This document discusses crop diversification in the Jammu and Kashmir region of India, specifically in the district of Kulgam. It analyzes the determinants that have led farmers to diversify away from traditional food crops like paddy rice towards cash crops like apples. Through regression analysis, several household characteristics are found to influence crop diversification, including age, gender, education level, family size, occupation, land ownership, and distance from roads. The study finds that improved infrastructure and policies by the government have supported farmers in diversifying towards more profitable horticultural crops like apples, generating income, employment, and revenue for the state.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important
innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. .......
A Study on Satisfaction of Tourists visiting Yercaud of Salem DistrictSelladurai Muthusamy
In order to develop tourist industry, tourist satisfaction has been a considerable goal
for many countries. In fact, developing the tourist industry is the target of any
government all over the world because it can generate GDP and jobs. Particularly,
developing tourist industry is desirable for all countries because it will benefit not
only the industry itself, but also generate a strong flow-through effect in other
sectors such as retail, transportation, and construction. In the recent decade,
decision makers in the tourist industry have been trying to increase the level of
tourist satisfaction in different manners. This indicates the level of satisfaction in
tourist industry need to be studied more. The present study is based purely on
primary data. Data were collected using the personal contact approach.
Questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 200 respondents who are all visited
in Yercaud of Salem district by adopting Simple random sampling method. The
conclusion will be given.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important
innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. .......
A Study on Satisfaction of Tourists visiting Yercaud of Salem DistrictSelladurai Muthusamy
In order to develop tourist industry, tourist satisfaction has been a considerable goal
for many countries. In fact, developing the tourist industry is the target of any
government all over the world because it can generate GDP and jobs. Particularly,
developing tourist industry is desirable for all countries because it will benefit not
only the industry itself, but also generate a strong flow-through effect in other
sectors such as retail, transportation, and construction. In the recent decade,
decision makers in the tourist industry have been trying to increase the level of
tourist satisfaction in different manners. This indicates the level of satisfaction in
tourist industry need to be studied more. The present study is based purely on
primary data. Data were collected using the personal contact approach.
Questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 200 respondents who are all visited
in Yercaud of Salem district by adopting Simple random sampling method. The
conclusion will be given.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
An economic analysis of mulberry raw silk production in traditional and non-t...Premier Publishers
Sericulture is cottage based industry which combines both the features of agriculture and industry. India has tremendous potential for silk development but yet unexploited, however development is not far away. The current study is an attempt to analyse the share between traditional and non-traditional states and between the states on the basis of mulberry silk production and mulberry cultivation. Regression analysis, coefficient of variation, growth rate was used to attain the objectives of the study. It was found that the traditional states hold the maximum share both in mulberry cultivation during 2012-13 was (82.90%) as well as production of raw silk (96.49%). In which Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal contributes maximum production among traditional states, while as Maharashtra, Manipur and Madhya Pradesh are the leading contributing states among the non-traditional states in total raw silk production in India.
Backyard Poultry Farming, a Suitable Intervention for Tribal People for their...inventionjournals
After analyzing the situation, background and cultural scenario, KVK, Mayurbhanj scientists intervene to make this practice as more productive, remunerative and commercial by introducing improved breeds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, Kharagnath etc. those are phenotypically similar to existing poultry population. The benefit and cost ratio in Vanaraja and local breeds recorded as 2.66 and 2.27 respectively in Assam as found by Islam et al (2015).The 21 days old chicks were being supplied to the various SHGs, individual growers etc. They were trained about the minimal management practice, vaccination, feeding etc. To find out the effectiveness of the technology the study was made with an objective to assess the knowledge gained and adoption of the technology alongwith the constraints faced and suggestion for better penetration from the respondents. From the list of practicing farmers of KVK under improved backyard poultry farming, hundred numbers of respondents were selected randomly. From the study it was found that moderate knowledge was gained by the respondents on the improved poultry farming and adoption was satisfactory with 64.0 and 21.0 percentages in medium and high categories respectively. The respondents perceived as the unavailability of structured market structure was the major constraint and mostly suggested for the establishment of assured market system.There is huge scope & perspective in the improved poultry farming in the district. The farmers are very much spirited and enthusiastic to adopt the enterprise in entrepreneurship basis. Although the quality of egg and meat of improved breeds is at par with the local breeds, there is very wide gap in the price of local and exotic breeds. But the traders are manipulating the tribal farmers. In this respect the market system should the strengthened.
Banana is the most widely consumed fruit, and is an attractive perennial fruit crop for small farmers. This is due to its high economic gains throughout the year
compared to other crops like rice and wheat. Apart from the imputed value of family effort, the other effects like cost of production, on the whole income etc., are not
favorable to the small farmers. Their agricultural lands depend on torrential rains. The greater parts of the lands are rain-fed areas. If the monsoon fails, then the
farmers will be in hitch. In these circumstances, the government should shore up the agriculturists by granting financial assistance. Different strategies should be
adopted to reduce the losses taking place out of high humid content of the banana. The banana is also fatally affected by some ailment. Therefore, an enduring research
station may be elevated to protect the banana from various syndromes. By examining various research results as one; the government generates awareness among the
farmers concerning banana cultivation and may push more farmers to cultivate this precious food, which is greatly vital in our habitual diet system. Among 29 districts
of Tamil Nadu, Thoothukudi district ranks first in exporting banana. So thoothukudi district is selected for the present study.
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
New Developments in the field of Didactics: Application for Enhancement of Ex...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in uMzingwane district of Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe to identify practical strategies that can be used to enhance agricultural knowledge among agriculture scholars. The research applied both tacit and informal theories (Schraw and Moshman, 1995) to identify ideal approaches in adult learning aimed to create scope for researching on agriculture learning didactics. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 65 agriculturists (farmers) to which structured questionnaires were randomly administered. The data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2013). Farmers prefer learning through demonstrations (63%), participatory appraisals (17%) and question and answer (10%). There was an association in learning didactics using demonstration methods and word instruction: (X2=11.673, P<0.05). There was also strong positive correlation (r=0.8) between knowledge application using field trials and open or field days. Role plays seemed to out of be out of fashion (r=0.2). Training in agriculture should be holistic and emphasize on application of theory into practice. Some developments in the field of didactics are in harmony with training methods and approaches but they underscore the importance of matching training goals to individual, sector and national skills. There is need to rationalize and select cost effective teaching methods that consider institutional and national resource.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
An economic analysis of mulberry raw silk production in traditional and non-t...Premier Publishers
Sericulture is cottage based industry which combines both the features of agriculture and industry. India has tremendous potential for silk development but yet unexploited, however development is not far away. The current study is an attempt to analyse the share between traditional and non-traditional states and between the states on the basis of mulberry silk production and mulberry cultivation. Regression analysis, coefficient of variation, growth rate was used to attain the objectives of the study. It was found that the traditional states hold the maximum share both in mulberry cultivation during 2012-13 was (82.90%) as well as production of raw silk (96.49%). In which Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal contributes maximum production among traditional states, while as Maharashtra, Manipur and Madhya Pradesh are the leading contributing states among the non-traditional states in total raw silk production in India.
Backyard Poultry Farming, a Suitable Intervention for Tribal People for their...inventionjournals
After analyzing the situation, background and cultural scenario, KVK, Mayurbhanj scientists intervene to make this practice as more productive, remunerative and commercial by introducing improved breeds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, Kharagnath etc. those are phenotypically similar to existing poultry population. The benefit and cost ratio in Vanaraja and local breeds recorded as 2.66 and 2.27 respectively in Assam as found by Islam et al (2015).The 21 days old chicks were being supplied to the various SHGs, individual growers etc. They were trained about the minimal management practice, vaccination, feeding etc. To find out the effectiveness of the technology the study was made with an objective to assess the knowledge gained and adoption of the technology alongwith the constraints faced and suggestion for better penetration from the respondents. From the list of practicing farmers of KVK under improved backyard poultry farming, hundred numbers of respondents were selected randomly. From the study it was found that moderate knowledge was gained by the respondents on the improved poultry farming and adoption was satisfactory with 64.0 and 21.0 percentages in medium and high categories respectively. The respondents perceived as the unavailability of structured market structure was the major constraint and mostly suggested for the establishment of assured market system.There is huge scope & perspective in the improved poultry farming in the district. The farmers are very much spirited and enthusiastic to adopt the enterprise in entrepreneurship basis. Although the quality of egg and meat of improved breeds is at par with the local breeds, there is very wide gap in the price of local and exotic breeds. But the traders are manipulating the tribal farmers. In this respect the market system should the strengthened.
Banana is the most widely consumed fruit, and is an attractive perennial fruit crop for small farmers. This is due to its high economic gains throughout the year
compared to other crops like rice and wheat. Apart from the imputed value of family effort, the other effects like cost of production, on the whole income etc., are not
favorable to the small farmers. Their agricultural lands depend on torrential rains. The greater parts of the lands are rain-fed areas. If the monsoon fails, then the
farmers will be in hitch. In these circumstances, the government should shore up the agriculturists by granting financial assistance. Different strategies should be
adopted to reduce the losses taking place out of high humid content of the banana. The banana is also fatally affected by some ailment. Therefore, an enduring research
station may be elevated to protect the banana from various syndromes. By examining various research results as one; the government generates awareness among the
farmers concerning banana cultivation and may push more farmers to cultivate this precious food, which is greatly vital in our habitual diet system. Among 29 districts
of Tamil Nadu, Thoothukudi district ranks first in exporting banana. So thoothukudi district is selected for the present study.
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
New Developments in the field of Didactics: Application for Enhancement of Ex...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in uMzingwane district of Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe to identify practical strategies that can be used to enhance agricultural knowledge among agriculture scholars. The research applied both tacit and informal theories (Schraw and Moshman, 1995) to identify ideal approaches in adult learning aimed to create scope for researching on agriculture learning didactics. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 65 agriculturists (farmers) to which structured questionnaires were randomly administered. The data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2013). Farmers prefer learning through demonstrations (63%), participatory appraisals (17%) and question and answer (10%). There was an association in learning didactics using demonstration methods and word instruction: (X2=11.673, P<0.05). There was also strong positive correlation (r=0.8) between knowledge application using field trials and open or field days. Role plays seemed to out of be out of fashion (r=0.2). Training in agriculture should be holistic and emphasize on application of theory into practice. Some developments in the field of didactics are in harmony with training methods and approaches but they underscore the importance of matching training goals to individual, sector and national skills. There is need to rationalize and select cost effective teaching methods that consider institutional and national resource.
In the context of Nepal, security market are not very efficient and investors have not any uniformity in their investment decision. This paper attempts to explore
various factors in explaining the behavior of investment decisions in Nepal and for prediction of the future prospects of Nepalese stock market in terms of
investors' expectation.
Prof. B. Suresh Lal is Professor & Head the Department of Economics, Kakatiya University, Warangal, TS, India. He has 23 years of research and teaching experience. Prof. Lal is a reputed scholar on Development Economics and Health & Environmental Economics. He is Editor, International Journal of Environment & Development, New Delhi.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
DETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM
1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ISSN No : 2230-7850
International Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
Indian Streams
Research Journal
Executive Editor
Ashok Yakkaldevi
Editor-in-Chief
H.N.Jagtap
Vol 6 Issue 10 Nov 2016
2. Mohammad Hailat
Dept. of Mathematical Sciences,
University of South Carolina Aiken
Abdullah Sabbagh
Engineering Studies, Sydney
Ecaterina Patrascu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Loredana Bosca
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Fabricio Moraes de Almeida
Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
George - Calin SERITAN
Faculty of Philosophy and Socio-Political
Sciences Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi
Hasan Baktir
English Language and Literature
Department, Kayseri
Ghayoor Abbas Chotana
Dept of Chemistry, Lahore University of
Management Sciences[PK]
Anna Maria Constantinovici
AL. I. Cuza University, Romania
Ilie Pintea,
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Xiaohua Yang
PhD, USA
......More
Kamani Perera
Regional Center For Strategic Studies, Sri
Lanka
Janaki Sinnasamy
Librarian, University of Malaya
Romona Mihaila
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Delia Serbescu
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ABSTRACT
h e p r o c e s s o f c r o p
diversification towards the
Thorticultural crops in the State
of Jammu and Kashmir has taken
place with the introduction of various
land reforms introduced at a time to
time by the government of India. The
cultivation of such crops has made a
remarkable impact on the generation
of household income, employment
and revenue for the state. The study
of factors that improved the progress
of crop diversification depicts the
explicit consideration of geographical
significance in formulating
developmentalstrategies,resultingin
the establishment of basic infrastruc-
tural services like accessibility to
various markets in the neighboring
states, high level of price receptive-
ness among the farmers and the
emergence of timely policies by the
government triggered the process of
diversification towards the
horticultural crops in the state. The
present study will try to provide a
detailed account on the determinants
of the crop diversification from the
food crops (paddy) towards the cash
crops (apple) in the region. The
regression analysis shows the
determining impact of several
variables like age, gender, education,
years of schooling, family size, family
type, occupation, land owned, and
distance from the road on the process
of crop diversification in the study
area.
diversification, food
crops, cash crops, paddy, apple,
income, employment, Kulgam,
Kashmir.
Crop diversification is a best strategy
to achieve the goals of development.
It took the attention of policy makers
in the country during the recent
years. The approach envisages
changes in the production activities
KEYWORDS:
INTRODUCTION
DETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU
& KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM
1 2
Mohd Asif Shah and A. Anbuvel
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Economics,
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar , Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,
Annamalai University, Annamalainaar , Tamil Nadu, India.
ofthefarmsector,toadjustto
changes in the economic
environment and to face the
problems like unemployment
and depletion of natural
resources (Ramesh Chand,
1999). The main objective of
this approachis to raise per
capita income by means of
opening of avenues for
p r o l i f i c e m p l o y m e n t
opportu- nities in farm and
non-farm sectors and to
make the economic growth
broad and stable in the long-
run(AmitabhKundu,2012).
The success of the policy lies
in the identification of the
particular crop for theappro-
priate region-specific,
diversification choices,
establishment of physical and
institutional infrastructure
services and execution of
suitable strategies. Another
feature of this approach is to
prepare thefarmers to
1
4. DETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM
growexcellent and profitable produce, based on both demand and supply in the long run(Anjani Kumar et al.,
2012).
Technology, modern implements, education, bank credit and road connectivity are the important
determinants of crop diversification (Anjani Kumar et al., 2012). Diversification is a significant approach to
enhance farm income, alleviate poverty, create employment, preserve ecology, promote exports and minimize
risks (Chand 1996, Ryan and Spencer, 2001). The diversification towards the cash crops has the ability to change
the agricultural set-up by means of income augmentation, employment generation, and export promotion
(Braun, 1995; Pingali and Rosergrant 1995; Chand, 1996; Ryan and Spencer, 2001). Agricultural diversification in
India is gradually picking up thrust in favour of high-value food commodities, mainly to enhance income rather
than the traditional concept of risk management (Joshi, 2014). The contribution of diversification to agricultural
growthinIndiahasbeenaquitesubstantial,30percentduringthe1990s(Joshietal2007).
The economy of Jammu &Kashmirprincipally depends on agriculture, having about one-third of its
population engaged with thisagriculture and allied sectors. The geography setup of the area is restricting the
growth of paddy cultivation.The production of paddy is not increasing in proportion to the cost involved in the
farming, so in thisbackground of stagnation in paddy production, which is not able to raise the level of
employment in the region, horticulture is a possibleoption for exploration. The area is blessed with the
appropriateclimaticzonesforrisingtemperate,sub-tropicalandtropicalfruitsthroughoutthewholeyear.These
fruits are not only the supplemental diet of the local people, but also appear to be the main item of export to
otherpartsofIndiaandtherestofworld(EconomicSurvey,2014-15).
J&K accounts for about 67 percent of the total apple production and 50 percent of its exports in the
country, hence an important foreign exchange earner and vital for economic development of India. India
annually exports apple worth RS. 400 million (Nearly US$ 10 million) out of which Rs. 200 million of apples come
from Kashmir (Mohmad Iqbal Reshi et al., 2010). The huge natural resource base has helped the primarily
agrarian state to extend its base for cultivation of major fruits such apples, walnut, walnut kernels, bitter apricot
nuts,pears,almond,plum,cherriesandsaffron”(Sajad,andTripathi,2013).
Kulgam which famous for the rice productivityonce used to be called as therice bowl of the Kashmir is
now amongst the least producers of rice (A. N. Raina, 2012). Paddy land is getting converted into horticultural
land as farmers seek to earn more revenue against horticultural products (Mohmad Iqbal Reshi et al., 2010).
Farmersfeelthatstickingonlytothewater-intensivecropslikepaddyintimesofwater-scarcitymightprovenon-
beneficialand theyreadilyswitch overto cashcropslikeapple,almond and walnuts.After1980s,introduction of
horticultural sector brought out major changes, regarding crop cultivation (Arif Malik & Ashaq Hussain,
2012).The introduction of science and technology has changed the old age cropping pattern of paddy to
horticulturalcrops.Appleoccupiedasizeableareainthemountainousareaofthestate,whilesaffronisgrownin
Pulwamaarea(Khan,2006).
Inthebeginning,itneedstobeunderstoodthatadiversifiedcroppingpatternisnot
possible in a modern commercial farm. A modern commercial farm, specializes in the production of one main
crop in every crop season; the crop that is most economicaland profitable on the given land, climate and market
environment in which it is cultivated. The cause of the persistentchase of profit maximization induces a modern
commercial farmer to cultivate the most profitable crop of the season in the largest possible area. Being a ‘price
taker’ in the market, the outcomeof the policy is only the maximization of profits. When a largenumber of crops
arecultivatedinaregion,thenthemarketedsurplusofnoneofthesecropsissatisfactorilyprofitable.
The present study is based on primary data, obtained from the surveysamples byadoptingthe stratified
random sampling method to choose the households from the selected villages, with the help of an interview
schedulebyimplementingthree-stagesamplingprocedureasfollows:
(i)Selection of all ten horticultural blocks of district Kulgam. (Manzgam, Waripora, D.K. Marg, Kulgam, Arreh,
THEORETICALPERSPECTIVE
ProfitMaximisationTheory:
METHODOLOGY
- 6 | - 10 | - 2016Volume Issue November
Available online at www.lsrj.in
2
5. Kadder,Qazigund,Devsar,QaimohandYaripora)
(ii)Selection of thirty four highly apple populated orchardist villages from all ten blocks on the basis of the
numberofvillagesintherespectiveblocks.
(iii)Selection of total of 272 sample respondents ofthe total thirty-four villages, eight sample respondents from
eachvillage.
The magnitude and the determinants of diversification at the district level has been carried out using
farmlevelinformationcollectedthroughtheinterviewschedule.Theresearcherhastestedthevariablesthatare
considered important for diversification towards the high-value crops. The magnitude of crop diversification is
measured by Modified Herfindahl Index or commonly known as Simpson Index for measuring the extent of crop
diversification. It is obtained by subtracting the Herfindahl index (HI) from one and has a direct relationship with
diversification, such that its zero value indicates specialization and a movement towards one shows an increase
intheextentofcropdiversification(Malik&Singh2002).
HerfindahlIndex(HI)iscomputedbytakingthesumofsquaresofacreageproportiontoeachofthecrop
inthetotalcroppedareaasgivenbythefollowingformula:
Where N is the total number of crops and Pi = Ai / ∑1Ai represents acreage proportion of i-th crop in the
total cropped area. The value of Herfindahl Index is bounded by 0 and 1. The Herfindahl index is bound by zero
(complete diversification) to one (complete specialization). With an increase in diversification, Herfindahl Index
decreases and vice-versa. Herfindahl Index is a measure of concentration, alternately, an inverse measure of
diversificationsincetheHerfindahlIndexdecreaseswithanincreaseindiversification.Thus,fortheavoidanceof
confusiontocomparetheHerfindahlIndexwithotherindices,theSimpsonIndexthatis(1-HerfindahlIndex)has
beenworkedoutformeasuringthediversification.
Where N is the total number of crops and Pi = Ai / ∑1Ai represents acreage proportion of i-th crop in the
total cropped area. Its value also lies between 0 and 1. This index increases with an increase of diversification. It
approacheszerowhenthefarmisspecializedandtakesamaximumvaluewhenthereisperfectdiversification.
The Multiple Linear Regression Model has been used to quantify the determinants of crop
diversification. The area under paddy and apple crops were regressed on following given explanatory variables
to identify the determinants of crop diversification in the region. The Multiple Linear Regression Model of
followingtypehasbeenused:
Y=a+b X +b X +b X +b X +b X +b X +b X +b X +b X +U1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9
Wherethedependentvariable,Y=areaundertheapplecultivation,
a=constant,
b =regressioncoefficientsi
X =severalattributesofthehouseholdheadi
X =age1
X =gender2
X =educationalqualification3
DETERMINANTSOFCROPDIVERSIFICATION
SimpsonIndex(SI)SimpsonIndexisgivenbythefollowingformula:
MULTIPLELINEARREGRESSIONMODEL
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- 6 | - 10 | - 2016Volume Issue NovemberDETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM
6. X =yearsofschooling4
X =familysize5
X =familytype6
X =occupation7
X =totallandowned8
X =distancefromroad9
The results of the Linear Regression Model are presented in Table No. 1. In the table, the regressed
variable is the area under the apple cultivation in the year 2014 respectively. And the frequency distribution of
the sample respondents according to the different variables and the level of crop diversification is presented in
Annexure-1
Thistable(TableNo.1)representsthekeyroleofvariousexploratoryvariablesindeterminingtheareaof
cultivation under apple crop in 2014. From the table, it is noticeable that out of the nine variables discussed
already, all of them are found to be either positively or negatively influencingthe farmer’s decision to diversify in
favorofapplecultivation.
Theageofthehousehold-headisanimportantdeterminantofcropdiversification,astheyoungfarmers
are generally more risk takers while the older age famers are largely risk averters and prefer to follow traditional
technologies and crops. From the table results also, age is found to have a negative influence (sign of the
coefficient being negative and highly influencing) on the farmer’s decision to allocate their land for the
cultivation of apple. Therefore lesser the age of the farmer, higher the chances for diversification and higher the
ageofthefarmer,lessthechancesofdiversification.
The next variable is gender, which is found to have a significant influence on the farmer’s decision to
diversify their lands in favor of apple cultivation. The sign of the coefficient is positive and highly significant. The
female-headed households are seen to have a higher propensity towards diversification. It was also observed
from the results that all the female household heads (28 female respondents) have specialized their lands
towards apple cultivation, and only a share of 18.9 per (46 male respondents) cent of the male household heads
wereseentohavespecializedtheirlandstowardsapplecultivation.
If a household-head is more educated (here more years of schooling), it is found that his decision for
sowing a particular crop would be governed by the sound economic estimates of the costs and benefits of that
crop. In addition, an educated farmer is more enlightened about the existing options of demand and supply and
is more attuned towards the advanced techniques than an illiterate farmer. Here likewise education yielded a
positive and significant influence on the farmer’s decision to diversify their lands towards the apple cultivation.
So if the farmers are more educated or having more years of schooling, it will definitely help them in taking the
conscientious decisions and enable them in accessing several facilities, needed for crop diversification. Hence, it
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Table No.: 1
DETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE STUDY AREA
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4
- 6 | - 10 | - 2016Volume Issue November
Explanatory Variables
Dependent variable :
Area under Apple Cultivation in 2014
Coefficient Standard error
Age (Years) -1.466** 0.178
Gender (Female-1, Male-0) 1.529*** 0.348
Years of Schooling (Years) 0.434** 0.212
Family Size (Number) -1.030* 0.182
Family Type (Nuclear-1, Joint-2) 0.363* 0.302
Occupation (Government Service-1, Others -2) 0.065* 0.156
Total Land Owned (Number in Kanals) -2.036** 0.154
Distance from Road (Number in Meters) -0.206** 0.113
Constant -3.102** 0.800
DETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM
7. could be concluded that more the years of schooling more the chances of diversification and less the schooling
years,lesswillbethechancesofdiversification.
Regarding the family size, it is pertinent that households with larger family size does have the advantage
of availability of more assured labor to help them to grow high-value crops like apple, as these crops are highly
labor -intensive. So the family size should have a positive association with the crop diversification, but here from
the observed results, the family size is negatively influencing the farmer’s decision to diversify their lands
towards apple cultivation. 43.6 per cent of the households (68 respondents) with the family size of below 5 have
completely specialized their lands towards apple cultivation, while just 6 respondents (7.9 per cent) of the
households with the family size of 6-10 have specialized their lands for the cultivation of apple and none of the
household heads with the family size of above 10 have gonefor specialization. Hence, wecanconcludeby saying
thatthesmallsizedfamilyhouseholdsdiversifymoreascomparedtothelargesizedfamilyhouseholds.
The nature of the family (Joint or Nuclear) can influence the farmer’s decision to grow specific crops.
Mostly nuclear families are strong decision makers, while in case of a joint family, the role of decision is highly
influenced by the presence of a large number of family members. Here also the sign of the coefficient is positive
and significant, meaning the influence of family type on the diversification. Nuclear families are seen to have a
higherpropensitytodiversify towardsapplecultivation,whileasthejointfamilyhouseholds arelessdiversifying
towardsapplecultivation.72outof194nuclearfamilyrespondents(whichforms37.1percent)havespecialized
their lands for apple cultivation, while as 2 out of 78 (which forms 2.6 per cent) of the joint family households
have specialized their lands for apple cultivation. So it can be concluded that nuclear family households diversify
morethanthejointfamilyhouseholds.
The households having agriculture as their main occupation are likely to diversify more than those who
are engaged in other activities, say in service and business, with agriculture as their subsidiary occupation. It is
evidentthatthefarmersengagedonlyinagriculturalpracticescandevotemoreoftheirtimeandcanutilizetheir
implements well in cultivating a particular crop than those who are not fully engaged in agriculture. But here the
story is totally different, as the occupation is significantly influencing the decision of farmer’s to diversify their
lands, but regarding the occupation type, households practicing agriculture diversify less as compared to those
who are involved in government service. 36 out of the 72 respondents (which forms 50.0 per cent) who are
havinggovernmentserviceastheirmainoccupationhavespecializedtheirlandsforapplecultivation.And32out
of 118 respondents (which forms 27.1 per cent) who are having agriculture as their main occupation have
specialized their lands for apple cultivation. So it can be inferred that the farmers who perform non-farm
activities diversify more as they don’t have enough time and labor to cultivate the high labor intensive crops like
apple,buttheymakeuseoftheirearnedincomeandhirelabortodiversifytheirlands.
From the comprehensive literature, the total land owned (operated area) was believed to have the
positive association with the crop diversification. As farmers operating on a bigger piece of land have wider
choice and options for cultivating diversified crops as compared to those having a small piece of land. But it was
observed from the result that the land size does have a negative influence (sign of the coefficient being negative
and highly significant) on the decision of farmer to diversify their lands towards apple cultivation. Cultivation of
apple suits the small farmers most. The cultivation of apple is labor intensive and generates a regular flow of
incomeforthem.Asfromtheobtainedresults,70(whichforms94.6percent)outofthetotal74householdswho
have opted for specialization are having land size below 9 Kanals. And interestingly, none of the 12 households
who are having land size more than 16 Kanals have opted for specialization. Hence, it can be concluded that the
farmershavingsmalllandsizediversifymorethanthebigsizelandholdinghouseholds.
The existence of infrastructure like road connectivity, access of villagers to market, availability of
communication facilities, etc. facilitates a better post-harvest management of the produce. Thus the access to
infrastructurelikeroadconnectivityhelpsthefarmerstoreceiveabetterpricefortheirproduceandopensaway
to new markets and helps in minimizing the role of middlemen. Therefore, crop diversification should increase
with the access to better infrastructural facilities to the farmers. Here also from the result, it is obvious that the
distance from the road proves to be negatively influencing the farmer’s decision to diversify their land towards
apple cultivation. And the households who are having paddy lands near to roads are readily switching over apple
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- 6 | - 10 | - 2016Volume Issue NovemberDETERMINANTS CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAMMU & KASHMIR-A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM
8. cultivation. There are several infrastructural facilities which influence the farmer’s decision towards
diversification, but due to the problem of multicollinearity, only the influence of road distance has been
calculated and the rest of the variables are not considered in the analysis. Thus, it canbe concludedthatthe road
distance is negatively influencing (coefficient being negative and highly significant) the diversification, therefore
thehouseholdshavinglandsneartotheroadsdiversifymorethanthosehavingthelandfarawayfromtheroads.
The study revealed that the farmers in the study area are going faster towards the specialization, rather
than diversification. Now the concern is that whether the process would sustain in the long-run, seeing the
reality that the apple crop is totally replacing the paddy crop. As rice is the staple food for the people living in the
area,sotheymightgethighlydependentontheneighboringstatesfortheneedoftherice.Theshifttowardsthe
apple cultivation will definitely have a number of economic benefits, but it also may turn as a way to food
insecurityintheregion,andalsoitmayhaveadverseecologicalimpacts.Sothereistheroleofthegovernmentto
check the ongoing speedy specialization of the apple crop on the cost of the paddy crop. The government can
strengthen and ensure the supply of the rice needed in the State, so as to boost the horticulture sector. The
openingofPublicDistributionCentersineveryvillageoftheStatecanhelptoachievethetargetoffoodsecurity.
Also the study tried to find out the main determinants of the crop diversification in the region. The
regression analysis has brought out the importance of several factors, which play a greater role in the
diversification and specialization towards the apple cultivation in the study area. Infrastructural facilities like
roads and markets are seen playing an important role in the farmer’s decisions towards the diversification and
specialization of apple. So there is the role for government to increase the public investment in such
infrastructuralfacilitiestoboosttheeconomytowardstheapplecultivatingeconomy.
Building up an economy as the horticultural capable economy is not enough, as the horticultural crops
are more perishable in nature than the food crops, so there is a need to check the post-harvest losses in the
sector. Most of the respondents depicted the Scab disease, outburst of the early leaf fall and outbreak of red
spider mite, which have declined the quantity as well as the excellence of the apple in the area. As so many
studies also point out towards the need of post-harvest management in the horticultural crops, which can be
helpful to put a halt in the ongoing trend of 30 per cent of the post-harvest losses in fruits. There is not even a
singlecold-storagehouseavailableinthedistrict,sothereisneedtobuildupsuchstructureswhichcanmotivate
thefarmerstowardsapplecultivation.
Although the horticultural sector is seen growing at the faster rate, but there are still lots of bottlenecks
to be covered within the sector. And there is still enough area to be explored for horticulture, according to the
data available, as it can be seen that for most of the varieties of apple, the minimum time period of gestation is
about 8 years, which means that there is the possibility of cultivation of several types of cereals and pulses along
with the cultivation of apple trees (intercropping), and also after the completion of the gestation period of the
appletreestheproductionwillbestillmoreascomparedtothecurrentperiod.
There are no any fixed prices laid by the government, as the fluctuating prices create problems for the
growers and contractors. While observing, the biggest problem faced by the growers of apple is to carry their
produceinunrefrigeratedvehiclesandthepresenceofthecommissionagentsalsoprovesnon-beneficialforthe
applecultivators.Nowaday’sministryofrailwaysisworkinginordertoconnectthevalleywiththerestofIndia.
Taking the above facts into consideration, if apposite steps are taken, there will surely be progression in
the state. In every circumstance, this sector has continuouslyremained an imperative economic sector and a
large portion of the population flourishes inthis sector. Hence, if appropriatesteps are taken upon the
suggestions given in the study, there will surely be a positive change in the economy and the standard of living of
the farmers allied to thissector. In view of the fact that, this sector is one of the important foreign exchange
earners of the state, so thatthe sector will emergeas a vast industry in the State and the requirements should be
madeforadditionalexports.
CONCLUSIONANDPOLICYSUGGESTIONS
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9. REFERENCES
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6.Khan,A.R.,A.R.Ganai,andS.A.Bhat."GeographyofIndiaandKashmir”CityBookCentre,Srinagar(2006).
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determinants."IndianJournalofAgriculturalEconomics67.4(2012):600-616.
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OxfordUniversityPress,U.S.A.(2007)
9.Malik, D. P., and I. J.Singh. "Crop diversification-An EconomicAnalysis." Indian Journal of Agricultural Research
36.1(2002):61-64.
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andPolicies."Foodpolicy20.3(1995):171-185.
11.Raina, A. N. "Geography of Jammu & Kashmir State." Radha Krishan Anand & Co., Pacca Danga, Jammu
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PoliticalWeekly(1999):A2-A10.
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Apple Production and Marketing in Kashmir Valley, India." Journal of Environmental Research and Development
4.4(2010).1077-1082
14.Ryan, James G., and D. C. Spencer. Future Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural R&D in the Semi-Arid
Tropics.InternationalCropsResearchInstitutefortheSemi-AridTropics,Patancheru(2001).
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?Directory Of Academic Resources
?Scholar Journal Index
?Recent Science Index
?Scientific Resources Database
?Directory Of Research Journal Indexing
Indian Streams Research Journal
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