The document discusses the history and development of electronics and communication technologies. It describes Maxwell's theory in the 1870s which laid the foundations for radio waves. Practical radio communication required vacuum tubes which were developed in the early 1900s, marking the beginning of electronics. Major developments included the transistor in 1948 which replaced vacuum tubes, and integrated circuits in the 1960s which placed thousands of components on chips. The document also summarizes the major generations of cellular network technology, from 0G to 5G, and their key features and deployment timelines.

2. Electronics…
Communication…

3. History of Electronics…
 Maxwell's theory was developed in the 1870’s.
 About fifteen years ago the German physicist Heinrich Hertz
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generated radio waves.
Practical radio communication required good amplifiers but
these were not available until the development of vacuum tubes
which mark the real beginnings of electronics.
The vacuum tube traces its developments to the discovery made
by the American inventor Thomas Alva Edison.
De Forest's tube, which he called an audion but which is now
called a triode (three-element tube).
The rectifying properties of crystals were discovered in 1912 by
the American electrical engineer Pickard.

4. Development of Electronics…
 Development in electronics continued through the 30’s and was
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especially rapid during World War II.
The development of the cavity magnetron was a very significant
event that greatly improved the capabilities of the Allies to detect
enemy ships and planes.
By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the
electronics industry The transistor replaced the large, cumbersome
vacuum tube in televisions, radios and computers.
The invention of the integrated circuit made Throughout the early
1960's.
By the 1980's, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds
of thousands of components onto a chip.
The number of personal computers in use more than doubled from 2
million in 1981 to 5.5 million in 1982.
Ten years later, 65 million PCs were in use and numbers have
continued to grow very rapidly.

5.  PN Junction Diode(Semi-Conductor Device).
 Rectifier(Half wave & Full wave rectifier).
 RC Coupled amplifier.
 Oscillator(Hartly,colpitts,RC Phase shift, Crystal).
 Multivibrator(Astable,Bistable & Monostable).
 Schmit Trigger.

6. PN junction Diode…
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Forward Biasing
Reverse Biasing

7. Rectifier…
Half wave Rectifier.
This rectifier converts an AC input voltage into DC
pulsating voltage for only one half cycle of applied voltage. This
contains only one diode,so output contains only positive half
cycle of the input.

8. Full wave Rectifier.
Full wave rectifier consists of two diodes,so these
diodes conduct full cycle of the input signal.these rectifier
use a center tapped transformer which produces two equal
magnitude of the voltages at the opposite terminals.

9. Bridge Rectifier.
Bridge rectifier is also a full wave rectifier.It
contains four diodes and ordinary step down
transformer.

10. RC coupled Amplifier…
It is the most popular type of coupling because it is cheap
and provides excellent operation .It provides good frequency
stebilization and loss of amplification.The dis-advantage is low
voltage gain and poor impedance matching.

11. Oscillator...
 Oscillator are classified into four types:-
oscillator.
Hartley oscillator.
Colpitts oscillator.
RC phase shift
Crystal oscillator.

12. Hartley oscillator.
Colpitts oscillator.

13. RC phase shift oscillator.
Crystal oscillator.

14. Monostable Multivibrator.

15. Astable multivibrator.
In astable multivibrator both the
states are quasi stable states.Hence it
is called free running multivibrator
Bistable multivibrator .
In Bistable multivibrator both the
states are stable states.hence it is
called as Flip-Flop multivibrator.

16. Schmit Trigger…

17. Important components used in
Electronics…
Components :
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20. Transistor…
 Transistor is classified into two types:-
NPN Transistor.
PNP Transistor.

21. Introduction to
communication…
 communication infrastructure that has been developing over
the centuries. Most of the discussion in this work is limited to
the 19th and 20th centuries. That was the period when the
modern industrialized world was born, when the basic
power, water, transportation, as well as communications
infrastructures were built. For nice, concise accounts of the
development of some key infrastructure industries . For an
earlier unified account of the development of U.S.
communications in the 19th century. This section provides a
brief overview of some of the important similarities and
differences between the various communications
technologies, especially as they affect the main concern of this
work, namely pricing and service differentiation.

22. History Of communication…
 1838 Samuel Morse (U.S. 1791 - 1872) Demonstration of the electric
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telegraph in Morristown.
Alexander Graham Bell (Scotland 1847 - 1922 U.S.) Invention of the
telephone.
1896 Aleksander Popov (Russia 1859 - 1906) Wireless telegraph
transmission between two buildings (200 meters) was shown to be
possible.
1955 John R. Pierce (U.S. 1910 - 2002) Pierce (Bell Laboratories)
proposed the use of satellites for communications and did pioneering
work in this area.
1918 Edwin Howard Armstrong Invention of the superheterodyne
radio receiver.
1933 Edwin Howard Armstrong Demonstration of an FM system to
RCA.

23. Development of communication...
 The explosive rise of the Internet is only the most recent
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chapter in a remarkable history of humanity becoming
increasingly connected, the “annihilation of space and time”.
The wireless industry is experiencing similar growth even
now.
The communications like mass media, such as newspapers,
book publishing, radio, and TV had a great growth.
A technology that survived for longer than the fax (at least so
far) is the electric telegraph.
Telephone service initially was also extremely expensive.
The wireless networks like 2g,3g,4g had a great growth in the
21 century.

24. 0G Network…
Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony
technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular
telephones, these systems are sometimes retroactively referred to as pre
cellular (or sometimes zero generation) systems. Technologies used in pre cellular
systems included the Push to Talk(PTT or manual), Mobile Telephone
System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service(IMTS), and Advanced Mobile
Telephone System (AMTS) systems. These early mobile telephone systems can be
distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available
as a commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network,
with their own telephone numbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a
police radio or taxi dispatch system.

25. 1G Network…
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was
launched in Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1979, initially
in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been
expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide
1G network.In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic
Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT
was the first mobile phone network featuring international roaming. The first 1G
network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech in 1983 using
the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early
to mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.

26. 2G Network…
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched
on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in
1991.Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that
phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly
more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone
penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting
with SMS text messages. 2G network allows for much greater penetration
intensity.

27. 2.5G & 2.75G Networks…
 2.5G- ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2Gsystems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to
the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster
services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data
services (HSCSD) as well.
 2.75G-GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the
introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier
(IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology
that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top
of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning
in 2003

28. 3g Networks…
3G, short for third Generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications
technology. 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information
transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also
provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile
modems in laptop computers. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile
Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV. This is a set of
standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication use services and
networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application
in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video
calls and mobile TV.

29. 4G Network…
 4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobile communication technology
standards. It is a successor to the third generation (3G) standards. A 4G system
provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops
with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices.
Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud
computing.Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile
WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2006), and the first-release Long Term
Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has
however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G
or not, as discussed in the technical definition section below.

30. 5G Network…
 5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a
term used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase
of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced
standards. 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications
technologies. 5G does not describe any particular specification in any official
document published by any telecommunication standardisation body. Although
updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current
4G standards are under consideration, those new capabilities are still being
grouped under the current 4G standards.