The document describes 7 examples of designing steel frames using SAP2000. Example 1 analyzes a column using both frame and shell finite element models in SAP2000, finding the shell models more accurately consider shear flexibility. Example 2 analyzes a beam, with shell models again more accurate by including shear and local/distortional effects. Example 3 analyzes a beam-column, showing shell models provide more accurate buckling loads than formulas alone by including shear and joint geometry. Overall, the examples illustrate how SAP2000 tools can be used to both check and optimize steel frame designs according to Eurocode 3, and that shell models tend to provide more accurate analyses and results compared to frame models or formulas alone.
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Shoring Process
Effective Beam Flange Width
Shear Transfer
Strength Of Steel Anchors
Partially Composite Beams
Moment Capacity Of Composite Sections
Deflection
Design Of Composite Sections
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
AS4100 Steel Design Webinar Worked ExamplesClearCalcs
Worked examples from the ClearCalcs AS4100 Steel Design Webinar - slides: https://www.slideshare.net/clearcalcs/steel-design-to-as4100-1998-a12016-webinar-clearcalcs
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from CSI ETABS & SAFE with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2.The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2. Due to time constraints and knowledge, I may not be able to address the whole issues.
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Shoring Process
Effective Beam Flange Width
Shear Transfer
Strength Of Steel Anchors
Partially Composite Beams
Moment Capacity Of Composite Sections
Deflection
Design Of Composite Sections
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
AS4100 Steel Design Webinar Worked ExamplesClearCalcs
Worked examples from the ClearCalcs AS4100 Steel Design Webinar - slides: https://www.slideshare.net/clearcalcs/steel-design-to-as4100-1998-a12016-webinar-clearcalcs
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from CSI ETABS & SAFE with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2.The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2. Due to time constraints and knowledge, I may not be able to address the whole issues.
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
Part-I: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pro...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-I of a two part series.
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from ETABS with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2. The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2.
The Manual explains the concept of transferring the load from the super structure up to the soil throughout Piles, which has a capacity of (End bearing, and Skin friction). It illustrates the steps needed to produce a full and safe foundation for your Super Structure.
Cross Section Analysis And Design is a powerful application that can perform a wide range of cross section calculations, including the design of reinforced concrete sections. The given cross sections are built up of one or more geometric entities and can be drawn directly using the versatile featured user interface. The user can also import standard steel sections from a complete shape library according to all major codes (AISC, Australian-New Zealand, BS, Chinese, European, Indian, Aluminum etc.) There are no limitations regarding the shape, materials or loads of a section, since the program can handle any arbitrary cross section under biaxial bending and axial loads. Among its capabilities, Cross Section Analysis And Design can calculate all sectional properties, plot Moment – Curvature and Interaction diagrams, estimate the location of neutral axis under given sets of biaxial loads and plot the corresponding stress – strain diagrams as well as the resulting stress contours. The last -named items can also be calculated by providing the location of the neutral axis plane on the section. Moreover, the program fully complies with all major codes concerning reinforced concrete sections (AASHTO, UBC, AS 3600, IS 456, ACI 318, BS 8110, CSA A233, EC2, NZS 3101 and CP 65). The user can also perform a reinforcement design according to above listed codes, plot the matching interaction diagrams etc., or even check a given reinforcement amount for the specified load cases. The stress – strain curve of concrete, reinforcement and other materials is specified as per the defined Analysis Parameters Sets. Thus calculations can be performed for many design situations, such as Ultimate/Serviceability or custom defined Limit States, with an automatic adjustment of the material properties, safety factors etc. A large material library is also available according to almost all concrete/reinforcement material specifications. Apart from concrete and reinforcement materials, the user can specify custom linear, bilinear, trilinear parabolic or fully general materials.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
National building codes have been formulated in different countries to lay down guidelines for the design and construction of structures. The codes have been evolved from the collective wisdom of expert structural engineers, gained over the years. These codes are periodically revised to bring them in line with current research, and often current trends. The main function of the design codes is to ensure adequate structural safety, by specifying certain essential minimum reinforcement for design. They render the task of the designer relatively easy and simple, results are often formulated in formulas or charts. The codes ensure a certain degree of consistency among different designers. Finally, they have some legal validity in that they protect the structural designer from any liability due to structural failures that are caused by inadequate supervision and or faulty material and construction. The aim of this project is to compare the design codes of IS 456-2007, ACI 318-11code and Eurocode II. The broad design criteria like stress strain block parameters, L D ratio, load combinations, formula will be compared along with the area of steel for the major structural members like beams, slab, columns, footing to get an over view how the codes fair in comparison with each other. The emphasis will be to put the results in tabular and graphical representation so as to get a better clarity and comparative analysis. Iqbal Rasool Dar "Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000 and Eurocode II" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18949.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/18949/comparision-of-design-codes-aci-318-11-is-4562000-and-eurocode-ii/iqbal-rasool-dar
Part-II: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pr...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-II of a two part series.
Book for Beginners, RCC Design by ETABSYousuf Dinar
Advancement of softwares is main cause behind comparatively quick and simple
design while avoiding complexity and time consuming manual procedure. However
mistake or mislead could be happened during designing the structures because of not
knowing the proper procedure depending on the situation. Design book based on
manual or hand design is sometimes time consuming and could not be good aids with
softwares as several steps are shorten during finite element modeling. This book may
work as a general learning hand book which bridges the software and the manual
design properly. The writers of this book used linear static analysis under BNBC and
ACI code to generate a six story residential building which could withstand wind load
of 210 kmph and seismic event of that region. The building is assumed to be designed
in Dhaka, Bangladesh under RAJUK rules to get legality of that concern organization.
For easy and explained understanding the book chapters are oriented in 2 parts. Part A
is concern about modeling and analysis which completed in only one chapter. Part B
is organized with 8 chapters. From chapter 1 to 7 the writers designed the model
building and explained with references how to consider during design so that
creativity of readers could not be threated. Chapter 8 is dedicated for estimation. As a
whole the book will help the readers to experience a building construction related all
facts and how to progress in design. Although the volume I is limited to linear static
analysis, upcoming volume will eventually consider dynamic facts to perform
dynamic analysis. Implemented equations are organized in the appendix section for
easy memorizing.
BNBC and other codes are improving and expending day by day, by covering new
and improved information as civil engineering is a vast field to continue the research.
Before designing something or taking decision judge the contemporary codes and
choose data, equations, factors and coefficient from the updated one.
Book for Beginners series is basic learning book of YDAS outlines. Here only
rectangular grid system modeling and a particular model is shown. Round shape grid
is avoided to keep the study simple. No advanced analysis is described and it is kept
simple for beginners. Only two way slab is elaborated with direct design method,
avoiding other procedures. In case of beam, only flexural and shear designs are made.
T- Beam, L- Beam or other shapes are not shown as rectangular beam was enough for
this study. Bi-axial column and foundation design is not shown. During column and
foundation design only pure axial load is considered. Use of interaction diagram is not
shown in manual design. Load centered isolated and combined footing designs are
shown, avoiding eccentric loading conditions. Pile and pile cap design, Mat
foundation design, strap footing design and sand pile concept are not included in this
mat/raft footing, combined footing, details of steel in construction, footing, foundation, building construction, lightning and construction, ppt on design of construction, shallow foundation, deep foundation, strap footing, pair foundation, pile foundation, well foundation, squire foundation, depth of foundation, advantage of foundation
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
Part-I: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pro...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-I of a two part series.
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from ETABS with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2. The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2.
The Manual explains the concept of transferring the load from the super structure up to the soil throughout Piles, which has a capacity of (End bearing, and Skin friction). It illustrates the steps needed to produce a full and safe foundation for your Super Structure.
Cross Section Analysis And Design is a powerful application that can perform a wide range of cross section calculations, including the design of reinforced concrete sections. The given cross sections are built up of one or more geometric entities and can be drawn directly using the versatile featured user interface. The user can also import standard steel sections from a complete shape library according to all major codes (AISC, Australian-New Zealand, BS, Chinese, European, Indian, Aluminum etc.) There are no limitations regarding the shape, materials or loads of a section, since the program can handle any arbitrary cross section under biaxial bending and axial loads. Among its capabilities, Cross Section Analysis And Design can calculate all sectional properties, plot Moment – Curvature and Interaction diagrams, estimate the location of neutral axis under given sets of biaxial loads and plot the corresponding stress – strain diagrams as well as the resulting stress contours. The last -named items can also be calculated by providing the location of the neutral axis plane on the section. Moreover, the program fully complies with all major codes concerning reinforced concrete sections (AASHTO, UBC, AS 3600, IS 456, ACI 318, BS 8110, CSA A233, EC2, NZS 3101 and CP 65). The user can also perform a reinforcement design according to above listed codes, plot the matching interaction diagrams etc., or even check a given reinforcement amount for the specified load cases. The stress – strain curve of concrete, reinforcement and other materials is specified as per the defined Analysis Parameters Sets. Thus calculations can be performed for many design situations, such as Ultimate/Serviceability or custom defined Limit States, with an automatic adjustment of the material properties, safety factors etc. A large material library is also available according to almost all concrete/reinforcement material specifications. Apart from concrete and reinforcement materials, the user can specify custom linear, bilinear, trilinear parabolic or fully general materials.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
National building codes have been formulated in different countries to lay down guidelines for the design and construction of structures. The codes have been evolved from the collective wisdom of expert structural engineers, gained over the years. These codes are periodically revised to bring them in line with current research, and often current trends. The main function of the design codes is to ensure adequate structural safety, by specifying certain essential minimum reinforcement for design. They render the task of the designer relatively easy and simple, results are often formulated in formulas or charts. The codes ensure a certain degree of consistency among different designers. Finally, they have some legal validity in that they protect the structural designer from any liability due to structural failures that are caused by inadequate supervision and or faulty material and construction. The aim of this project is to compare the design codes of IS 456-2007, ACI 318-11code and Eurocode II. The broad design criteria like stress strain block parameters, L D ratio, load combinations, formula will be compared along with the area of steel for the major structural members like beams, slab, columns, footing to get an over view how the codes fair in comparison with each other. The emphasis will be to put the results in tabular and graphical representation so as to get a better clarity and comparative analysis. Iqbal Rasool Dar "Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000 and Eurocode II" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18949.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/18949/comparision-of-design-codes-aci-318-11-is-4562000-and-eurocode-ii/iqbal-rasool-dar
Part-II: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pr...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-II of a two part series.
Book for Beginners, RCC Design by ETABSYousuf Dinar
Advancement of softwares is main cause behind comparatively quick and simple
design while avoiding complexity and time consuming manual procedure. However
mistake or mislead could be happened during designing the structures because of not
knowing the proper procedure depending on the situation. Design book based on
manual or hand design is sometimes time consuming and could not be good aids with
softwares as several steps are shorten during finite element modeling. This book may
work as a general learning hand book which bridges the software and the manual
design properly. The writers of this book used linear static analysis under BNBC and
ACI code to generate a six story residential building which could withstand wind load
of 210 kmph and seismic event of that region. The building is assumed to be designed
in Dhaka, Bangladesh under RAJUK rules to get legality of that concern organization.
For easy and explained understanding the book chapters are oriented in 2 parts. Part A
is concern about modeling and analysis which completed in only one chapter. Part B
is organized with 8 chapters. From chapter 1 to 7 the writers designed the model
building and explained with references how to consider during design so that
creativity of readers could not be threated. Chapter 8 is dedicated for estimation. As a
whole the book will help the readers to experience a building construction related all
facts and how to progress in design. Although the volume I is limited to linear static
analysis, upcoming volume will eventually consider dynamic facts to perform
dynamic analysis. Implemented equations are organized in the appendix section for
easy memorizing.
BNBC and other codes are improving and expending day by day, by covering new
and improved information as civil engineering is a vast field to continue the research.
Before designing something or taking decision judge the contemporary codes and
choose data, equations, factors and coefficient from the updated one.
Book for Beginners series is basic learning book of YDAS outlines. Here only
rectangular grid system modeling and a particular model is shown. Round shape grid
is avoided to keep the study simple. No advanced analysis is described and it is kept
simple for beginners. Only two way slab is elaborated with direct design method,
avoiding other procedures. In case of beam, only flexural and shear designs are made.
T- Beam, L- Beam or other shapes are not shown as rectangular beam was enough for
this study. Bi-axial column and foundation design is not shown. During column and
foundation design only pure axial load is considered. Use of interaction diagram is not
shown in manual design. Load centered isolated and combined footing designs are
shown, avoiding eccentric loading conditions. Pile and pile cap design, Mat
foundation design, strap footing design and sand pile concept are not included in this
mat/raft footing, combined footing, details of steel in construction, footing, foundation, building construction, lightning and construction, ppt on design of construction, shallow foundation, deep foundation, strap footing, pair foundation, pile foundation, well foundation, squire foundation, depth of foundation, advantage of foundation
Final Year Project Report on Structural Analysis and Design of Multistorey RCC Building for Earthquake Resistant Design as per IS Codes. - Khwopa College of Engineering - IOE, Tribhuvan university - Civil Engineering Final Report - Bachelor Level Project
Cable Stay Bridge construction at Bardhman using LARSA and LUSAS four dimensi...Rajesh Prasad
For the construction of Cable Stayed Bridge at Bardhman, a simulation model was made using LARSA 4D and accordingly design were concluded considering all the possible situation. At the execution stage the profile/geometry control is very important. Accordingly construction stage analysis along with geometry control is being done using LUSAS software. These software are 4D and the fourth dimension is Time. The said presentation covers the LARSA, LUSAS and few pictures on execution at site along with sample of documentation.
Presentation economic assessment copper rotorsLeonardo ENERGY
Economic assessment for copper rotor induction motors compared to aluminium rotor technology. For a given efficiency level, copper rotor technology offers a reduced size and weight, that translates into savings in electrical steel and a positive economic case for this technology.
Study carried out by Aquila University
Appunti del corso di dottorato:
INTRODUZIONE ALL'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Ia parte
Lezione del 28 maggio 2014
Lecture of the Ph.D. Course on STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
May, 28, 2014
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Design of Steel Frames
1. Design of steel frames using SAP2000 –
Illustrative examples
CSI Portugal & Spain
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Example 1 – Column
• Example 2 – Beam
• Example 3 – Beam-column
2
• Example 4 – Planar frame
• Conclusion
• Example 5 – Spatial frame
• Example 6 – Short class 4 column
• Example 7 – Long class 4 column
3. Introduction
Objective:
• Present illustrative examples concerning the safety check and design
of steel members and structures using (i) EC 3 design formula
and (ii) different SAP2000 design tools (based on frame or shell FE)
• SAP2000 provides tools to both (i) check the safety of steel frame
structures according to Eurocode 3 and (ii) optimise their design
Scope:
3
• In order to fully exploit the potential of SAP2000 tools, it is necessary
to know how to apply different EC 3 design methods in SAP2000
4. 4
Example 1 – Column (1/3)
• Spatial column (flexural buckling):
SAP2000 frame FE model SAP2000 shell FE model
• Simply supported for major and minor bending • Laterally unbraced
• Torsion prevented at both extremities • S 235 steel, IPE 200 profile (class 1)
IPE 200
5. 5
Example 1 – Column (2/3)
kN
NN RdzRdb
02.192
75.6692867.0
.
MPaNNf RdbEdyx 53.232.max.
kN
LEIN zzcr
25.240
5.3420.1210 2222
.
670.1
25.24075.669.
zcrRkz NN
2867.0, zz
Buckling curve bImperf.:
Model 3
(SAP2000 shell)
Model 2
(SAP2000 shell)
Model 1
(SAP2000 shell)
EC 3 formulae/
SAP2000 frame design
34.0
mm
Le
14
2500
mm
AWe zel
98.4
)2.0( .0
mkN
LeNp Ed
/74.1
8 2
00
mkN
LeNp Ed
/618.0
8 2
00
mm
AWe zel
98.4
)2.0( .0
Method: • Ayrton-Perry formula
• equiv. lateral forces
with imperf. according
to Table 5.1 (EC 3)
• equiv. lateral forces
with imperf. equiv. to
buckling curves
• 2nd order shell FEM • 2nd order shell FEM • 2nd order shell FEM
• imperf. factor from
buckling curves
• geometric imperf.
equiv. to buckling
curves
• Column design according to EC 3 formulae and thin-walled rectangular shell FE models:
kNAfN yRk 75.669235850.2
kNLpP 08.600 kNLpP 163.200
6. 6
Example 1 – Column (3/3)
EC 3 formulae/
SAP2000 frame design
Model 1
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
Model 2
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
Model 3
(SAP 2000 shell)
Diff.
Ncr.z [kN] 240.25 239.68 -0.2% 239.68 -0.2% 239.68 -0.2%
x.max [MPa] 232.53 538.64 +132% 236.12 +1.5% 232.29 -0.1%
Nb.Rd [kN] 192.02 144.03 -25.0% 189.69 -1.2% 190.59 -0.8%
• Shell models considers shear flexibility (more accurate)
• Model 1 is too conserv. due to high imperf. values of Table 5.1 (EC3)
• Shell models 2 and 3 are accurate when compared to EC 3 formulae
• Differences in buckling resistance are usually lower than
differences in stresses
• Column flexural buckling load may be determined using
frame model (e.g., for arbitrary support conditions)
Nr FE Ncr.z [kN] Diff. (vs Ncr.shell)
1 292.11 +21.9%
3 240.17 +0.2%
6 239.79 +0.05%
• Shell models don’t consider the exact cross-section but a reduced one (conservative)
Longitudinal normal
stress (Model 3)
• Flexural buckling analysis (using frame FE):
• Discretisation in at least 3 FE is recommended
(e.g., using SAP2000 automatic mesh)
• Column resistance results:
7. 7
Example 2 – Beam (1/3)
kNm
Lp
M Ed
Edy 62.30
8
2
max..
IPE 200
SAP2000 frame FE model SAP2000 shell FE model
• Spatial beam (lateral torsional buckling):
• Simply supported for major and minor bending • Laterally unbraced
• Torsion prevented and warping free at supports • S 235 steel, IPE 200 profile (class 1)
• Loaded in major bending plane
kNLpP EdEd 70
8. 8
Example 2 – Beam (2/3)
EC 3
formulae
Buckling curve a: 21.0LT
971.0 crRdLT MM
Elastic design Plastic design
kNmfWM yelyRdely 66.45... kNmM Rdply 94.51..
kNm
EI
GIL
I
I
L
EI
M
z
t
z
wz
cr
25.43
42.16.2
0692.05.3
42.1
01299.0
5.3
42.1210
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.
035.1LT
640.0LT 686.0, LTLTLT
kNmMM RdLTRdb 32.31. kNmM Rdb 26.33.
Model A
(SAP2000 shell)
mmLe 75000
Imperfection in minor axis bending:
Model B
(SAP2000 shell)
mmee column 98.4.00
kNmMCM crcr 44.4825.4312.10.1
kNmMcr 26.430.
SAP2000
frame design
kNmM Rdply 94.51..
Always
considers C1=1
by default
096.1LT
599.0LT
kNmM Rdb 11.31. kNmM Rdb 01.28.
MPa
MMf RdbEdyx
7.229
.max.
MPax 5.279max.
21.0LT
kNmM Rdb 86.29.
MPax 3.246max.
kNmMcr 03.43
kNmM Rdely 17.44..
Shell models consider a
reduced cross-section
(+14%) (-3.3%)
kNmMM crcr 26.430.
9. 9
Example 2 – Beam (3/3)
EC 3 – elastic
design
EC 3 – plastic
design
Diff.
SAP2000
frame design
Diff.
(plast.)
Model A
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
(elast.)
Model B
(SAP 2000 shell)
Diff.
(elast.)
Mcr
[kN]
48.44 48.44 0% 43.26 -10.7% 43.03 -11.2% 43.03 -11.2%
x.max
[MPa]
229.7 - - - - 279.5 +21.7% 246.3 +7.2%
Mb.Rd
[kN]
31.32 33.26 +6.2% 31.11 -6.5% 28.01 -10.6% 29.86 -4.7%
• Shell models consider shear and local/distortional deformation when
determining buckling loads (more accurate)
• Models A (and B) give accurate (reasonable) resistances when
compared to EC 3 elastic results
• A 14% increase from the elastic to the plastic moment
resistance only results in a 6% increase in the member
resistance. When instability plays an important role,
plastic strength reserve cannot be fully exploited
In-plane
deformation
(Model A)
3D
deformation
(Model A)
• Beam resistance results:
• SAP2000 frame design yields conservative results (-6.5% in bending resistance) by
considering the most unfavourable bending moment distribution (uniform)
• Shell models consider a reduced cross-section (lower buckling loads and resistances)
10. 10
Example 3 – Beam-column (1/5)
• Spatial beam-column (flexural and lateral torsional buckling):
• Simply supported for major and minor bending • Laterally unbraced
• Torsion prevented and warping free at supports • S 235 steel, IPE 500 profile (class 1)
• Loaded axially and in major and minor bending planes
SAP 2000 shell FE model
kNm
Lp
M Edz
Edy 8.198100
8
2
.
max..
Maximum major axis
bending moment:
11. 11
Example 3 – Beam-column (2/5)
EC3 design
formulae
SAP2000 frame
design
Diff.
Shell model
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
Ncr.z [kN] 3157 3157 0% 3085 -2.1%
Ncr.y [kN] 71040 71040 0% 57711 -16.9%
Mcr.0 [kN] 900.4 900.5 0% 861.2 -4.4%
Mcr [kN] 1080.5 900.5 -16.7% 913.3 -15.5%
Buckling loads
kNLEIN zzcr 315722
.
kNLEIN yycr 7104022
.
kNm
EI
GIL
I
I
L
EI
M
z
t
z
wz
cr 4.9002
2
2
2
0.
kNmMCM crcr 5.10804.9002.10.1
• C1 factor from tables is unconservative when compared with numerical results (1.2 vs 1.06)
• EC3 design formulae and SAP2000 frame design considers exact web-flange joint geometry
and neglects shear deformability, resulting in higher buckling loads when compared to the
shell model
13. 13
Example 3 – Beam-column (4/5)
Beam-column resistance (Method 2)
925.0myC 924.0myC
6.0mzC 6.0mzC
925.0 mymLT CC 924.0 mymLT CC
EC 3 design formulae SAP2000 frame design
945.0
2726
500
2.06.01925.06.01
..
Rdyb
Ed
ymyyy
N
N
Ck 924.0yyk
816.0
1751
500
6.0929.0216.06.021
..
Rdzb
Ed
zmzzz
N
N
Ck 816.0zzk
489.0816.06.06.0 zzyz kk 489.0yzk
961.0
1751
500
25.0925.0
929.01.0
1
25.0
1.0
1
..
Rdzb
Ed
mLT
z
zy
N
N
C
k
961.0zyk
1800.0
96.78
25
489.0
8.406
8.198
945.0
2726
500
.
.
.
.
..
Rdz
Edz
yz
Rdb
Edy
yy
Rdyb
Ed
M
M
k
M
M
k
N
N
eq. (6.61):
eq. (6.62): 1013.1
96.78
25
816.0
8.406
8.198
961.0
1751
500
.
.
.
.
..
Rdz
Edz
zz
Rdb
Edy
zy
Rdzb
Ed
M
M
k
M
M
k
N
N
1028.1
14. 14
Example 3 – Beam-column (5/5)
EC 3 – plastic
(method 2)
SAP2000 frame
design (method 2)
Diff.
Model 1 - elastic
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
Failure
parameter
1.013 1.028 +1.5% 1.169 +15.4%
3D
deformation
(shell model)
mmAWe zel 58.42.0 .0 • Imperfection (minor axis):
SAP2000 shell FE model
• EC3 design formulae and SAP2000 frame design yield very similar results
• SAP2000 shell model yields moderately conservative results
because it (i) is based on elastic design and (ii) considers a
reduced cross-section
Beam-column resistance results:
• Failure parameter: yx fFP max.
15. 15
Example 4 – Frame (1/7)
• Planar frame:
• Load combinations:
Dead load Wind load Live load
HEA180
• Laterally braced at joints
• ‘Dead + Wind’ and ‘Dead + Life’ (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
• Major axis bending in the frame plane
HEA180
6
1
12 [m]
• Pinned to the ground
• Lateral and lateral torsional
buckling not prevented!
• S 355 steel
16. 16
Example 4 – Frame (2/7)
radmh 003536.08660.08165.0
200
1
0
• Global imperfection (life load combination):
mh 6 8165.0
6
22
h
h
Height:
2m
Nr columns:
8660.0
2
1
15.0
1
15.0
m
m
Imperfection angle:
Equiv. lateral force:
kNNH Ed 1718.059.48003536.0
Global imperf. as equiv.
lateral forces
(live load comb.)
• Buckling analysis:
• Wind combination • Live load combination
1028.55 cr No P-D effects
to consider
1056.5 cr P-D effects must
be considered
17. 17
Example 4 – Frame (3/7)
• P-D analysis (live load combination):
Deformed config.
[m]
N
[kN]
My
[kN.m]
Vz
[kN.m]
18. 18
Example 4 – Frame (4/7)
• EC3 design check (life load combination):
• All members satisfy EC3 design formulae (FP<1)
19. 19
Example 4 – Frame (5/7)
• 1st order analysis (wind load combination):
Deformed config.
[m]
N
[kN]
My
[kN.m]
Vz
[kN.m]
20. 20
Example 4 – Frame (6/7)
• EC3 design check (wind load combination):
• All members satisfy EC3 design formulae (FP<1)
21. 21
Example 4 – Frame (7/7)
• EC3 automatic design (wind and live load combinations):
Initial sections
estimate
Run analyses
(all load comb.)
Modified
sections
(automatic)
Sections to be
modified by user
due to symmetry
Columns: HEA160
Beams: IPE 200
Columns: HEA180
Beams: IPE 220
Final sections
Not safe ! Safe
Safe
22. 22
Example 5 – Frame (1/4)
• Spatial frame:
• Longitudinally braced
6
1
[m]
• Pinned to the ground
• S 355 steel
• HEA 180 (columns), IPE 220 (transv. beams),
IPE 100 (long. beams), 4 mm cable (bracing)
SAP2000 frame FE model
• Load combination:
• ‘Dead + Live’ (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
• Load values and configuration
equal to example 4
• Two cross
cables may be
substituted by one
rod with the same
diameter that resists
tension and compression
• Note:
23. 23
Example 5 – Frame (2/4)
• Buckling analysis:
Torsion
Mode 1 Mode 3Mode 2
Longitudinal sway Transversal sway
37.21. b 82.22. b 37.53. b
1037.21. bcr
Option 1: increase bracing stiffness until 2nd order analysis is no
longer necessary for torsion and longitudinal sway (cr>10)
Option 2: perform the spatial frame 2nd order analysis with imperf.
24. 24
Example 5 – Frame (3/4)
Option 1
• 10 mm cable
Torsion
1058.136. b
Buckling
analysis
1037.51. b
Longitudinal sway
1016.1731. b
• Transversal sway 2nd order
effects and imperfections already
checked in Example 4
• No torsion or longitudinal
2nd order effects and
imperfections to consider
Option 2
radmh 003118.07638.08165.0
200
1
0
• Global imperfection:
mh 6 8165.0
6
22
h
h
Height:
6m
Nr columns:
7638.0
6
1
15.0
1
15.0
m
m
Imperfection angle:
Equiv. lateral force:
kNNH Ed 1525.091.48003536.0
Transversal sway
• 4 mm cable
25. 25
Example 5 – Frame (4/4)
Option 2 (cont.)
Torsion Longitudinal sway
Members
resistance:
Cable
resistance:
OK
Imperfection:
OK
RdEd NkNN 67.2max.
kNAfN yRd 88.2735507854.0
OK RdEd NkNN 56.2max. OK
26. 26
Example 6 – Short class 4 column (1/4)
• Square hollow section short column:
SAP2000 frame FE model
• Simply supported • S 355 steel, welded SHS profile, class 4 (compression)
SHS 300
300
300
[mm]
6
SAP2000 shell FE model
• Objective: determine the column buckling resistance
28. 28
Example 6 – Short class 4 column (3/4)
kN
NN RdeffzRdb
1892
19949491.0
..
kN
LEIN zzcr
17207
5.37.101210 2222
.
3404.0
172071994..
zcrRkeffz NN
19491.0, zz
Buckling curve bImperf.:
Model 2
(SAP2000 shell)
Model 1
(SAP2000 shell)
EC 3 formulae
34.0
mm
ae
47.1
2000
mm
te pp
032.0
66)8.0043.1(13.0
6)8.0(0
Method: • Ayrton-Perry formula
• local geometric
imperf. according to
Table 3.1 (EC 3-1-5)
• 2nd order shell FEM • 2nd order shell FEM
• imperf. factor from buckling curves
• Column design according to EC 3 formulae and thin-walled rectangular shell FE models:
kNfAN yeffRkeff 1994355616.5.
SAP2000 design
(SAP2000 frame)
kNN Rkpl 2505. kNAfN yRkpl 2505355056.7.
kNNcr 17205
337.0z
95.0z
kNN Rdb 1857.
34.0
• local geometric
imperf. equiv. to
local buckling
curves
Flexural buckling of
minute importance
• no global imperf. • no global imperf.
12 longitudinal
half-waves
29. 29
Example 6 – Short class 4 column (4/4)
EC 3 formulae
SAP2000 design
(SAP2000 frame)
Diff.
Model 1
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
Model 2
(SAP 2000 shell)
Diff.
Ncr.local [kN] - - - 2258 - 2258 -
Nb.Rd [kN]
Lower /upper
bound
1892 1857 -1.8%
2135/
2303
+12.8%
+17.8%
1316/
1918
-30.4%
+1.4%
• Model 2 is conserv. when compared to Model 1 because it considers a higher imperfection
• Shell models 1 and 2 are reasonably accurate when compared to EC 3 formulae
• SAP2000 design is very accurate when compared to EC 3 formulae
Deformation
(Model 1)
• Column resistance results:
• Shell models lower and upper bounds correspond to first yielding due to plate bending and
corner yielding due to membrane normal stress resultant (the real resistance is between the two)
Upper bound
analysis (Model 1)
Lower bound
analysis (Model 1)
30. 30
Example 7 – Long class 4 column (1/5)
• Square hollow section long column:
SAP2000 frame FE model
• Simply supported • S 355 steel, welded SHS profile, class 4 (compression)
SHS 300
300
300
[mm]
6
SAP2000 shell FE model
• Objective: determine the column buckling resistance
31. 31
Example 7 – Long class 4 column (2/5)
kN
NN RdeffzRdb
1584
19947944.0
..
kN
LEIN zzcr
4302
77.101210 2222
.
6808.0
43021994..
zcrRkeffz NN
17944.0, zz
Buckling curve bImperf.:
Model 2
(SAP2000 shell)
Model 1
(SAP2000 shell)
EC 3 formulae
34.0
mm
Le
28
2500
mm
AWe effdeff
89.11
616.55.408)2.06808.0(34.0
)2.0( .0
Method: • Ayrton-Perry formula • 2nd order shell FEM • 2nd order shell FEM
• imperf. factor from buckling curves
• Column design according to EC 3 formulae and thin-walled rectangular shell FE models:
kNfAN yeffRkeff 1994355616.5.
SAP2000 design
(SAP2000 frame)
kNN Rkpl 2505. kNAfN yRkpl 2505355056.7.
kNNcr 4301
674.0z
798.0z
kNN Rdb 1559.
34.0
Flexural buckling of
significant importance
(local-global buckling
interaction occurs)
mm
ae
47.1
2000
mm
te pp
032.0
66)8.0043.1(13.0
6)8.0(0
• local geometric
imperf. according to
Table 3.1 (EC 3-1-5)
• local imperf. equiv.
to local buckling
curves
• global imperf. from
buckling curves
12
longitudinal
half-waves
• global imperf. from
Table 5.1 (EC 3-1-1)
32. 32
Example 7 – Long class 4 column (3/5)
• Re-determine effective cross-section for load NEd=1584 kN:
a) Determine bending moment in the critical cross-section:
b) Determine stress distribution in the gross cross-section:
MPa
A
NEd
mean 5.224
056.7
1584
MPa
W
M
Rdd
Ed
5.130
4783.0
43.62
.
D
MPamean 0.355max D
c) Walls reduction factors:
632.0
355
5.224
835.0
3055.0
2
p
p
88.4
05.1
2.8
K
945.0
88.481.04.28
6288
4.28
k
tb
p
Walls AB & BD:
MPamean 0.94min D
419.0
5.224
0.94
1043.1
3055.0
2
p
p
58.5
05.1
2.8
K 883.0
58.581.04.28
6288
4.28
k
tb
pWalls AC & CD:
702.0
355
5.224
883.0.
.
yd
Edcom
predp
f
kNmM
M
Wf
M
N
N
Ed
Ed
dely
Ed
Rdpl
Ed
43.621
4783.03552505
1584
1
..
34. 34
Example 7 – Long class 4 column (5/5)
• Shell model 1 is reasonably accurate when compared to analytical calculations
• SAP2000 design is slightly conservative when compared to EC 3 procedure because it does not
iterate to find effective cross-section (considers the unfavourable case of pure compression)
• Column resistance results:
• Shell models lower and upper bounds correspond to first yielding due to plate bending and
corner yielding due to membrane normal stress resultant (the real resistance is between the two)
EC 3 formulae
SAP2000 design
(SAP2000 frame)
Diff.
Model 1
(SAP2000 shell)
Diff.
Model 2
(SAP 2000 shell)
Diff.
Ncr.local [kN] - - - 2253 - 2253 -
Nb.Rd [kN]
Lower /upper
bound
1761 1559 -11.5%
1928/
2001
+9.5%
+13.6%
1016/
1349
-42.3%
-23.4%
• Shell model 2 is too conservative due to considering too large imperfections
35. 35
Conclusion
• It is not possible to fully exploit the plastic strength reserve of members
prone to instability. An elastic design (e.g., using shell FE) is usually not
too conservative, even for members with class 1 cross-sections
• SAP2000 design tools for steel frame structures are practical, fast and
on the safe side. It is possible not only to (i) check if the members satisfy
the EC3 resistance requirements, but also (ii) optimise their sections
• SAP2000 shell design is valid for arbitrary thin-walled members
(e.g., tapered, with non-symmetrical cross-sections, etc) and support
conditions, while EC3 design formulae are limited to bisymmetrical
simply supported uniform members
36. 36
References
• ECCS Technical Committee 8, Rules for Members Stability in EN 1993 – 1 – 1,
Background documentation and design guidelines