. Sort these items into the proper categories.
Solution
Lytic cycle: Integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome does not occur, no
extensive latent period.
Lysogenic cycle: Integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome occurs, extensive
latent period..
Describe some of the different ways members of Congress can represen.pdf
Describe some of the different ways members of Congress can represent the American people.
What are the principles behind sociological and agency representation? What are some examples
of each type? Describe the difference between a trustee and a delegate. Which type of
representation do you believe is the best? Describe the electoral connection in Congress.
Describe some examples of constituency service. What are some of the ways a member of
Congress can directly aid their state or district? What effect do incumbency and redistricting
have in the makeup of Congress?
Solution
Congress is the most important representative institution in american government. It is the voice
of the american people. Members of congress consider different views and demands as they
reprsents their district. Member of congress regularly reach out to their constituents and devote a
great amount of staff amount to constituency service . teh farmers of the constitution provided
for bicameral legislature with House and Senate to serve different constituencies . They are Law
and Policy makers and on the other hand represent the needs and the best interest of their
particular constituents.
The Snete is choosen by the state legislatures and serve a total six year term represents the elite
member of society . While the house who are elected by voters in congressional districts serves a
two year term represent the people or well organized local interests.
Sociological representation is a type of representation in which representative have similar racial
, ethnic , religious or educational background as their constituents . Sociological likeness helps
promote good represntation by the government . On the other hand agency representation act as
an agent of his or her constituency. Constituent hire their agency representative and if the
constituent feel they are not being represnted well they can fire their representative .
There are two different ways elected legistators in congress can act. One way is to act as a trustee
. this mean that the legistators will vote and act according to their own personal belief and what
they feel is best for society Unlike the trustee a delegate vote according to whom they represents
. The deligate connects to their constituents completely tries hard to epathize with their feelings
and wants to be liked by the constituents ..
Company B Company C None of them satisfy the requirements. Question9 .pdf
Company B Company C None of them satisfy the requirements. Question9 The 3-way switch on
the Board of Education board should be set to position positionwhen downloading your code.
making modifications to your breadboard and 0 cut of 5 points Selected Answer: 1,o Answers 0,
1 1,0 0, 2 1, 2
Solution
Position 0 (left): is to power OFF while making modifications (adding or changing components).
Position 1 (middle): while LOADING the program.
Position 2 (right): when you\'re READY for the robot to start moving.
So, Answer is 0, 1..
Case 2S [symptoms] 10 month male presents to pediatrician’s offic.pdf
Case 2
S [symptoms]: 10 month male presents to pediatrician’s office with chief complaint of fever and
rash. In usual state of health until 4 days prior to presentation when developed fever, fussiness
and decreased appetite. Mom thought maybe had thrush again because she noted some white
spots in his mouth a day after the fever started but they went away on their own. Last night she
noticed that his eyes started to appear more red and irritated, is now coughing and very
congested and this morning developed rash on face prompting visit
ROS [review of systems]: as above, no emesis, no constipation or diarrhea, +fewer wet diapers
than usual
PMHx [past medical history]: full term, uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery, neonatal
jaundice but did not require phototherapy, thrush at 6 weeks and 3 months of age treated with
nystatin
SHx [social history]: lives with parents and 2 yo sibling who is enrolled in child care. Flew to
California with family 3 weeks ago to visit grandparents, no other travel hx.
Imm: UTD [up to date]
Exam: T- 39.8 [temperature, C]; R -34 [respiratory rate]; P -120 [pulse]; BP-85/62 [blood
pressure]; Pox-98% in room air [pulse oximetry, oxygenation of blood]
Gen [general]: Alert, fussy infant on mom’s lap, crying with exam
HEENT [head, eyes, ear, nose, throat]: Normocephalic/atraumatic, anterior fontanelle fibrous but
flat, extraocular movements intact, pupils equal and reactive to light, +conjunctival erythema
bilaterally without discharge or crusting, nares congested, oropharynx erythematous with
sloughing of buccal and labial mucosa. Tympanic membranes erythematous but with intact
landmarks and light reflex
Neck: supple full range of motion, +1cm bilateral anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
RESP [respiratory]: mildly tachypneic with fair air exchange all fields, +subcostal retractions no
intracostal or suprasternal accessory muscle use, diffuse crackles audible on auscultation all lung
fields no wheezing or rhonchi
COR [cardiac]: tachycardic, regular, nl s1 and split s2, no murmurs, rubs or gallops
Abdomen: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, nontender non distended, no hepatosplenomegaly, no
masses
GU [genital/urinary]: circumcised tanner I male, no rashes
Skin: diffuse erythematous blanching maculopapular rash most prominent/confluent on face,
neck, and upper trunk, palms and soles spared, no desquamation
Extremities: warm and well perfused
a) What were the spots in the infant’s mouth that the mother mistook for thrush?
b) What is your diagnosis, and which symptoms lead you to this conclusion?
c) Which tests will you order to confirm this diagnosis (give the name and state what is being
measured)?
d) The patient is up to date on his vaccinations, so why was he susceptible to this disease? Where
did he likely contract the disease?
e) In an uncomplicated form, this condition is not usually fatal, but what can cause fatalities for
patients with this infection?
f) A similar patient might be admitted to the hospital or might not fo.
A Correlation of zero means that (what)SolutionA value of zer.pdf
A Correlation of zero means that? (what)
Solution
A value of zero indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables.
If the correlation coefficient of two variables is zero, it signifies that there is no linear
relationship between the variables. However, this is only for a linear relationship.
A bank had 5024 depositers, with an avevrage account of $512. Assume.pdf
A bank had 5024 depositers, with an avevrage account of $512. Assume the standard deviation is
$150. Find the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the average balance
for a random sampling of 1000 depositors. (Finite population corrector needed)
Solution
mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
Mean = 512
Standard deviation = s.d/Sqrt(n) = 150/Sqrt(1000) = 4.7434.
You cut your finger, and your skin cells divide to heal up the wou.pdf
You cut your finger, and your skin cells divide to heal up the wound. What type of nuclear
division is happening in the skin cells? (Mitosis or meiosis?) and why.
You cut your finger, and your skin cells divide to heal up the wound. What type of nuclear
division is happening in the skin cells? (Mitosis or meiosis?) and why.
Solution
When we cut our finger the skin cells undergo mitotic division to heal up the wound, because
skin is a somatic cell not a germ cell. Only germ cells like egg cell and sperm cells undergo
meiosis as these cells are the only haploid and give rise to a new organism with n+n = 2n number
of chromosomes. In our body rest all cells divide by mitosis, as mitosis ensures that
(2n)chromosomes after dividing are distributed evenly between two cells and maintain the
idenity of the cell while dividing..
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